You have two cell lines, a macrophage cell line and a CD4 T-cell lin.pdf

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You have two cell lines, a macrophage cell line and a CD4 T-cell line. The macrophage cell line is resistant to infection by HIV, whereas the T-cell line is fully susceptible and fully permissive. Why are macrophage cell line resistant to infection by HIV? Why are T-cell fully susceptible and fully permissive? Please explain. Also, A heterokaryon cell made from the fusion of these two cells is able to be infected by HIV. Explain why? Please explain in detail. Solution Macrophages are antigen- presenting cells so they process the viral peptides and present it to uninfected CD4 T-Cell which is the important transmission process. Also HIV-infected macrophages release soluble cytotoxic factors which induce apoptosis in CD4 T-Cells. Macrophages produce certain host restriction factors which inhibits the release of viral progeny from infected cells. So macrophages are resistant to lysis because of its genetic make up and its phenotypes (restriction factors). So when two cell lines are fused to form heterokaryon cell, the genes of macrophages are suppressed or it is recessive or the T cell genes are dominant to make the heterokaryon susceptible to infection..

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2. Describe an advantage and a limitation to tracing ancestry with b.pdf

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Write your thought on the following: 1. petroski notes that most engineering failures are much more involved than simple technical mis-calculations and involve the failure of the design process or management culture.However, not all engineering failures involve ethical issue.The infamous collapse of the first Tacoma Narrow Brodge, and the losses of the Mars polar lander and Mars Climate Orbiter were technical and design process failures. Solution In the face of new technology, how do we balance public welfare and progress? If Moisseiff had designed a bridge similar to the ones which had already proven their stability, Tacoma Narrows Bridge would never have collapsed costing thousands of dollars and endangering many lives. It would also have been significantly more expensive. On the other hand, if engineers had never tried innovative techniques, suspension bridges may never have been built at all. At the time of their introduction, no one believed that a suspension bridge could safely accommodate trains. Roebling, however, took a gamble, pushed the limits of the current technology, and built a suspension bridge that he believed could safely support rail traffic. Luckily he was correct, and suspension bridges soon became widely accepted (Petroski. Moisseiff also took a gamble, trying to create a longer, sleeker, less expensive bridge, by pushing the limits of technology. He, however, was not as lucky, and what could have been a breakthrough in technology turned into a catastrophic failure. Every time engineers push the limits of technology they risk a similar loss like losses of mas polar lander and mass climate orbiter in which there were technical error like Mass polar lander 1. Inadequate specifications which includes what the software was supposed to do, but no mention of what it must not to do. 2. Flawed review process: Violation of basic engineering safety pracitices in the digital part of the system. Mass Climate Orbiter 1. Units communication and attention to detail failure. The primary cause of this discrepancy was that one piece of ground software supplied by Lockheed Martin produced results in a United States customary unit, contrary to its Software Interface Specification (SIS), while a second system, supplied by NASA, expected those results to be in SI units, in accordance with the SIS. Specifically, software that calculated the total impulse produced by thruster firings calculated results in pound-seconds. The trajectory calculation software then used these results - expected to be in newton-seconds - to update the predicted position of the spacecraft. sometimes even It can cause a loss of life. How much is too much? When is a possible advance worth a risk to public safety? What can the engineering profession do to make the implementation of new technology safer? Do our current peer review and building code committee processes adequately protect public safety?.

Write your thought on the following1. petroski notes that most en.pdf

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With X-linked inheritance, the X chromosome is transmitted in a different pattern by males and females. In X-linked dominant traits, males hemizygous for trait will express the trait, but females heterozygous will be carriers. For X-linked recessive, none of the sons of an affected female will show the trait. For autosomal dominant, two affected parents may produce an unaffected child. Solution Answer: A. True Most X-linked conditions are recessive. This means that in a person with two X chromosomes (most females), both copies of a gene (i.e., one on each X chromosome) must have a change or mutation whereas in a person with one X chromosome (most males), only one copy of a gene must have a mutation. A female with a mutation in one copy of a gene on the X chromosome is said to be a “carrier” for an X-linked condition. A male with a mutation in a gene on the X chromosome is typically affected with the condition. The father\'s X-chromosome goes to the daughter while the mother can give one X-chromosome to the son and other to the daughter. B. False For an X-linked dominant condition, only one copy of a gene on the X chromosome whether in a female with two X chromosomes or males with on X chromosome must have a change or mutation for an individual to be affected with the condition. For this reason, X-linked disorders are often seen with similar frequency in males and females. However, since females also have one normal X chromosome as well as an X chromosome with a mutation, the condition is often more “mild.” C.False For X-linked recessive disorders, an affected father who has a mutation in a gene on the X chromosome can transmit either the X chromosome with this mutation or a Y chromosome to his children. If the mother is not affected or a carrier, none of his sons will be affected since they can only inherit a normal X chromosome from their mother and they inherit a Y chromosome from their father. But if the female is affected, it will receive one of the affected X chromosomes, which is enough to express the trait in the son. D. True A person affected by an autosomal dominant disorder has a 50 percent chance of passing the mutated gene to each child. The chance that a child will not inherit the mutated gene is also 50 percent..

With X-linked inheritance, the X chromosome is transmitted in a diffe.pdf

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