Which of the following is not a primary tissue category a. Epitheli.pdf

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Which of the following is not a primary tissue category? a. Epithelial b. Simple Squamous c. Muscle d. Nerve What type of tissue in the liver functions to secrete bile? a. Epithelial b. Connective c. Muscle d. Nerve What type of tissue in the pancreas holds epithelial cells in place? a. Epithelial b. Connective c. Muscle d. Nerve What would be a good function of stratified squamous epithelium? a. Absorption b. Secretion c. Contraction d. Protection Where would you find transitional epithelium? a. The trachea b. The lungs c. The uterus d. The skin If I saw multiple layers of tall cells, how could I describe them? a. Simple Squamous b. Stratified cuboidal c. Stratified columnar d. Simple columnar Solution 1. b. Simple squamous The primary tissues are - Epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous. 2. a. Epithelial Bile is secreted by Cholangiocytes which are epithelial cells. 3. b. Connective Connective tissue in pancreas holds the epithelial cells. 4. d. Protection The major function of stratified squamous epithelium is protection.

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Introduction The term tissue is used to describe a group of cells found together in the body. Types of tissues 1. Epithelial tissue:] 2. Connective tissue: ] 3. Muscular tissue: ] 4. Nervous tissue: ] -Development of Tissues Tissues of the body develop from three primary germ layers: Ectoderm, Endoderm and Mesoderm. 1. Epithelial cell Epithelial tissue consists of cells arranged in continuous sheets, in either single or multiple layers. Closely packed and held tightly together. -General Features of Epithelial Cells: 1. Apical (free) surface 2. Lateral surfaces 3. Basal surface Basement membrane Basal lamina Reticular lamina -Classification of epithelial tissues Epithelial tissues are classified according to : Number of the cell layers formed 1. Simple epithelium (one layer) 2. Stratified epithelium(several layer) -The shape of the cells 1. Squamous (flat cell) 2. Cuboidal (cube like) 3. Columnar (rectangular) 4. Transitional (variable) - Glandular Epithelium and Glands There are main two types of glands 1. Endocrine Glands 2. Exocrine Glands -Structural Classification of Exocrine Glands 1. Simple gland 2. Compound gland -Functional Classification of 1. Exocrine Glands 2. Merocrine glands 3. Aprocrine glands 4. Holocrine glands 2. Connective Tissue -Functions of connective tissues -Classification of Connective Tissues Embryonic connective tissue Mesenchyme Mucous connective tissue Mature connective tissue Loose connective tissue Areolar connective tissue Adipose tissue Reticular connective tissue Dense connective tissue Dense regular connective tissue Dense irregular connective tissue Elastic connective tissue Cartilage Hyaline cartilage Fibrocartilage Elastic cartilage Bone tissue -Blood and Lymph --Characteristics of Connective Tissue 1. Extra cellular matrix 2. Fibers 3. Cells of various types Extracellular matrix of Connective Tissue -Connective Tissue Cells 1. Fibroblasts 2. Adipocytes (fat cells) 3. Mast cells 4. White blood cells 5. Macrophages 6. Plasma cells -Connective Tissue Extracellular Matrix; Ground substance and fibres make up the ECM. a. Ground substance -Complex combination of proteins and polysaccharides (hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulphate dermatan sulphate and keratan sulphate). b. Fibres -Collagen fibers -Elastic fibers -Reticular fibers 3. Muscular Tissue -Skeletal muscle tissue (Attached to bone by tendons) -Cardiac muscle tissue (Heart wall) -Smooth muscle tissue (Iris of eyes, walls of hollow internal structures such as blood vessels, airways of lungs, stomach, intestine, gall bladder, urinary bladder and uterus) --Consists of elongated cells called muscle fibers or myocytes for contraction. --Cells use ATP to generate force. 4. Nervous Tissue -Neurons or nerve cells -Neuroglia --Exhibit sensitivity to various types of stimuli, converts them into nerve impulses (action potentials) and conducts nerve impulses to other neurons.

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Simple squamous epithelium is structured to best provide: A. Diffusion of substances across the membrane B. Protection/withstanding wear and tear C. Secretion and absorption D. Receptor Mediated Endocytosis E. Ability to stretch without tearing Which of the following cells is not a resident cell found in peripheral Connective Tissue? A. Oligodendrocytes B. Macrophages C. Mast cells D. Phagocytes E. Fibroblasts Which of the following is NOT true of the Na+/K+ pump? A. It is an active transport mechanism requiring ATP expenditure. B. It pumps Na+ out of the cell and K+ in to the cell at a rate of 2 Na+ for every 3 K+. C. It contributes to a cell\'s resting membrane potential D. It helps to establish an overall negative intracellular charge. E. all of the above Which of the following is NOT correct regarding cardiac muscle tissue? A. This tissue is highly mitotic. B. It is contain of actin and myosin proteins. C. It is considered involuntary muscle tissue. D. It is a type of striated muscle tissue. E. None of the above are correct Blood in the venous system is returning to the ________side of the heart to be pumped to the _____________. A. left, lungs B. right, lungs C. D. right, body A. Diffusion of substances across the membrane B. Protection/withstanding wear and tear C. Secretion and absorption D. Receptor Mediated Endocytosis E. Ability to stretch without tearing Solution 1. A. Diffusion of substances across the membrane. simple squamous epithelium is a single layer of flat cells in contact with the basal lamina (one of the two layers of the basement membrane) of the epithelium.This type of epithelium is often permeable and occurs where small molecules pass quickly through membranes via filtration or diffusion. Simple squamous epithelia are found in capillaries, alveoli, glomeruli, and other tissues where rapid diffusion is required. It is also called pavement epithelium due to its tile-like appearance. This epithelium is associated with filtration and diffusion.This tissue is extremely thin, and forms a delicate lining. 2. A.Oligodendrocytes . These cells occur in nervous tissue. 3. B. It pumps Na+ out of the cell and K+ in to the cell at a rate of 2 Na+ for every 3 K+. Na-K pump pumps 3 Na+ out in exchange of 2 K+ ions. 4. A. This tissue is highly mitotic. 5. B. right, lungs. Venous blood returns to right side of heart (right auricle) and is pumped to lungs for oxygrnation..

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B. You are an evolutionary biologist in a heated argument with a cre.pdf

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Assume Hashtable is a simple array of size 8, with indices 0..7. Numeric keys are mapped by a Hashfunction that gives the mod(8,n) value for any key “n” yielding the Hashtable index for that key (0..7). A Hashtable entry is null unless a key exists with that index as its hashed index; if so, the Hashtable entry points to the first node of a linked list of keys with that hash index. The last node on this linked list has a null reference for the next referenced node. Assume the occurrence of a linked list node is represented by the object “Node” and its “Data” and “NextRef” attributes. Create pseudocode for the \"Remove\" operation. Solution Removal of a Node from a Singly Linked List To complete deletion of firstNode in the list we have to change Head pointing to NextRef of firstNode. Pseudocode: firstNode = Head Head = firstNode->NextRef free firstNode Complexity: Time Complexity: O(1) Space Complexity: O(1) Sourcecode: int delNodeData(int num) { struct Node *prev_ptr, *node; node=Head; while(cur_ptr != NULL) { if(cur_ptr->Data == num) { if(cur_ptr==Head) { Head=cur_ptr->NextRef; free(node); return 0; } else { prev_ptr->NextRef=node->NextRef; free(node); return 0; } } else { prev_ptr=node; node=node->NextRef; } } printf(\"\ Element %d is not found in the List\", num); return 1; } Deleting Last Node in the Singly Linked List Traverse to Last Node in the List using two pointers namely prevNode and node. Once node reaches the last Node in the list point NextRef in prevNode to NULL and free the node. Pseudocode: node = head forever: if node->NextRef == NULL break prevNode = node node = node->NextRef prevNode->NextRef = NULL free Node Complexity: Time Complexity: O(n) Space Complexity: O(1) Deleting Node from position \'p\' in the List To delete a Node at the position \'p\' we have to first traverse the list until we reach the position \'p\'. For this case have to maintain two pointers namely prevNode and Node. Since Singly Linked Lists are uni-directional we have to maintain the information about previous Node in prevNode. Once we reach the position \'p\' we have to modify prevNode NextRef pointing to Node NextRef and free Node. Pseudocode: curNode = head curPos = 1 forever: if curPos == P || Node == NULL break prevNode = node node = node->NextRef curPos++ if noode != NULL: prevNode->NextRef = node->NextRef free curNode Complexity: Time Complexity: O(n) worst case Space Complexity: O(3) Sourcecode: int delNodeLoc(int loc) { struct Node *prev_ptr, *node; int i; node=Head; if(loc > (length()) || loc <= 0) { printf(\"\ Deletion of Node at given location is not possible\ \"); } else { // If the location is starting of the list if (loc == 1) { Head=node->NextRef; free(node); return 0; } else { for(i=1;iNextRef; } prev_ptr->NextRef=node->NextRef; free(node); } } return 1; }.

Assume Hashtable is a simple array of size 8, with indices 0..7. Num.pdf

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Amon the following, which has the lowest levels of dissolved iron? a. Atlantic Ocean b. Indian Ocean c. Pacific Ocean d. The temperate regions of all oceans Solution The correct option is Pacific ocean because of the low dust sedimentation and iron is readily soluble in low oxygen regions and the continental margins. It was believed that iron remained in the localized areas but didn\'t contribute to the overall iron content of the ocean. As it is explained by Nielsen, as soon as the iron-rich fluids hit the seawater with high oxygen content, the iron gets dumped out and is not contributed to the overall amount of the dissolved iron..

Amon the following, which has the lowest levels of dissolved iron.pdf

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A box contains 10 red balls and 40 black balls. Two balls are drawn .pdf

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As late as 1992, the United States was running budget deficits of nearly $300 billion. During the remainder of the 1990\'s, deficits declined and became surpluses. As the new century began, these surpluses again turned into deficits. •Explain the decline in deficits and subsequent surpluses in the late 1990\'s. •Explain the return to deficit spending since the turn of the century. •Consider the causes of the deficits and surpluses and provide your own insight as to whether these surpluses or deficits have a \"positive\" or \"negative\" effect on our economy Solution As the 1990s came to an end, virtually all financial-market observers and politicians rejoiced that budget deficits were gone and that the U.S. had entered a period of fiscal stability. Politicians on both sides of the aisle viewed the new world of budget surpluses as an opportunity to save Social Security, to cut Federal debt, and to lower taxes. Budget deficits or budget surpluses are neither good nor bad, they are fiscal policy options that can stabilize or de-stabilize an economy. The U.S. economy, under Reagan, Bush, and early Clinton, experienced higher not lower rates of economic growth at a time when budget deficits were at record levels and tax rates were on the decline. Over the past 20 years a period of record budget deficits the stock market increased from 950 to over 11,000, providing ample evidence that budget deficits are not necessarily bad for an economy.On the other hand, budget surpluses are not necessarily good. As the budget surpluses began to expand dramatically in late 1999 and into 2000, the stock market appeared to be reversing the record up-trend of the 1980s and \'90s. One possible reason for the reversal: the growing budget surplus was sapping the savings of the private sector. Consumers were able to maintain their spending only through expanding debt to record level. In the late 90s, the confluence of strong economic growth, decelerating federal government spending, and substantial increases in tax rates (revenues) had the unexpected effect of producing enormous budget surpluses. As unexpected budget surpluses burst on the scene in the late 1990s, most mainstream economists weren’t sensitive to the contractionary impact that surpluses can have on the economy. The reason was simple that none of their economic models ever included the forecast of a substantial surplus. Ronald Reagan’s was the vice president of the USA for eight years and knew firsthand how difficult it was to bring the federal budget deficit down from 6 percent of GDP in 1983 to 2.8 percent in Reagan’s last budget. Bush knew that the many budget deals of the 1980s had been hard fought and always involved higher taxes as part of the deficit reduction, Reagan signed into law 11 major tax increases that raised taxes by $133 billion in 1988 or 2.7 percent of GDP.Bush administration economists believed that an easier monetary policy was the key to stimulating growth. But Federal Reserve Board.

As late as 1992, the United States was running budget deficits of ne.pdf

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A bacteriophage population is introduced to a bacterial colony that is in stationary phase with rapidly depleting nutrients. Appraise the following scenarios and select which one would favor long-term survival of the bacteriophage. A. The bacteriophages infect the remaining viable cells and integrate their genetic material into the host cell genome thereby preserving their genome. B. The bacteriophages do not infect the bacterial cells since they are dying; they remain inert outside of the cells. C. The bacteriophages infect the bacterial cells and go through all stages of development apart from release, thus keeping the progeny phage from entering an inhospitable environment. Solution Answer : C. The bacteriophages infect the bacterial cells and go through all stages of development apart from release, thus keeping the progeny phage from entering an inhospitable environment..

A bacteriophage population is introduced to a bacterial colony that .pdf

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Xavier and Yolanda both have classes that end at noon and they agree to meet every day after class. They arrive at the coffee shop independently. Xavier\'s arrival time is X and Yolanda\'s arrival time is Y, where X and Y are measured in minutes after noon. The individual density functions are given. (Xavier arrives sometime after noon and is more likely to arrive promptly than late. Yolanda always arrives by 12:10 PM and is more likely to arrive late than promptly.) After Yolanda arrives, she\'ll wait for up to 20 minutes for Xavier, but he won\'t wait for her. Find the probability that they meet. (Round your answer to three decimal places.) f1(x) = {e^-x if x gt o and o if x Solution.

Xavier and Yolanda both have classes that end at noon and they agree .pdf

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1. Low platelet count is a recessively inherited trait. Reevaluation of the genetic screen indicates that Nikoleta is homozygous dominant normal for a trait that causes low platelet count and her husband is homozygous recessive. If the F1 offspring has normal platelets and beta-thalassemia (15pts). a. What are the parental gametes? (2pts) b. Based on the F1 progeny phenotype given and the parental gametes, write the two possible genotypes. (2 pts) c. What is the gamete frequency if the two genotypes in (b) were crossed with each other? (4pts)? (4pts) d. What is the phenotype frequency for the cross in (c)? SHOW ALL WORK. (7 pts) Solution Both the conditions are recessive. Nikoleta: Homozygous dominant for trait that causes low platelet, and homozygous recessive for beta thalessemia. Genotype is LLbb Husband: Homozygous recessive for low platelet count, and heterozygous dominant for beta- thalessemia. Genotype is llBb The possible gametes produced by these parents: Nikoleta: Lb Husband: lB, lb Possible genotype of the F1 offspring: LlBb or Llbb Since the F1 offspring are given to be affected with beta-talassemai, the F1 offspring genotype should be Llbb. Possible gametes are LB, lb, lB, and lb (if genotype is LlBb) / Lb, lb (if genotype is Llbb). Therefore, the frequency of the gametes is LB = 1, lb = 2, lB =1, and Lb = 2 The following is the phenotype frequency: LLBb, LlBb, LlBb (Normal platelet count and no beta thallasemia) = 3 LLbb, Llbb, Llbb (Normal platelet count and beta thallasemia) = 3 llBb (Low platelet count and no beta thallasemia) = 1 llbb (Low platelet count and beta thallasemia) = 1 Thus phenotypic ratio stands as: Normal platelet count and no beta thallasemia : Normal platelet count and beta thallasemia : Low platelet count and no beta thallasemia : Low platelet count and beta thallasemia = 3 : 3 : 1 : 1.

1. Low platelet count is a recessively inherited trait. Reevaluation.pdf

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