3. Asslkm…
First of all, Let us say thanks to Allah SWT, which has
given guidance and blessing to us, therefore we can
finish My homework from to Mr. Budi hamudin M,Esl,
without hindrance of any. Our Sholawat and greeting
are always delivered on our Great Prophet
Muhammad SAW, which has brought us from
darkness to brighter
Hi ser How are you? Are you fine ser? I hope you good
to day! , Oke Ser, it is My Project Sildesher in blog I
hope you can see and I can get good point,
Thank you
4. Symbol and Referent
SYMBOLAND REFERENT
what That it’s mean?
As nouns the difference between Referent and Symbol
is that referent is (semantics) the specific entity in the world that world or phrase
identifies.
or denotes while symbol is a character or glyph representing an idea, concept or
object.
For example;
"the cat over there looks unfriendly"
the symbol : the cat
the content : what a cat is like
the referent : the cat over there
5. so..
symbol is something which we use to represent
another thing - it might be a picture, a letter, a
spoken or witten word - anything we use
conventionally for the purpose.
referent is everything that related with symbol
this may sometimes be an object in the physical
world ( the world rover is the symbol; a real dog is
the referent). but it may be something which is not
at all, or not obviously, present - like freedom,
unicorns or hamlet.
6. EUPHEMISM
What is EUPHEMISM?
A euphemism is used on polite expressions are words or phrases that
might be considered rude or distasteful to be heard. Euphemism used
regularly, and there are many examples of the use of euphemism in
everyday language.
Replacement of offensive expressions (such as "just passed away") to
replace the word deemed objectionable ("dead").
In his Oxford Dictionary of euphemism (2007), the record Holder in the
speech that the RW or writing "we use the euphemism for dealing with
things that are taboo or touchy subjects. That is the language of the
embezzlement, hypocrisy, coquettishness, and lies.
7. For example
• Some euphemism used to make truth the less fun it looks softer.
• Euphemism examples that are included in this category include:
•
Using just Passed away than died to declare death
•
Use Correctional facility rather than jail to State prison
•
Use the Departed than died to declare dead
•
Use Differently-abled instead of handicapped or disabled to reveal defects
•
Use Fell off the back of a truck than to reveal the stolen stolen
•
Using Ethnic cleansing rather than genocide to State Tribes
•
Use Turn a trick rather than engage in prostitution to declare prostitution
•
Using Negative patient outcomes than dead to declare dead
•
Use the Relocation center rather than the prison camp to State prison
8. Denotation,connotation and
implication
• Denotation
The language consists of a large number of words and each word has a direct
correlation with something outside language. And if we communicate with
each other through language we all must be the same ' idea ' or ' concept '
associated with each word.
Ogden and Richard mentioned the bond between the object and the word
meaning. When we hear or read the word, we often form a mental picture of
what that word represents, and equate "concept" with a mental picture.
The reference is the relationship between the expression language like this
door, both doors, the dog, another dog and anything else related to expression
in certain situations when the use of language, including what the speaker
might imagine. Denoted is the potential of words like door or dog to enter into
the expression language like that. The reference was the way the speaker and
the listener using the expression work.
Denoted is the knowledge that they have that makes them use successfully.
The problem with the theory of mentalistik meaning, first, that not all words
can be associated with a mental image. the example Sentence "The dog bit a
man ' and ' The man bit a dog ', using ordinary instance, contain the same
words but they do not express the same meaning.
9. • CONNOTION
The connotations are affective or emotional
Association of menthol, which obviously doesn't
need to be the same for all those who know and
use the word. Identify the central aspects of
denoted meaning of the word, where every
people generally agree about. The connotation of
referring to the personal aspect of meaning,
evoke emotional Association said. Connotation
varies according to experience, some words have
the connotation of sharing.
10. Implication
• what is implication
An implication is something that is suggested, or happens, indirectly. When
you left the gate open and the dog escaped, you were guilty by implication.
Implication has many different senses: Usually used in the plural,
implications are effects or consequences that may happen in the future. You
might ask, "What are the implications of our decision?" Implication is also
the state of being implicated, or connected to something bad: "Are you
surprised by their implication that you were involved in the crime?"
Examples of implication in a sentence
• … but whereas Updike and Roth work to establish connection and
coherence in the face of time's chaos, DeLillo is an artist of diffusion and
dispersal, of implication and missing information. —A. O. Scott, New York
Times Book Review, 21 May 2006
• … the power of ideas to transform the world is itself accelerating. Although
people readily agree with this observation when simply stated, very few
people truly appreciate its profound implications. —Ray Kurzweil, Curious
Minds, (2004) 2005
11. Ambiguity
A word, phrase, or sentence is ambiguous if it has more than one meaning. The
word 'light', for example, can mean not very heavy or not very dark. Words like
'light', 'note', 'bear' and 'over' are lexically ambiguous. They induce ambiguity in
phrases or sentences in which they occur, such as 'light suit' and 'The duchess can't
bear children'. However, phrases and sentences can be ambiguous even if none of
their constituents is. The phrase 'porcelain egg container' is structurally ambiguous,
as is the sentence 'The police shot the rioters with guns'. Ambiguity can have both a
lexical and a structural basis, as with sentences like 'I left her behind for you' and
'He saw her duck'.
The notion of ambiguity has philosophical applications.
For example, identifying an ambiguity can aid in solving a philosophical problem.
Suppose one wonders how two people can have the same idea, say of a unicorn.
This can seem puzzling until one distinguishes 'idea' in the sense of a particular
psychological occurrence, a mental representation, from 'idea' in the sense of an
abstract, shareable concept. On the other hand, gratuitous claims of ambiguity can
make for overly simple solutions. Accordingly, the question arises of how genuine
ambiguities can be distinguished from spurious ones. Part of the answer consists in
identifying phenomena with which ambiguity may be confused, such as vagueness,
unclarity, inexplicitness and indexicality.
12. Metaphor
• DEFINITION OF METAPHOR
A metaphor is a figure of speech that refers to something as being
the same as another thing for rhetorical effect.It may provide
clarity or identify hidden similarities between two ideas. Where a
simile compares two items, a metaphor directly equates them, and
does not use "like" or "as" as does a simile.
METAPHOR EXAMPLES
• The detective listened to her tales with a wooden face.
• She was fairly certain that life was a fashion show.
• The typical teenage boy’s room is a disaster area.
• What storms then shook the ocean of my sleep.
• The children were roses grown in concrete gardens, beautiful and
forlorn.
13. Simile
• Simile Definition
A simile is a figure of speech that makes a comparison, showing similarities
between two different things. Unlike a metaphor, a simile draws resemblance with
the help of the words “like” or “as”. Therefore, it is a direct comparison.
We can find simile examples in our daily speech. We often hear comments like
“John is as slow as a snail.” Snails are notorious for their slow pace and here the
slowness of John is compared to that of a snail. The use of “as” in the example
helps to draw the resemblance. Some more examples of common similes are given
below.
• Common Examples of Simile
• Our soldiers are as brave as lions.
• Her cheeks are red like a rose.
• He is as funny as a monkey.The water well was as dry as a bone.
• He is as cunning as a fox.
• Simile inputs vividness into what we say. Authors and poets utilize comparisons to
convey their sentiments and thoughts through vivid word pictures like a simile.
•
14. Synonymy, antonymy and hyponymy
• Definition Synonym, Antonym, hyponym
• Synonyms
Synonyms are words that have the same or very similar meaning.
All words can have a synonym. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs
and prepositions can have a synonym as long as both words are the
same part of speech.
Examples of Synonyms
• Adjectives: beautiful, lovely, gorgeous, stunning, striking
• Nouns: House, home, dwelling, residence, abode, quarters
• Verbs: jump, bound, leap, hop, skip
• Prepositions: in, inside, within
15. Antonyms
• Antonyms are words that have opposite meanings. For example,
the antonym of long is short. Often words will have more than one
antonym but as with synonyms it depends on the context. For
instance, the word warm could have the antonym cool or chilly. In
order to choose the correct antonym, you have to look at all the
meanings and how the word is used. Cool can mean stylish as well
as chilly so the word cool may not be the best choice.
• Types of Antonyms
• Graded antonyms are word pairs that have variations between the
two opposites. For example, big and little are antonyms but there
are a lot of changes before you get to the opposite meaning. Like
this:
• Big, huge, bulky, full-size, slight, petite, little Other examples are:
16. Homonym
• Two or more words that have the same sound or spelling but differ
in meaning. Generally, the term homonym refers both
to homophones (words that are pronounced the same but have
different meanings, such as pair and pear) and to homographs (words
that are spelled the same but have different meanings, such as
"bow your head" and "tied in a bow").
Accordingly homonym divided into two :
• 1. Homophone
• Homophone is a words that are pronounced the same but have
different eanings. Example:
• § patience/patients
• § some/sum
• § knap/nap
• § knead/kneed/need
• § knead/kneed/need
• § knight/night
• § desert /dessert
17. Collocation
• Definition
• A collocation is a familiar grouping of words,
especially words that habitually appear together
and thereby convey meaning by association.
Collocational range refers to the set of items that
typically accompany a word. The size of a
collocational range is partially determined by a
word's level of specificity and number of
meanings
18. Metonymy
• Definition Metonymy
Metonymy is often confused with another figure of speech called
synecdoche. They resemble each other but are not the same. Synecdoche
refers to a thing by the name of one of its parts. For example, calling a car
“a wheel” is a synecdoche. A part of a car i.e. “a wheel” stands for the
whole car. In a metonymy, on the other hand, the word we use to describe
another thing is closely linked to that particular thing, but is not a part of it.
For example, “Crown” which means power or authority is a metonymy
• Examples of Metonymy in Everyday Life
• We use metonymy frequently in our everyday life. For a better
understanding, let us observe a few metonymy examples:
• England decides to keep check on immigration. (England refers to the
government.)
• The pen is mightier than the sword. (Pen refers to written words and sword
to military force.)
• The Oval Office was busy in work. (“The Oval Office” is a metonymy as it
stands for people at work in the office.)
• Let me give you a hand. (Hand means help.)
19. Hyperbola
• Hyperbole (pronounced hahy-pur-buh-lee, not hyper-bowl) is an
exaggeration which is obvious, extreme, and intentional. Hyperbole is
used in order to stir up a strong emotion or response in the reader. It is
important to note, though, that hyperbole should not be taken literally.
Rather, it is used to emphasize a certain statement or characteristic.
For example:
• That suitcase weighed a ton!
• This would mean that the suitcases weighed two thousand pounds! Of
course, the person does not mean that the suitcase actually weighed a
ton. He is using hyperbole in order to point out the heavy weight.
The word hyperbole is derived from the Greek word hyperbolḗ meaning
“over-casting
20. Polysemy
Definition
• Polysemy is the association of one word with two or
more distinct meanings. A polyseme is a word or
phrase with multiple meanings. Adjective: polysemous
or polysemic.
In contrast, a one-to-one match between a word and a
meaning is called monosemy. According to William
Croft, "Monosemy is probably most clearly found in
specialized vocabulary dealing with technical topics"
(The Handbook of Linguistics, 2003).
21. Homonymy, homophone and
homograps
homonym
• A homonym is a word that is said or spelled the same way as
another word but has a different meaning. "Write” and “right”
is a good example of a pair of homonyms.
• Homonym traces back to the Greek words homos, meaning
“same,” and onuma, meaning “name.” So a homonym is sort of
like two people who have the same name: called the same
thing but different. A homonym can be a word that sounds the
same as something else — like by (“near”) and buy (“purchase”)
— or it can be spelled exactly the same way and pronounced
differently — like minute (unit of time) and minute (“tiny”).
22. homophone
• A homophone is a word that sounds the same as another
word but has a different meaning and/or spelling. “Flower”
and “flour” are homophones because they are pronounced
the same but you certainly can’t bake a cake using
daffodils.
• Other common homophones are write and right, meet and
meat, peace and piece. You have to listen to the context to
know which word someone means if they’re spoken aloud.
If they say they like your jeans (genes?), they’re probably
talking about your pants and not your height and eye color
— but you’d have to figure it out from the situation!
23. homograph
• Use the noun homograph to talk about two words that
are spelled the same but have different meanings and
are pronounced differently — like "sow," meaning
female pig, and "sow," to plant seeds.
• The word homograph merges homos, the Greek word
for "same," with graph, "to write." If two words are
written identically but don't share a meaning, they are
homographs. Some examples are close ("to shut") and
close ("nearby"); and bass ("deep") and bass ("the
fish"). Homographs are confusing at first glance, but
once you read them in the context of a sentence or
hear them spoken aloud, you'll easily figure out which
word is intended
24. Proveb
• Definition of Proverb
Proverb is a brief, simple and popular saying, or a phrase that gives
advice and effectively embodies a commonplace truth based on
practical experience or common sense. A proverb may have an
allegorical message behind its odd appearance.
The reason of popularity is due to its usage in spoken language as
well as in the folk literature. Some authors twist and bend proverbs
and create anti-proverbs to add literary effects to their works.
However, in poetry, poets use proverbs strategically by employing
some parts of them in poems’ titles such as Lord Kennet has written
a poem, A Bird in the Bush, which is a popular proverb. Some
poems contain multiple proverbs like Paul Muldoon’s poem
Symposium.
25. idiom
• Idiom Definition
The term refers to a set expression or a phrase comprising two or
more words. An interesting fact regarding the device is that the
expression is not interpreted literally. The phrase is understood as
to mean something quite different from what individual words of
the phrase would imply. Alternatively, it can be said that the phrase
is interpreted in a figurative sense. Further, idioms vary in different
cultures and countries.
Idiom Examples
• “Every cloud has its silver lining but it is sometimes a little difficult
to get it to the mint.”
• The statement quoted above uses “silver lining” as an idiom which
means some auspicious moment is lurking behind the cloud or the
difficult time
