Haploid. After is complete, the resulting gametes are haploid. This m.pdf

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Haploid. After is complete, the resulting gametes are haploid. This means there is 1 homolog present for each homologous pair. \"Keep in mind that, for better or for worse, we tend to focus largely on diploid organisms, like ourselves and fruit flies, in many biology courses. Not all organisms are diploid. The strawberries you buy at a grocery store are, for example, actually octaploids (8n). SIMULATING CELL DIVISION MEIOSIS WITHOUTRECOMBINATION Using the same 4 chromosomes you put together for the mitosis simulation, start with 4 unreplicated 4 chromosomes at G1 of interphase and simulate the events of meiosis. Beginning with the meiocyte, write out the chromosome numbers, just as you did for mitosis. G2: As you move the chromosomes through each phase of cell division in meiosis, describe to your lab partner all of the events that occur. Write out the chromosome numbers for each phase below. Solution G1: 4 unreplicated chromosomes (i.e, singlet chromosomes) S: 4 replicated chromosomes (i.e, doublet chromosomes) G2: 4 replicated chromosomes (i.e, doublet chromosomes) Prophase I : 4 replicated chromosomes (i.e, doublet chromosomes) Metaphase I :4 replicated chromosomes (i.e, doublet chromosomes) Anaphase I : 4 replicated chromosomes (i.e, doublet chromosomes) they are being separated at this stage. 2 replicated chromosomes move towards one end and other 2 replicated towards opposite end. Telophase I : 2 replicated chromosomes in each dividing cell. Interkinesis: 2 daughter cells are formed each consisting 2 replicated chromosomes. Prophase II : 2 replicated chromosomes in each of the two daughter cells. Metaphase II : 2 replicated chromosomes in each daughter cell arranged on metaphasic plate. Anaphase II : 2 singlet chromosomes would move toward one end of each daughter cell, other 2 singlet chromosomes towards the opposite end. Telophase II : 2 singlet chromosomes in each of the 4 dividing cells. cytokinesis: each of the 4 daughter cells would contain 2 singlet chromosomes..

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Lab Template Week 4: Meiosis Submitted by: <your name here> As you complete the lab, record your answers in this template. Save the document as LastName_FirstName_BIO1020_W4A3, and submit it to the Dropbox. Full lab instructions and the rubric with which you will be evaluated can be found in the online classroom. Activity Cellular reproduction in Eukaryotes involves either mitosis or, in the case of sex cells, meiosis. Mitosis involves the reproduction of a cell into two identical daughter cells. Meiosis, however, is a reduction division where a parental diploid cell produces four haploid gametes. Upon fusion, two haploid gametes (in humans the sperm and the egg) will result in one diploid zygote. In this activity you will track chromosomes through meiosis using colored beads. Experiment 1 Questions 1. Why is crossing over important in heredity? (10 points) 2. Provide two ways that meiosis I and meiosis II are diﬀerent. (10 points) 3. (10 points) a. In the lab, how many chromosomes were present in each cell when meiosis I started? b. How many chromosomes were present in each daughter cell at the end of meiosis II? 4. If humans have 46 chromosomes in each of their body cells, determine how many chromosomes you would expect to find in the following (10 points): Sperm: Egg: Daughter cell from mitosis: Daughter cell from meiosis II: 5. Why is it necessary to reduce the chromosome number of gametes, but not of other cells of an organism? (10 points) 41 Meiosis Lab 4 42 Lab 4: Meiosis 43 Introduc on Meiosis only occurs in organisms that reproduce sexually. The process generates haploid (1n) cells called gametes (sperm cells in males and egg cells in fe- males), or spores in some plants, fungi, and pro sts, that contain one complete set of chromosomes. Haploid cells fuse together during fer liza on to form a diploid cell with two copies of each chromosome (2n). Genes are the units of heredity that have speciÞc loci (loca ons) on the DNA strand and code for inheritable traits (such as hair color). Alleles are alterna ve forms of the same gene (brown vs. blue eyes). Homol- ogous chromosomes contain the same genes as each other but o en di erent alleles. Non-sex cells (e.g. bone, heart, skin, liver) contain two alleles (2n), one from the sperm and the other from the egg. Mitosis and meiosis are similar in many ways. Meiosis, however, has two rounds of division—meiosis I and meiosis II. There is no replica on of the DNA between meiosis I and II. Thus in meiosis, the parent cell produces four daughter cells, each with just a single set of chromosomes (1n). Meiosis I is the reduc on division– the homologous pairs of chromosomes are separated so that each daughter cell will receive just one set of chromosomes. During meiosis II, sister chroma ds are separated (as in mitosis). Concepts to explore: Meiosis Diploid cells Haploid cells ...

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CJ 317 CJ Statistics Chapter 5 – NIBRS Exercises Let’s work with our assault cases again. 1. Find the mean and standard deviation for offender age. a. Using the mean and standard deviation, what percentage of offenders are over 18? b. What percentage of offenders are over 21? c. What is the probability of selecting at random an offender who is under 18? 2. Using the frequencies procedure (ANALYZE, DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS, FREQUENCIES), request a histogram of victim age with the normal curve overlay (from the Charts button), as well as the mean and standard deviation (from the Statistics button). a. Comment on the closeness of the actual distribution to the normal curve. b. Based on the normal distribution (using the z score and Table A), what is the probability that a victim is under 13? 3. Using the frequencies procedure (ANALYZE, DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS, FREQUENCIES), request a histogram of offender age with the normal curve overlay (from the Charts button), as well as the mean and standard deviation (from the Statistics button). Comment on the closeness of the actual distribution to the normal curve. Lab 7 Mitosis and Meiosis & Start Lab 8 Mendelian Genetics Terminology Gene – a discrete unit of hereditary information, such as a segment of DNA that codes for a particular protein or trait (example: a gene that codes for eye color) Lab Topic 7 contains many bold-faced terms related to genetics and cell division. For future quizzes and lab exams, make sure you can define the bold-faced terms in the Blackboard notes. More Terminology Allele – alternate versions of the same gene (example: an allele that codes for blue eye color vs. an allele that codes for brown eye color) Chromosome – a discrete strand of DNA (and associated organizational proteins) within the nucleus Chromosome talk Homologous chromosomes – a pair of chromosomes that carries the same basic set of genes. One homologous chromosome is inherited from the organism’s father, while the other homologous chromosome is inherited from the organism’s mother. Chromosome talk, continued Sister chromatids are two copies of a duplicated chromosome that are still physically attached to each other. These chromatids are separated from one another during mitosis and meiosis II; once the chromatids split apart, each one is considered an individual chromosome. Ploidy A diploid (2n) cell contains two sets of chromosomes. One set was inherited from the organism’s mother, while the other set was inherited from the organism’s father. A haploid (n) cell contains one set of chromosomes. In humans, mature egg and sperm cells are haploid. The Human Life Cycle: Mitosis Mitosis occurs all over the human body for growth and repair. During this process, one diploid (2n) parent cell divides into two diploid daughter cells. Since mitosis is essentially a cloning process, the daughter cells are identical to each other and to the original par.

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Briefly define cyberterrorism. Define hacktivism. Illustrate examples of each in current events within the last decade. What is the fundamental difference between these two? How has technology helped to advance these groups? How do you think our government’s response to such groups has changed our attitudes towards our own freedoms? In your opinion, do you think Hacktivism is justified or is it just a subset of cyberterrorism? Give some examples to support your stance. Solution According to the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation, cyberterrorism is any \"premeditated, politically motivated attack against information, computer systems, computer programs, and data which results in violence against non-combatant targets by sub-national groups or clandestine agents.\"Unlike a nuisance virus or computer attack that results in a denial of service, a cyberterrorist attack is designed to cause physical violence or extreme financial harm. According to the U.S. Commission of Critical Infrastructure Protection, possible cyberterrorist targets include the banking industry, military installations, power plants, air traffic control centers, and water systems. Cyberterrorism is sometimes referred to as electronic terrorism or information war. Hacktivism is “the use of computers and computer networks to promote political ends, chiefly free speech, human rights, and information ethics”. As with any technology, “hacking” and therefore hacktivism can be a force for good or evil. Hacking versus Cyberterrorism ‘Hacking’ is the term used to describe unauthorised access to or use of a computer system. The term ‘hacktivism’ is composed of the words ‘hacking’ and ‘activism’ and is the handle used to describe politically motivated hacking. ‘Cracking’ refers to hacking with a criminal intent; the term is composed of the words ‘criminal’ and ‘hacking.’ In a majority of both media reports and academic analyses of cyberterrorism, one or other of these terms – hacking, hacktivism, cracking - or the activities associated with them are equated with or identified as variants of cyberterrorism. Hackers have many different motives. Many hackers work on gaining entry to systems for the challenge it poses. Others are seeking to educate themselves about systems. Some state that they search for security holes to notify system administrators while others perform intrusions to gain recognition from their peers. Hacktivists are politically motivated; they use their knowledge of computer systems to engage in disruptive activities on the Internet in the hopes of drawing attention to some political cause. These disruptions take many different forms, from ‘denial of service’ (DoS) attacks that tie up Web sites and other servers, to posting ‘electronic graffiti’ on the home pages of government and corporate Web sites, to the theft and publication of private information on the Internet. Crackers hack with the intent of stealing, altering data, or engaging in other malicious damage.41 A sig.

Briefly define cyberterrorism. Define hacktivism. Illustrate example.pdf

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