water soluble vitamins in detail

1. Water soluble vitamins
Presented by
Ms. Funde A.P.
(M. Pharm, QAT)

2. Water soluble vitamins
WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

3. Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid)
 Ascorbic acid is an enediol lactone resembling L-
glucose.
 Vitamin C is resdily oxidised to dehydroascorbic acid.
 Both forms are physiologically active.

4. Properties
 It is white crystalline, water soluble substance
and sour in taste.
 It is a powerful reducing agent on account of
its enediol structure.
 Vitamin C is stable in solid form and in acidic
solution but rapidly destroyed in alkaline
solution.

5. SOURCES
 Richest sources are citrus fruits like amla,
tomato,lemon,lime, berries, grapes etc.
 Other sources are leafy vegetables, milk and
liver
 In the body highest conc. Occur in adrenal
cortex, anterior pituitary, corpus luteum and
thymus.

6. Daily requirements
Infants- 30 mg
Children- 40 mg
Adults- 50-70 mg
During pregnancy and lactation- 60-80 mg

7. Functions
 Vitamin C is a strong reducing agent with a
hydrogen potential of + 0.08V, reduces
compounds like molecular oxygen, nitrate,
cytochrome a and c. It is involved in oxidation-
reduction reaction coupled with glutathione,
flavin nucleotides etc.
 Ascorbic acid is required for hydroxylation of
proline to form hydroxyproline, which is an
important amino acid of collagen.

8.  In tyrosine metabolism, the oxidation of p-
hydroxyphenylpyruvate to homogentisate requires
vitamin c.
 Vitamin c is required for the formation of bile acids.
 Vitamin c is required in the absorption and
mobilisation of iron.
 It is required in the conversion of folic acid to folinic
acid.
 Required in the absorption and mobilisation of iron.
 Vitamin c has an established function in maintaining of
iron.

9. Deficiency of vitamin C
 Not eating enough fresh fruits and vegetables
can cause the deficiency.
 People feel tired, weak, and irritable.
 Severe deficiency, called scurvy, causes
bruising, gum and dental problems, dry hair
skin, and anemia.
 The diagnosis is based on symptoms and
sometimes blood tests.
 Increasing consumption of fresh fruits and
vegetables or taking vitamin C supplements by
mouth usually corrects the deficiency.

10. Thiamine(vitamin B1)
Chemically it is substituted pyrimidine (2,5-dimethyl
6- aminopyrimidine) combined with substituted
thiazole ring, joined by a methylene bridge
Thiamine chloride hydrochloride

11. Sources
 unrefined cereals, grains, liver, heart and
kidney.
Daily requirements
Infants- 0.3- 0.5 mg
Children- 0.7- 1.2 mg
Adults (male)- 1.5 mg
Adult (female)- 1.2 mg

12. FUNCTIONS OF VITAMIN B1
 Being a potent antioxidant and neural
compound, thiamine plays a significant role in
treating a myriad of ailments and their
complications including the brain, nervous
system, muscles, heart and stomach.
 Thiamine is generally taken by people to
alleviate the risks and symptoms of thiamine
deficiency like beriberi, pellagra, inflammation
of the nerves outside the brain or peripheral
neuritis.

13.  It is also required for boosting immunity,
improving athletic performance and muscle
strength, preventing kidney disease in type 2
diabetic patients and cervical cancer.
 Thiamine shots or injections are also given to
patients suffering from a coma or those who
are terminally ill.
 It is also a potent remedy for people who have
been diagnosed with maple syrup urine disease
and Leigh’s disease.

14. Deficiency of vitamin B1
 Initially, the symptoms of thiamine deficiency
can be observed as weight loss, confusion,
anorexia, agitation, weakness, dizziness,
insomnia, heart problems, low energy, muscle
weakness, short term memory loss, peripheral
neuropathy, sonophobia, muscular atrophy,
myalgia, depression, emotional instability,
uncooperative behaviour, fearfulness, backache,
nausea, vomiting and constipation, etc.

15.  The various symptoms if not treated on time or
left untreated can lead to severe deficiency
disorders like Beriberi and several abnormalities
related to the brain and neural system.
 The 3 Different Types Of Beriberi Observed In
Thiamine Deficient Patients Are:
Dry Beriberi:
 This deficiency syndrome causes wasting and
partial paralysis and is characterized by nerve
and muscle abnormalities, a prickling sensation
in the toes, a burning sensation in the feet at
night, leg cramps, muscle atrophy, mental
confusion, vomiting etc.

16. Wet Beriberi
 This deficiency syndrome weakens the
capillaries and mostly affects the cardiovascular
system and causes vasodilation, increased heart
rate, dyspnoea, oedema and dilated
cardiomyopathy.
Infantile Beriberi
 Affecting mostly children between two to six
months and can be characterized by symptoms
like pale skin, hoarseness, diarrhoea, oedema,
vomiting, weight loss etc. It requires immediate
attention and treatment as the acute form might
be fatal for the infants.

17. RIBOFLAVIN (VITAMIN B2)
Chemically riboflavin consist of an isoalloxazine ring
attached to sugar alcohol – ribitol, in its structure

18. Sources
Milk, liver,kidney, heart, greminating seeds,and
green vegetables are the best sources of
riboflavin.
Daily requirements
Infants- 0.4- 0.6 mg
Children- 0.8- 1.2 mg
Adults – 1.2-1.7 mg
An additional amount of 0.3-0.6 mg is required
during pregnancy and lactation.

19. Functions
 Active riboflavin is in the coenzyme form i.e.
flavin mononuleotide (FMN) and flavin
dinucleotide (FAD).
 FMN and FAD serve as prosthetic groups of
oxidoreductase enzyme.
 These enzymes are known as flavoproteins.
 FMN is constituent of warburg yellow enzyme,
cytochrome c reductase and L- amino acid
dehydrogenase.

20.  FAD is constituent of xanthine oxidase, D-
amino acids dehydrogenase, glycine oxidase,
 FMN and FAD serve as components of
respiratory chain.
Deficiency sympotoms
 Angular stomatitis
 Cheiosis
 Glossitis
 Dyssebacea
 Scrotal dermatitis
 Vascularisation of cornea leading to
lachrymation, misty vision and photophobia

21. NIACIN(Vitamin B3)
 Chemically niacin or nicotinic acid is a
pyrimidine derivative

22. Sources
 Yeast, unrefined cereals and grains, rice
polishing, milk, egg, tomato, fruits,and green
leafy vegetables are good sources of niacin.
 Tryptophan is precursor of niacin
Daily requirements
Infants- 05-8 mg
Children- 9-16 mg
Adults (male) – 16-20 mg
Adults (female)- 12-16mg

23.  During pregnancy additional 3mg and during
lactation additional 7 mg are required.
Functions
 Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
phosphate(NADP) are the active forms of
niacin.
 NAD and NADP are coenzymes for many
oxidoreductase enzymes.
 NAD is component of respiratory chain.

24. Deficiency
Deficiency of niacin results into pellagra which is
characterised by following symptoms
1. dermititis: erythma, roughing, thickening and
dryness of skin.
2. Dementia: with other CNS symtoms like
weakness, anxiety depression, irritability and
failure of concentration.
3. Diarrheoa: is common but not present always
and is associated with anorexia, nausea,
dysphagia,and dyspepsia.

25. Pantothenic acid(VITAMIN B5)
 It consist of β- alanine joined to pantothenic
acid through peptide bonds.
Sources
 yeast, liver, rice polishing, wheat germ, meat,
egg, leafy vegetables, and fruits

26. Daily requirements
 Infants- 1-2 mg
 Children- 4-5 mg
 Adult- 5-10 mg
Functions
 It is constituent of CoA .
CoA and acetyl CoA are involved in all cellular
metabolism.
Deficiency
Anemia frequentlly occurs in pantothenic acid
deficiency.

27. Pyridoxine(vitaminB6)
 Vitamin b6 consist of three closely related
naturaaly occuring pyridine derivatives and their
phosphates. All three have equal vitamin like
activity.

28. Sources
 Yeast, seeds, wheat, corn,liver, milk, egg and
green leafy vegetables are good sources of
pyridoxine.
Daily requirements- 2mg
Functions
 Pyridoxal phosphate is the major coenzyme
required for the activity of the enzymes
decarboxylase, deaminase, transulphurasr,
kynureninase and phosphorylase.

29. It is alsoreequired as coenzyme in the formation
of γ- amino butyrate and serotonine.
Deficiency symptoms
 Impaired growth
 Acrodynia
 Edema of connective tissue layer of skin
 Convulsions
 Severe microcytic hypochromic anemia.

30. Lipoic acid(vitamin B7)
 Chemically it is 6,8 dithio octanoic acid. It
exits in oxidised and reducd forms.
 Functions- it acts as coenzyme in oxidative
decarboxylation of α-keto acids like pyruvate.

31. Biotin(vitamin B7)(anti-egg white injury
factor)
 Chemically biotin is imidazole compound
containing sulphur
 Daily requirments- 50-60 μg

32. Functions
Biotin acts as cocarboxylase.
It is required in the fixation of CO2 in the
conversions of pyruvate to oxaloacetate, acetyl
CoA to malonyl CoA, propionate to succinate and
in purine synthesis.
Deficiency
Biotin deficiency occurs by taking raw egg white
which contain avidine.
Avidine combines very tightly with biotin,
preventing its absorption and including biotin
deficiency or egg white injury.

33. The symptoms are;
Retarded growth
Loss ofhairs
Depression
Hallucination
Muscle pain
dermatitis

34. Folic acid (VITAMIN B9)
Chemically folic acid consist of the base
pteridine , attached to p- aino benzoic acid and
glutamic acid. In liver it is present as
pentaglutamate.
Sources
Yeast, liver and leafy vegetables like cauliflower
are the major sources of foic acid.

35. Daily requirements
 Infants- 50μg
 Children- 100-300 μg
 Adult- 400 μg
 During pregnancy and lactation- 600-800 μg
Structure of folic acid

36. Function
Folic acid is very intimately involved in the metabolism
of one carbon moities in various ways.
Deficiency
Folic acid deficiency in man causes megaloblastic
anemia.

37. Cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12
antipernicious anemia factor)
 The structure of vit.B12 consist of central portion of
4 reduced and extensively substituted pyrrole rings
surrounding a central cobalt atom.
 This central structure refered as a corrin ring system.
 Below the corrin ring system there is 5,6-dimethyl
benzimidazole riboside connected at one end to the
central cobalt atom and at the other end of ribose
moiety through phosphate and aminopropanol to a
side chain on ring IV of tetrapyrrole nucleus.
 A cynide group is coordinately bound to Co atom
which may be removed.

39. Sources
rich source of vitamin B12 are liver, kidney,
meat, fish and egg.
Daily requirements
Infants- 0.3 μg
Children- 1-2 μg
Adult- 3 μg
During pregnancy and lactation- 4 μg

40. Functions
 Deoxyadenosyl cobalamin (cobamide) is the active
form of vitamin B12.
 It act as coenzyme in isomerisation of methyl
malonyl CoA to succinyl CoA and in the combined
conversion of homocystiene to methionine and
methyl tetrahydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate.
 By this reaction stores of methionine are maintained
in the body and tetrahydrofolate is made available to
participate in purine and pyrimidine synthesis.

41. Deficiency
Vitamin B12 deficiency is caused due to
reduced absorption because of lack of intrinsic
factor, resulting into pernicious anemia.