rural livelihood
SHAREWORLD OPEN UNIVERSITY
LILONGWE CAMPUS
FACULTY OF CONSERVATION, THE ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
DEPARTMENT OF RURAL AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
COURSE : SOCIAL ECONOMICS OF RURAL LIVELIHOOD
CODE : ERL213 LECTURE : FRANCIS UNGAPEMBE STUDENT : GIFT KAPOTA YEAR : 2
ASSIGNMENT : Seven
QUESTION : Discuss the role of government in promoting socio–economics of rural livelihood
DUE DATE : 7 September 2013
DATE SUBMITTED: 2 September 2013
Government has a role to play in as far as promoting socio–economic for rural livelihood as the
government is there for the people and it has to do anything possible for its people to ... Show more
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Land reform: involves the changing of laws, regulations or customs regarding land ownership. Land
reform may consist of government–initiated or government–backed property redistribution,
generally of agricultural land. Land reform can, therefore, refer to transfer of ownership from the
more powerful to the less powerful, such as from a relatively small number of wealthy owners with
extensive land holdings such as plantations, large ranches, or agribusiness plots to individual
ownership by those who work the land (Rosegrant & Hazell 2000).
Land reform may also entail the transfer of land from individual ownership even peasant ownership
in smallholdings to government–owned collective farms; it has also, in other times and places,
referred to the exact opposite: division of government–owned collective farms into smallholdings.
For example, in Zimbabwe this process of land reform is in progress whereby the government is
take land to the white and gives it to the black native Zimbabwean and the government is trying to
do this to make sure that poor people do have land to cultivate hence reducing poverty since the
large area of land was controlled by the whites.
Another issue is of land tenure reform which is also under the same land reform program. Land
tenure is system how land is owned. It is important for the government to put policies
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Leadership and People
Promoting Servant Leadership in the Youth
Defining Leading and Leadership
Leading is defined as:
1. Influencing others to take action toward specific goal.
2. Guiding and directing on a course, and as serving as a channel. A leader is someone who has
commanding influence.
Leadership is defined as:
1. It is the process of influencing and directing activities of members toward goal accomplishment.
2. It is about ordinary people who care. People who care enough to get extra ordinary things done.
3. It is the capacity and will to rally men and women to a common purpose and the character which
inspire confidence.
4. It is simply not an art (emotional/instinctual) or a science (rational/acquired). It is a blend of the ...
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And he is generous with his praise of my work – I guess, because this reflects well on his leadership
in the eyes of outsiders. But at the same time and probably for the same reason, he comes down hard
when we make mistakes or he feels that we have let him down. I sometimes resent being so
uninvolved and feeling so unimportant. I would like to speak out and even disagree with the leader –
for he is not right all the time, but I'm not sure how this would go over with the others in the group.
While we spend a lot of time talking about the boss and his ways outside meetings, we tend to turn
into lambs when he is around. I guess it is because we would not like to hurt and upset him. So
things keep going on in the usual way.
2. Democratic or Participative Style
Characteristics of democratic leaders can be summed up in the following:
They are generally as concerned with maintaining group effectiveness as with completing the task to

be done.
They encourage members in their groups to express their ideas and feelings, because they believe
that such a climate leads to greater creativity and commitment.
If they encounter resistance or conflicts, they allow them to surface and they seek the help of their
groups in removing the resistance or resolving the conflicts.
They encourage joint decision–making as well as shared goal–setting.
They rarely set policies without explaining the reasons and proposing them to

The Importance Of Women's Rights
Human rights which include the right to life and liberty as well as freedom that belong to all human
beings inherently despite of their statuses without discrimination (United Nations, 1948). Among
issues of human rights, women's rights could be one of the most serious ones. In the 1990s, women's
rights were not generally accepted as human rights and suffered various violations (Bunch, 1990).
Despite women's rights have been improved so far in most regions that female have almost equal
employment opportunities and enhanced status in society, the issues of female rights need to be
considered because they still have inferior positions compared with men in workplace and society
due to a lot of factors.
The most vital reason for improving women's rights is the perpetuate violations of women's rights in
some regions. Certainly, women's positions in society have been enhanced a lot since the public has
attached importance to female and their rights. According to Wadesango, Rembe and Chabaya
(2011), members of Southern African Development Community (SADC) have taken measures to
prohibit traditional practices which are harmful to women. However, "lack of capacity, resources
and commitment among the implementers" make these legislations be pale in protecting female
(Wadesango et al, 2011, p.121). Therefore, detrimental cultural practices include female genital
mutilation, marriage by abduction, child marriages and virginity testing still bring women physical
and mental injuries in

Leadership Transition Essay
Studying leadership encompasses a broad range of perspective and ways of thought. Leadership in
the context of community engagement is particularly interesting due to its relevance to fostering
community partnerships and performing relevant and useful service. Relationships between a group
and a community partner who have a need to be fulfilled is best kept in working order to allow the
best engagement and benefit possible. I specifically chose to investigate the leadership transition,
since it is highly relevant to particularly senior student leaders. Furthermore, I chose to approach my
interviews and analysis using the socially responsible leadership model. This model popularized by
Dugan frames leadership in college students as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One student after tapping the new leaders remarked, "I don't think it was their first choice, like they
would've volunteered themselves for it." This sentiment reveals the disadvantages of using this form
of choosing new leaders. Another student leader expressed that he would have rather had an election
or nomination: "I wish more people in our club knew each other better, cause I think that would help
with a voting or campaigning I guess to be the leader. But we meet so infrequently." Number of
students can influence the choosing process, but this student leader pointed to a lack of group
cohesion. His comment suggests that more group bonding or strengthening activities would have
allowed him to conduct an election, but that was not possible this year. Additionally all student
leaders that were interviewed were also originally chosen to their position via this method as well.
This points to a reproduction of past leadership transition techniques and the difficulty in breaking
those in certain organizations. All in all, there are certainly barriers to choosing new leaders, and a
lack of interest and cohesion from group members seemed to be the most pressing matters.
Communication The most meaningful communication seemed to arise from face–to–face
interactions within leadership transition. One of the community partners spoke of having potlucks
with her leaders and the importance

Developing A Comprehensive And An Integrated Approach For...
Approaches Developing a comprehensive and an integrated approach to rural skills development
Education and skills development strategies need to be integrated with all rural development
policies and strategies, such as agricultural policies, and private sector development and
entrepreneurship policies. Coordination and collaboration with the private sector in skills
development should be calibrated and strengthened not only to increase the relevance of training but
also to improve and facilitate its delivery. While planning and implementing the programmes , all
and sundry which includes employers' organizations, workers' organisations, NGOs and community
groups should be involved and synerzised. Labour market needs and economic opportunities must
be assessed, and the training must be tailored commensurately to the skills that are required to the
particular rural context. Collect and analyse data disaggregated by gender, age, ethnicity, disability
and other relevant dimensions to be able to design appropriate services and programmes. Develop
diversified skill development policies that take into cognizance formal, non–formal and informal
training. While access to good quality formal training is important, including innovative non–formal
and informal skills training into national training systems is also a veritable key for improving skills
provision in rural areas. Expanding access to quality education and vocational training Expand the

Strategies For Preventing Guns From The Streets Of New Haven
For years, people in New Haven have been brainstorming strategies to help prevent gun violence in
the communities. With the identifying the factors contributing to gun violence, community
organizers have come up with strategies that are specifically related to them. The main priority is to
completely remove guns from the streets of New Haven. Right now, there are two gun buy back
programs in New Haven that are lead by Yale New haven Hospital and the New Haven Police
Department (City–Wide). The purpose of this program is for people to turn in un–registered guns
and receive money in return. Some argue that the gun buy–back program does not prevent gun
violence because they are taking guns from law abiding citizens who would never use them in a
crime and do not reach those who are likely to use them in a crime (Cameron). In New Haven, guns
in the streets travel from people to people and at some point, it can fall into the hands of a person
who is anticipating on shooting someone. That is all that it takes. One of the most successful gun
buy–back programs held in new Haven was August 6, 2016. That day, The New Haven Police
Department was able to retrieve one hundred and twenty–seven operable firearms. They took in
eighty–five handguns, thirty–eight rifles and shotguns and four assault weapons (Wilkins). In the
past five years, the New Haven Police Department has collected over five hundred guns from the
gun buy–back programs. Going along with the strategy to remove guns off of

Community Development Corporations ( Cdcs ) : An Industry...
Community Development Corporations (CDCs): An Industry Analysis
Community Economic Development (CED) is a field of study that causes community engagement
when working with public and private organizations to create strong communities, industries, and
markets. "Community Economic Development is a multifaceted comprehensive approach to
community change that is not limited to just poverty programs, nor is it synonymous with industrial
recruitment", as pointed out by Shaffer et al. (2004), "Community Economic Development is not an
attempt to exploit resources to yield the maximum economic return."
In the U.S., there is nearly 2,000 community development corporations (CDCs) have built housing,
involved in economic development projects, and provided the various social services for the past
three decades (NCCED, 1995). Currently, most of attention CDCs have received is from
government and private funders as a promising way to promote urban neighborhoods. These CDCs
are consisted of nonprofit, community–controlled real estate development organizations that
dedicate to the revitalization of poor neighborhoods. They undertake physical revitalization such as
economic development, social services, and organizing and advocacy activities. Since public
services for poor communities are fragmented across multiple agencies and levels of government,
CDCs often are the only institution with a comprehensive and coordinated program agenda.
CDCs employ a federal grant program funding (that also

Principles . Principles In Community Development Are Used
Principles
Principles in community development are used to achieve overall goals and achieve results
(Checkoway 1995). Jim Ife has identified 32 principles of community development that are seen as
critical components and can be useful to develop a framework for evaluating community
development (Ife 2016). Many of Jim Ife's principles are being acted upon in this case study such as
Addressing disadvantage and inequality, linking the global and the local, valuing local processes,
valuing local skills and relationship and dialogue.
Relationship and Dialogue is one of Jim Ife's process principles. Community development
essentially focuses on process rather than the outcome (Ife 2016). Relationship and dialogue focuses
on the significance ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Effective control requires ongoing structures and processes. Effectively community control requires
adequate resources, including income, material resources and knowledge and strong skills base
(Kenny and Connors 2017). This definition is reflected on in the case study as the residents are
teaching and learning from each other. This enables them to use their own resources to develop a
small business that operates from an office in the estate. By developing a business and strategy plan,
the residences are taking control of their own development. The members of the estate have set up
these structures and plans, which enables them to have ongoing progress for the future.
Healy refers to community development as a set of approaches focused on understanding
individuals as part of a community and on building the capacity of that community to address the
social, economic or political challenges facing its members (Healy 2012). One of the adults was a
graphic designer in his country of origin. Through the access of computers he was able to expand on
his knowledge and learn how to create web designs. He then was able to share his knowledge with
others in the community to start up the business. Healys definition has been applied to the case study
as he community came together to build a economic future for their estate.
Paolo could continue to engage all aspects of the community,

Cih Level 3 in Housing Assignment 5 Essay
Windmill Housing Association
Lime Tree Estate
A Way Forward
Suzanne Stone
07.06.2012
Contents
Factors which have lead to the decline of this estate...................................................................3,4
Improvements needed................................................5,6
Community Development Key Issues................................7
Different Approaches that may work................................8
A definition of ASB....................................................9
Different Legal and non legal solutions............................10
Managing this Neighbourhood.......................................11
Conclusion.............................................................12
References..............................................................13
The Lime Tree Estate – Factors which have lead to the decline of this estate
Many factors have contributed to the decline of this neighbourhood. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It is felt that this estate would benefit if a working group was set up to develop a neighbourhood
action plan. This group could consist of partners such as the police, the health authorities and local
council to examine the best way to tackle the issues faced by this area and to adopt an approach of
neighbourhood planning in conjunction with local residents.
It is felt that the key recommendations that are likely to come out of resident consultations and from
what is already known to improve the area are:
Kent highways to work with residents to establish speed monitoring on cut through roads and to

establish where public transport is lacking. To set up an established regular bus route to the nearest
health facility and local supermarket To run outreach clinics on the estate for health visitors such as
sexual health and drop in clinics for young mothers To work with landlords to ensure tenants are
tenancy compliant – keeping gardens tidy and to ensure landlords fix broken fences and gates in a
timely manner (to prevent asb) Windmill to work with local council to develop a plan for
regeneration for the area. Develop a programme to tackle low sills and worklessness To set up a
"Foul

Community Concerns And Goals : Observance Of Low Group...
Community Concerns/Goals
Observance of low group moral prompted this community organizing effort. The three prominent
behaviors shown were silence (a traditional Native response), an overabundance of an argumentative
stance, and unprofessionalism during governmental meetings, exhibited even by elected officials at
times. Minkler (2012) states, "issues to organize around can be found by talking with community
members and trying out various themes" (Kindle Locations 2694–2695). Individual members were
engaged, especially Elders, out of state members, IT head, and administrative staff, to gain insight
into perspective concerns and generate goals. A public relations technique was used to target elected
officials, which produced more concerns due their lack of response. Persistence over time was used
to keep the issue constantly on the minds and hearts of community members. Social media posts
were also created to generate momentum and reach members due to time constraints and logistics. A
meeting agenda item request was sent to the Chief, which resulted in the item to be discussed. A
presentation was made and a resolution in the event of a majority popular opinion to adopt the ICT
component of governmental meetings.
Strategy Analysis Community organizing should be a fluid process with ongoing assessment.
Challenging traditional methods, systems, and status quos are best tackled with great care. Each step
in that process can be evaluated, which ensures change and its

Social Psychological Barriers Of Violence On Youth And...
Youth in today's society are faced with numerous social psychological barriers that get in the way of
healthy development. Urban youth are faced with even more of these barriers such as homelessness,
mental health issues, negative influences, poverty, racism, stereotypes and exposure to violence.
Table 1 addresses these social psychological barriers, defines them and provides sources from
current journal articles that speak about them. Many of these barriers do not happen in isolation
alone, but are connected and intertwine. For instance students living in poverty often have to deal
with homelessness and students faced with racism often come face to face with stereotypes in their
culture. This paper will examine in depth the social psychological barrier of violence and analyze
how it impacts students' performance and achievement. Exposure to violence (from hearing about to
witnessing or even being victimized by) can be very traumatic for children and youth and affect
brain development leading to lasting effects that can continue well into adulthood. Students living in
urban neighborhoods are often exposed to more violent crime, murder, stabbings, shootings, rape,
robbery, and assaults than students living in suburban or rural neighborhoods. Studies show that
"over 85% of urban youth report witnessing some form of community violence in their lifetime and
almost 70% report direct victimization" (McDonald, Deatrick, Kassam–Adams, & Richmond, 2011,
p. 925). Students living in

Summary: The Importance Of At-Risk Adolescents
As time has progressed, researchers have learned of different ways to approach and help "at–risk"
adolescents. As practitioners working with youth who lack social support at home it is important to
implement both a strength based and community youth development approach, rather than just
focusing on trying to "fix" adolescents. Not only do youth become resilient when faced with a
challenge, but they also are able to showcase their assets and strengths while overcoming their
challenges. Instead of denying young people opportunities, mentors and teachers are able to foster
real hope that sometimes is not given at home. This is achieved by looking at adolescents as
resources, taking negative labels off them,and building student–teacher relationships.
To begin, a lot can change when a mentor or teacher begins to look at their students as resources
rather than problems. Damon W. explains how a positive youth development approach lays in the
idea where the child is envisioned as someone capable of accomplishing many other things, rather
than treating them as if they have a so–called disability(Damon, 2004). Students who come ... Show
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Research explains that the more assets young people have, the more likely it is that they will engage
in positive, healthy and uplifting activity and the less likely they are to engage in negative and risky
behavior. In addition to that, the opportunity to reach such assets must be available during their
"formative years"(Perkins et, al., 2003). If an adolescent is given an opportunity, they will take it
and eventually benefit and make it into something greater. If young people who lack support at
home, are not receiving space to grow at school, they may never have the opportunity to do so
elsewhere. Teachers play an essential role in this area of development. By simply pointing out the
negative assets of a child, teachers and mentors are setting their students up for

4-H Positive Youth Development Paper
There are many student programs from which schools can choose to implement in a school year.
Each program provides a different focus and different results. One of these programs is the 4–H
Afterschool program. 4–H programs are nation–wide and can be offered through schools and clubs
and are supported by universities in each area. 4–H offers four main after–school, in–school, or club
programs based around science, citizenship, healthy living, and mentoring ("4–H Positive Youth
Development", n.d.). According to the 4–H website ,"4–H Positive Youth Development", each
program offers the "potential for positive youth development and growth" in a "learn by doing"
atmosphere led by trained volunteers (n.d.). 4–H is a positive youth development (PYD) ... Show
20). Within a 4–H program, health needs are addressed and taught to students. Some of the habits
and ideas that are addressed include: healthy eating, physical activity, injury prevention, social–
emotional health, and the prevention of alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use (Downey, et al., 2014,
p. 14). By teaching these topics to the youth, they are better able to apply them to their lives and the
decisions they will make concerning their health and well–being.
After learning healthy habits in the program, students tend to go home and share what they have
learned with their parents and family. The knowledge that is taught to the youth goes well beyond
their own minds and bodies, but benefits the people around them as well. The 4–H Afterschool
programs seek to not only help the individuals, but their lives as they "increase knowledge and skills
necessary for improving physical activity practices and to improve the habits and behaviors of
children, youth, and families" (Downey, et al., 2014, p. 14). The goals that have been set forth
should ultimately reduce the health risks that are seen in communities such as obesity and illnesses
(Downey, et al., 2014, p.

Working As An Associate Planner For The City Of...
Introduction
I am currently working as an Associate Planner for the City of Bakersfield's Economic Development
Division located at 1715 Chester Avenue in Bakersfield, Ca. The Economic Development Division
is part of the Community Development Department which is made up of the Economic
Development, Planning, and Building Divisions. My department works, "to assist in the creation of
new affordable housing and rehabilitate existing housing stock with community partners, partner
with local organizations to provide community services, and respond to Fair Housing concerns in
the City of Bakersfield" ("Community Development", 2014). My job, in particular, is to manage the
Community Development Block Grants, and Emergency Solutions Grants issued by the U.S.
Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD).
The Research Issue
All cities are faced with the complicated issue of addressing housing needs for their population.
Even more complex are the needs of the city's low income neighborhoods and residents. In addition,
according to the article, "Social Inequities in Environmental Risks Associated with Housing and
Residential Location–A Review of Evidence" by Braubacth and Fairburn, there is a, "strong link
between housing characteristics and health." To help address these issues and protect the health of
our citizens, the City of Bakersfield receives grant funds from the U.S. Department of Housing and
Urban Development (HUD). The purpose of such funds is to benefit low– and

Resilience Vs Psy
Positive youth development (PYD) and resilience science differ in importance and focus but share
many roots, assumptions, concepts, and goals. Both structures are grounded in developmental
systems theory; both are focused on a positive adaptation for youth, and both a common goal of
promoting positive development. Yet there also are differences (Masten, 2014).Resilience from a
PYD standpoint can be defined "as a dynamic attribute referencing the adaptive and mutually
influential relation of an individual adolescent and that person's context" (Masten, 2014, p1018).
This meaning that resilience is not in the person or the situation, but in their connection and
relationship to each other. Both PYD and resilience have deep roots in developmental theory and
they ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Family stress theory is a developmental theory borrowed from family science which explores why
some family systems adapt and even grow and thrive when faced with situational stressors or
transitional events, while other family units deteriorate and disintegrate under similar circumstances
(Family Stress Theory, PPT). Murray was able to handle the stressors in her life because she had the
resilience toward her ACEs (2010). Other youth may grow through these stressors because their
family could become closer or the child has a trusted adult that can help them get through the
stressors that they may face in their family. Some children however are not able to thrive because of
the stressors and the family will weaken, unable to change, and a crisis will occur in the family
making the family not capable of returning stability. This goes along with the theme of resilience
because some families and youth can be resilient toward their family stressors, while others do not
know how to be resilient and the youth and family become

Girls On The Run Essay
Kristen Rusher
Lina Maxwell
Intro to Human Services
Feb. 16, 2016
Girls On the Run: A Nonprofit Organization The field of Human Services can be understood as a
department focused on meeting and improving human needs and quality of life. A human service
professional has a multitude of means to accomplish this goal; through soup kitchens, hospice care
and everything in between. One of the many existing human service organizations is a company
called Girls on the Run. This human service organization is a positive youth development sport
program aimed at young girls between the ages of 8 and 14. The goal of a youth development
program is to provide the groundwork to build resilient and competent youth.
(http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/S1532480XADS0702_6) Girls on the Run uses the
pivotal developmental stages of a girl's life to build a strong foundation for future health. Girls on
the Run's purpose is to help every young girl realize their full potential. Functioning as a nonprofit,
more specifically a 501c3, (Nonprofit Girls Empowerment Program | GirlsOnTheRun.org.) ... Show
The Girls on Track program, though it follows the same progression of life skills as 'Heart and Sole',
it allows the girls to gain a more mature understanding of themselves and their surroundings. Girls
on Track provides coping and developmental skills for dealing with difficult challenges middle
school girls may face, such as cyberbullying, tobacco, alcohol and eating disorders. (Nonprofit Girls
Empowerment Program |

Implementation Of Section 135 Of Companies Act Essay
Implementation of Section 135 of Companies Act, 2013: Corporate Social Responsibility
Abstract
In recent past, the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility has gained much attention. The CSR
and citizenship which aims at invoking the corporate conscience whereby the companies incur short
term cost but these short term cost do not provide immediate financial benefit, instead these costs
promote positive social environmental change. The Companies Act of 2013 which replaced the 60
years old Act of 1956 gave a provision with the concept of mandatory CSR. This research paper is
focused on the provision relating to mandatory spending and disclosure relating to Corporate Social
Responsibility activities. It also discusses the major loopholes of provision which hinders the
practical applicability of Section 135 of the Companies Act, 2013
Introduction
India has undergone a process of economic liberalization and comes under top 5 fastest growing
economies in World over past three decades . The Industrial sector crated abundant wealth over the
period of 10 years, yet the growth has trickled down the large population of the nation with lack of
access to basic amenities such as sanitary, clean water, health facilities and the list goes on. India is
ranked as 135th amongst 187 countries as per the latest Human Development Report. Inspite of
India being recognized as global player, the nation is home to largest number of poor, malnourished
children, poor access to health, education

PMI Southern Alberta Case Study
PMI Southern Alberta is an incredibly active Project Management Institute network that currently
holds the title of being the 3rd largest in Canada with a base of over 2,400 active members. The
focus of this organization is to encourage the project management principles within its jurisdiction
to communities, local business, and specialists (PMI Southern Chapter, 2017). Members can expect
to receive numerous tangible and intangible benefits by joining. These benefits are listed under an
umbrella that contains areas such as professionalism, mastery, and involvement. For
professionalism, members can expect monthly dinner meetings at a discounted price, involvement in
the company ambassador program, and a Toastmaster club. Also in mastery, ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Courses have been carefully designed to ensure that students have practical hands on knowledge
with "Partnerships between business and government, project management, writing business plans
and project proposals, and communication skills" (SAIT, 2017). On account of, students will
cultivate the proper skills that are required in rural and urban communities for economic
development. In addition to receiving a certificate from SAIT, the classes taken can be a bridge into
the SAIT Business Administration diploma and other economic agencies such as Economic
Development Alberta, Canadian Economic Developers Association, and Council for the
Development of Native Development Officers (SAIT, 2017). In conclusion, students who graduate
will be able to launch into careers that contain positions such as an economic development officer,
liaison officer, community development officer, planning officer and the ability to work within a
wide spectrum of organizations in both the private and public sector (SAIT, 2017). The designers of
this certification and program are asked to be responsible for building a presentation that generates
awareness of the career and the importance of the certification for an economic development
professional.
The opportunity that can be seized is cultivating the relationships with business certification
agencies and

The Service Learning Project, At St. Bernard's Health And...
Introduction The service learning project, Say Boo! To Bullying 5k, 10k, and 1 Mile Costume Crawl
event was held at St. Bernard's Health and Wellness Center on October 31, 2015. According to
Borunda, Davis, and Rinaldo, service learning is defined as "an experienced–based pedagogy that
serves a community needs" (2015, p. 115). The event benefits the My Generation Foundation and
Autism Association of Northeast Arkansas. The purpose of this event was to educate the families
and citizens about the available resources for children and adolescents that have Autism Spectrum
Disorder (ASD) symptoms. The event provided a powerful message to the community for the
individuals who have a disability. For instance, the runners that participated in ... Show more content
Family members were able to discuss available programs with social workers present at the event.
The activities were coordinated to encourage a healthy environment and provide citizens of this
community an opportunity to participate or volunteer in a meaningful event. Approximately one–
hundred people attended the event hosted by St. Bernard faculty members, Families Inc., and other
volunteers throughout the local community ensuring a successful event.
Target Population According to Mihaela Grasu, "autism is a complex developmental disorder with a
neurobiological character, characterized by problems of communication and relating to others as
well as interests, activities and behaviors that are restricted, repetitive and stereotypical" (2015, p.
87). The target population pertained to pre–school children to adolescents with ASD symptoms that
residing in Jonesboro or the surrounding cities. The participants and parents at this event are
advocates for the children and adolescents who have the disability. The event was conducted by
several organizations advocating in support of those with this disability. There was a direct and
noticeable impact on the community members who helped provide a healthy activity for the children
in the community. This event represented a powerful message and demonstrated the dedication and
passion that participants and volunteers alike hold for this unique and special population.

Sports Mentoring Research
I read the journal "The Influence of a Sports Mentoring Program on Children's Life Skills
Development". This journal article is the results of research pertaining to the effect of one–on–one
mentoring with sports programs on children's development. The purpose behind this research was to
see if developing children developing a caring relationship with an adult through the mentoring of
sports activities had an effect on positive youth development. The goal was for children to grow in
areas such as confidence through one–on–one sports mentoring to help then in the future.
There are different beliefs of what exactly contributes to positive youth development. Some think it
is just internal characteristics that people should be focused on developing, while others believe it is
both internal and external aspects that play a role in the development and ... Show more content on
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This project was conducted with 6 mentees and 6 mentors over a 9–month long period. The start of
the research project was not jumping straight in with sports coaching, but relationship building. The
mentors had weekly meetings with their mentees to hear about their lives and just talk to them
informally so the mentee would feel comfortable around their mentor before they moved to the next
step in the project: using narratives. The mentors slowly starting incorporating sports stories into
their meetings as a method of preparing the mentees for the physical activity portion of the project,
which is the sports. By the end of this process the mentor and mentee had played a game–of–the–
day, whether that be table tennis or badminton or any other sport, sat down to discuss the game, and
relate the game to real–life situations to show how sports can be used for life skills development and
goal setting. They also showed how sports can be used for good sportsmanship

An Organization For A Volunteer Program
Throughout these three final weeks of the course we focused on three particular topics that
emphasised and expands on community development. These three topics were Module's 10 look at
Organizations and their Nonprofit associated organizations, Volunteerism which is taken from
Module 8; that as a community developer I would argue and recommend that every organization and
institution needs to have volunteer program. The application of these above topics in an organization
can increase [Module 7's] Entrepreneurial Leadership, which in turn impacts the Economic
Development of the community and society at large.
Let me begin with Volunteerism, Volunteering is an essential quality an organization or institution
can and should exhibit, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These are as follows; one has to demonstrate effective communicative skills. (Hitt et al.,1999). 2.
Initiative –led programs, these are said to encourage and nurture innovations are needed conditions.
3. Coupled with this question Is the process an attempt to generate and secure public resources?
"The condition is the capacity to facilitate continuous exploration and idea generation" (Jelinek and
Litterer, 1995, in Gupta et al., 2004 p.244). One must note that economic development is necessary
for community growth and sustainability. Development implies insights, which are purposeful and
are meant to be permanent and was said to influence community choices.
Each person who decides to volunteer, do not only contribute to the community they reside or work,
but also for the organizations who enlisted the aid of such persons. An establishment that uses
Volunteerism, which is connected to their Human resources and non–profit [outfits] organizations;
may not only receive accolades throughout their industry, but in the public via media relations. The
benefits will transcend an establishments to the [a] neighbourhoods their employees reside or where
their businesses are based. For example a student may volunteer at their local police principality
because they want to see how officers deal with the public they serve. However, upon seeing the
destitution and relationship issues between the

Community Development And Civic Engagement
The title of our course is community development and civic engagement. Please define community
development and the community development process. Please provide the various approaches that
one can use in conducting community development? What are the similarities and/or differences
among the approaches you that selected? Do you think one approach is better than another in
addressing community issues? Why or why not?
Community development is a multifaceted process that involves members of community working
together to try and solve issues (physical, environmental, cultural, social, political, economic etc.)
within the community. The goal of community development is to improve the quality of life.
Ultimately, the most difficult aspect of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Creative community building is the process of using arts, culture and creativity to rebuild the social,
civic, physical, economic, and spiritual fabrics of communities. Creative community building bring
together best practices from a myriad of fields professions together to create new ways to transform
communities. Art has many categories and provide a way for community to get involved with skills
they already have. Moreover, artists can use these creative skills to create engagement in ways that
invite more diverse participation. On the other hand, culture is the shared customs, and beliefs that
distinguishes one group of people from another. People can be creative and artistic in formal ways
such as theatre performance as well as informal ways that can be a cultural gathering. These creative
processes can allow the community to preserve the historic and cultural heritage of a place and give
them a sense of ownership. Creative Community Building can provide jobs through arts and culture.
One example is the development of an arts festival where community members can sell their
original art, sell food and drinks and culminate the event with a ticketed performance. This event
can also attract organizations who can assist the community in future projects. Arts and culture can
also build social connection through cultural celebrations. In the Bahamas, this can be done through
junkanoo which is a as a Junkanoo is highly revered expression of culture.

The Importance Of Equality Development Program Is A Key...
Participation process to create fairness development program is a key for sustainability
development. The development especially in village level or rural area should not make the people
as the object of development. Although majority people who live in the village or rural are poor,
youth and women, they are rarely involved in decision making process. They could not deliver their
ideas or opinions because they could not have resources and opportunities (Oakley 1991). Marginal
group on development process in the rural community may reluctant to participate because the
participation method usually tends to become a one way communication therefore marginal group in
community should be able to identify their strength (Minkler 1997) to be able to contribute in
development process. Rural area in Indonesia especially marginal group has high illiterate or they
had primary education only (Dhanani and Islam 2002). However, the data and information about the
potential asset in the rural is commonly presented by statistical which rarely encourage people to
learn about the meaning of information. A proper participation method is needed to strengthen the
capability of the marginal group and community in rural area. Nowadays, Geographical Information
System (GIS) is popular tool to use in participation process by using visual data and information
which may be easier to interpret by the rural community. In order to deeper understanding about
community participation, the meaning of

The Development Of Rural Development
3.2 Rural Development
According to Oyeleye, D.A.(1987) he defines rural development as process in which development in
social infrastructures such as better roads, water supply, electricity, schools and hospitals spreads out
from the urban centres or communities and moves into the rural villages and communities.
Abumere S.I. (2002) stated that if rural development is defined as a means to help improve the
physical, cultural, social and economic status or life of the rural people then that means that
infrastructures such as roads, clean water, electricity, telecommunication and other facilities must be
carefully planned and delivered to the rural people in a consistent manner. It doesn't matter whether
these infrastructures are built from the urban centres and move into the rural areas or vice versa. The
delivery mechanisms must be very consistent.
Inorder for any country to develope and progress both socially and economically, it must have the
necessary infrastructures that are needed to facilitate such development, in both urban and rural
areas of the country.
However studies have shown that in most developing countries, rural areas/villages are mostly
neglected therefore these rural areas don't have these basic infrastructures that are needed for
development. Therefore there is a huge demand for building infrastructures into rural areas.
That is very true for Papua New Guinea where the bulks of the population live in the rural areas.
The Gena villagers are one of the

The Pros And Cons Of Poverty In The Non-Metro Area
Poverty rates among all citizens are highest in the extremely urban and truly rural areas of the
United States. However, poverty rates, as measured by the Department of Agriculture's Economic
Research Service, are higher in non–metro areas as compared to metropolitan centers. The
demographics of poverty offer insight to public administrators and policy writers beyond the
demographics of simply rural versus metro areas. For example, in 2016 rural White citizens were
half as likely to live in poverty as either Black or Native American citizens. In addition, a female
head of household in a rural area is nearly eight times as likely to live in poverty as a married
couple. Couple these demographics with the fact that only 46 million citizens live in nonmetro areas
– roughly 15% of the national population – it is not surprising that rural areas seem to receive less
attention by federally elected officials than urban and suburban areas. At the county level, poverty as
defined by the US government is an immensely rural problem, with the most remote rural places at
the greatest disadvantage. It would seem obvious that where and how an individual lives would
matter in a person's ability to rise above the poverty level. However, federal policy that addresses
poverty is not specific to rural areas or metropolitan areas. Within the context of all policy, rural
areas are unique and policy makers ought to consider this when addressing legislation to help
citizens in these

The Concept Of Learning Process
3. LEARNING PROCESS APPROACH
David Korten stated the concept of learning process in 1980. According to him, the process of
learning is continuous and involved not only planners and implementers, but rural people. The goal
of this approach is to develop capabilities through developing ideas, for making–decisions and
creating continual innovations. The process includes the areas of technology and organization or
even a mix of both. The learning process serves an alternative to the blueprint approach, taking into
account the particular context of the project. (Krishna et al., 1998)
The possibility of embracing error is another particular characteristic of this approach. The use of
small–scale projects generates a substantive knowledge about the factors of success and the
elements to improve in any stage of the development programs. For completing this process, the
individuals in the project must document the findings and develop a structured system of learning
which would be the base for building the local capabilities. This usually explains the tendency to
slowly start the programs which use the learning process approach.
The local capabilities construction becomes the main resource for the sustainability of the project
through the development of the self–reliance. The projects of development usually include an
assisted process for generating this condition of self–reliance. Individuals in rural communities
should understand that they are responsible for their resources and

Non Reciprocal Trade Arrangement Is Africa Growth And...
The first RTA I chose to discuss is a Non–Reciprocal Trade Arrangement called Africa Growth and
Opportunity Act (AGOA). USTR.gov states, "In 2013, U.S. goods imports from sub–Saharan
African under AGOA and the related GSP program totaled $26.8 billion, more than three times the
amount in 2001, the first full–year of AGOA trade." There are challenges for this agreement as the
site later states, "Exports of U.S. poultry have been effectively excluded from the South African
market for 15 years due to a range of trade barriers and other measures." This agreement has
potential to assist the African economy in numerous ways as the exports can create large revenue for
Africa and can also provide employment opportunities. The difficulty lies with changing trade
barriers that could begin to cause more products and materials to have higher taxes associated.
The second RTA I chose is called Free Trade Area Agreement (FTAA). As export.gov states, "The
FTA includes a non–binding statement of intent to eliminate barriers to trade in services such as
tourism, communications, banking, insurance, management consulting, accounting, law, computer
services, and advertising." The benefits are mutual and the United States has made tremendous
profit on exports. The site later states, "U.S. exports to Israel grew from $2.5 billion in 1985 to $11.3
billion in 2010." This agreement can become challenging as the economy can shift and with the
presidential election threatening to put more taxes on

Toms Shoes Case Statement
Toms Shoes, the company known for doling out a pair of shoes for each pair it offers, has sold a
50pc stake to private value firm Bain Capital. Toms was situated up by ambitious person Blake
Mycoskie in 2006 after an outing to Argentina, where he volunteered at a shoe drive. The company's
direct considering purchase one–give–one took off after it was championed by A–list celebrities.
The company, situated in Los Angeles, has since given away more than 25 million pairs of shoes to
youngsters and has dispatched an eyewear division, with returns going towards restoring seeing
250,000 individuals. Superb global news coverage obliges investment. An early pioneer in the
booming revenue driven ethical design commercial center, Toms had assessed ... Show more content
The individuals from Grameen Bank are urged to plant trees, develop kitchen enclosures and
assemble houses and clean restrooms, which are planned to address environmental concerns. The
Grameen Bank has deliberately focused on women understanding that their support in social
development is essential for financial development in light of the fact that women assume essential
part in giving health, training and sustenance. The Bank's social development programs additionally
incorporate exhaustive preparing program in maternal health, nourishment and youngster
consideration (Rahman & Qiang, 2011). The social development programs likewise supplies tree
seedlings and seeds for kitchen plants with a specific end goal to enhance both living conditions and
the environment. Grameen Bank has been set up to sort out the provincial poor through a credit
program with the goal that they can produce profitable independent work for themselves in exercises
of their decision. Grameen Bank considers poverty not as the making of poor rather that of the
framework which is comprised of the ideas, theoretical systems, approaches and foundations. On the
off chance that we can change the framework, there would be no poverty. Grameen Bank thinks
poor as proficient and venturesome as any other individual on the planet (Barua,

The Importance Of Community Development
A) Campbell, Wunungmurra and Nyomba (2005) describe community development as an ongoing
participatory process in which local people use their own knowledge to identify, develop and enact
sustainable and locally appropriate strategies to enable social change. Moreover, it is a useful
strategy that can increase self–reliance and create empowerment for communities, individuals and
small groups alike (Campbell, Wunungmurra & Nyomba 2005). The authors discuss these aspects in
the context of Indigenous health issues, identifying this form of community development as a
method to improve health outcomes in a way that is supported by local Aboriginal leaders
(Campbell, Wunungmurra & Nyomba 2005).
B) Two of the most prevalent dimension of development present in this case study are the political
and survival dimensions. Ife (2016) describes the political dimension as the empowerment of a
community, both internally and externally, to improve a community's ability to function within the
wider political arena. Externally, this refers to the community's exchanges with the broader political
environment (Ife 2016). The external political components in this study are the Territory and
Commonwealth Governments and the Department of Health and Community Services (DHCS). The
Territory and Commonwealth Governments are noted as the providers of funding for services in
Gapuwiyak, which limits the control that local Aboriginal councils have (Campbell, Wunungmurra
& Nyomba 2005). Whereas, the DHCS is

The City Of Dallas Housing Development Program Evaluation
In looking at the City of Dallas Affordable Housing Programs, the focus of this report will be in the
form of a two–part series. The first part will be a program evaluation that examines the quantitative
numbers or measurable objectives, goals, & achievements as established by the City of Dallas
Community Development & Housing Department over a five–year consolidated plan period; and the
second part will be a program analysis that seeks to take this quantified data of the program
evaluation and really measure how effective these Dallas housing programs have been in not only
achieving pre–determined objectives and goals but in changing low–income area housing buying
trends; through creating more housing choices for low–to–moderate income families; in bringing
about more mixed–income neighborhoods; improving infill affordable housing development
opportunities; thru providing financial and training opportunities of minority businesses; etc.
Introduction
City of Dallas Housing Development Program and Infill Evaluation
(Current Snapshot 2008/9 – 2013/14)
The program evaluation of the City of Dallas Housing Development programs will consist of a five–
year review (2008/9 – 2013/14) of quantitative data available through public records of Dallas'
General Funds, HUD Consolidated Annual Performance and Evaluation Reports (CAPER), HUD
Annual Action Plans, etc. The program evaluation for the purpose of this snapshot, will factor those
programs or activities that will effect

Application Of Agropolitan Center Development
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Rural development has been discussed extensively in the literature by various writers from different
disciplines. The universal objective of rural development is to improve the quality of life of rural
people. This is facilitated upon a continuous process by government, non–governmental
organizations (NGO) and different actors at the (inter) national, state and local levels. Without
doubt, this involves how best to organize rural area resources and potentials (especially human and
economic potentials) so as to achieve an increase in the overall standard of living of the rural
community dwellers. According to Halwart et, al (2003), the idea is to sustain the growth of rural
economies, improve rural community livelihood and to promote food security through the
improvement of food supply, employment and income. This chapter is divided into four parts. Part
one reviews some approaches to the application of agropolitan center strategy in rural physical
planning in selected third world countries. Part two examines the basic theories that relate to the
spatial organization of human settlements by some well known writers such as Friedman, Christaller
and others. Part three relate these theories to the present research and part four looked at large scale
agriculture and rural development in the context of aquaculture.
REVIEW OF SELECTED APPROACHES TO RURAL PHYSICAL PLANNING
JOHN FRIEDMANN AND THE AGROPOLITAN CONCEPT
The agropolitan concept as proposed by

The Pros And Cons Of Poverty In The United States
Poverty rates in the United States are at their highest in the extremely urban and truly rural areas of
the country. However, poverty rates, as measured by the Department of Agriculture's Economic
Research Service, are higher in non–metro areas as compared to metropolitan centers. The
demographics of poverty offer insight for future policy considerations to both public administrators
and policy writers beyond the demographics of simply rural versus metro citizens. For example, in
2016 rural White citizens were half as likely to live in poverty as either Black or Native American
citizens. In addition, a female head of household in a rural area is nearly eight times as likely to live
in poverty as a married couple. Couple these demographics with the fact that only 46 million
citizens live in nonmetro areas – roughly 15% of the national population – it is not surprising that
rural areas seem to receive less attention by federally elected officials than urban and suburban areas
with few, if any, programs geared specifically to known problem characteristics. At the county level,
poverty as defined by the US government is an immensely rural problem, with the most remote rural
places at the greatest disadvantage. It would seem obvious that where and how an individual lives
would matter in a person's ability to rise above the poverty level. However, federal policy that
addresses poverty is not specific to rural areas or metropolitan areas an instead is agnostic to

Barry Callebaut Mission Statement
Introduction Barry Callebaut is one of the largest cocoa producers worldwide with an average
annual production estimated to be around 1.7 million tons of coca. In year 1996, the merging of
Belgian chocolate producer Callebaut and French company Cacao Barry took place. In the present
the company's headquarter is in Zurich, Switzerland. The company's mission statement is clear,
which is to improve the life conditions of their farmers and the community, through improved
productivity and helping in community development. In order to do so, they ensure that their
farmers are earning an equitable income, in addition caring for their health and the well–being of
their families too. Since cocoa communities are mostly located in remote areas, they often have
limited infrastructure development. Barry Callebaut is concerned with this issue ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
They respect all rules and laws regarding food safety and they follow all regulations at their plants
and workplaces. Any threat to a product or even bad quality sold to their customers, the company
takes immediate action by reporting to their managers and eliminating the problem immediately.
7– Community involvement and development
73,600 people reached the company because of their community activities. Barry Callebaut works
on community development through child protection and other ways. They provide training for their
farmers in order to help them increase their capabilities. In addition, the company is engaged in
raising awareness of child labor issues, addressing basic education and health needs, and improves
life conditions of their employees.
Code of Conduct
Barry Callebaut follows principles and guidelines that reflect their reality in the workforce. Major
principles are:
– Product safety and quality
– Conflict in interest
– Gifts, hospitality and entertainment
– Fair competition
– Corruption and

Parental Intrusion in Youth Sports Essay
Running Head: PARENTAL INTRUSION IN YOUTH SPORTS
PARENTAL INTRUSTION IN YOUTH SPORTS
STEVEN J MAYNOR
WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY
PARENTAL INTRUSION Parental intrusion in youth sports is nothing new. There will always be
adults who act inappropriately or disrupt the league. A lot of the problems lie with adults who use
youth sports to gratify their own egos, adults who can't deal with the emotional ups and downs of
youth sports and there are even those who see the time and money spent on their child as an
investment. There are a lot of reasons for out of control parents when it comes to youth sports. My
purpose for this paper is to come up with a plan for a youth sports league that is seeing a lot of
parental ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, when we talk about youth sports, our main concern is with providing players with a
positive, character building experience. Winning is not the only acceptable outcome for youth
players, and coaches need to understand this principle. "With a winning philosophy young athletes
may lose out on opportunities to develop their skills, to enjoy participation, and to grow socially and
emotionally. Well informed coaches realize that success is not equivalent to winning games, and
failure is not the same as losing." (Enhancing Coach–Parent Relationships in Youth Sports, 15)
Sadly, dealing with unreasonable, loud, obnoxious parents can be the most challenging part of
coaching. Many coaches just want to make a difference in young lives instead of having to deal with
the extra baggage of a high–strung parent. "If a parent does not like what you are doing as a coach,
then there is no reason that parent can't become a coach. One of the most difficult problems in
coaching youth sports is dealing with an irate parent, but this problem can be diminished by holding
parent meetings before and during the season." (Put 'Em In Coach, 33)
So when it comes to specifically handling those situations where parents become unruly, whether it
is to the kids, coaches, or to the other parents,

Book Report : Mobilizing Communities
Julie Boyette
AGIN 5333
Dr. Shida Henneberry
27 July 2015
Book Report: Mobilizing Communities Mobilizing Communities is a compendium of case studies
written about using asset building as a community development strategy. Rather than organizing
people around needs or problems, this strategy asks communities to identify and advance a plan
based upon strengths (Ennis 405). John Kretzmann and John McKnight pioneered the language of
asset–based community development (ABCD) – a series of community unifying stages, which
promote sustainable growth through recognition of assets: the "gifts, skills, and capacities of
individuals, associations, and institutions within a community" (Green and Goetting 4). This
definition is built upon throughout the text and comes to include: culture, politics, infrastructure, and
financial and natural resources (97–98). ABCD is collaborative rather than conflict–oriented; it
asserts that investing in people provides an "internally focused, community driven" approach (Booth
2015). There are several methodologies for assessment which promote ABCD; however, there is no
consensus on parameters – none of these is required for asset building. and all can be used
simultaneously. During the assessment stage, there are interview techniques which can be deployed
to map the social landscape of a community. One–on–one, peer–to–peer, and group interviews are
all encouraged methods of gathering the necessary data (Green and Goetting 7). Further,

Community Participation: Values And Principles Of...
Community Participation
Everyone has a valuable contribution to make and community members can join in at any level.
Volunteers and community members are integral to the decision–making, evaluation, provision,
participation and direction setting at all levels of the organisation.
Community Ownership
Members are actively involved in decision–making and have ownership of the centre's activities. A
voluntary management committee comprising elected members who live, work or participate in the
local community governs each centre. The governance model is developmental, working co–
operatively and collaboratively with staff, volunteers, centre participants and the wider community,
thus generating a range of community benefits.
Empowerment
A process that respects, values and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Values and Principles of Community Development
Community development is sometimes confused with community–based programs, community
research and other forms of community interventions. The most significant feature that distinguishes
community development from other community work is its values and principles.
Below are a list and a brief definition of the values and principles that are typically embodied in
community development programs. Additional information on these terms is available in the
glossary section of this course.
Democratic: The will of the majority must be carried out, but only after all voices are heard and
considered and minority rights are protected.
Inclusive: There are many barriers to participation in society; poverty, disability, age, race and
ethnicity are some other characteristics that often marginalize people. A healthy community
embraces diversity and recognizes that all community members have a right to be heard and
participate in processes that affect their

Rural Afro-Colombia
Introduction technology as a life enhancing tool is on the rise in development projects, and as people
become more dependent on technology, exploring how culture and technology intersect is
increasingly important for the wellbeing of target communities. Colombia is a significant point of
departure in this exploration as this country has experienced an influx of development programs
implementing information and communication technologies (ICTs)–laptops, mobile tablets and
mobile phones–as tools to enhance the livelihoods of people living in rural communities. Of the 5
million people who identify as Afro–Colombian (10% of the population of Colombia), 1.2 million
live in rural areas. The highest concentrations of Afro–Colombians live on or near the Pacific and
Caribbean Coasts, and two thirds of people living in rural communities live below the poverty line.
Several development projects being planned and implemented (Plan Vive Digital: Ministry of
Technology; Land and Rural Development Project–Colombia: USAID; Afro–Colombian and
Indigenous Program: USAID; etc.) to enhance measures of wellbeing that many rural Afro–
Colombian communities lack, such as economic sustainability, education, health, and security. The
main challenges to development projects in rural ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I explore recent and relevant literary data from Colombia and around the world to demonstrate the
importance of understanding and accounting for the socio–cultural and socio–political dynamics of
rural communities during ICT based development projects. This review aims to specifically address
socio–cultural and socio–political dynamics as primary determinants in enhancing livelihoods and
the sustainability of ICT development projects in rural Afro–Colombian communities. Moreover,
this review establishes best practices for ICT based development projects in rural

Urban Areas Of Rural Areas
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Over the years, there has been a very high movement from rural to urban areas and this has made it
difficult to improve as well as sustain development in rural areas. The arrival of civilization brought
about urbanization. Civilization is the height of man's inventions as a means of raising his standard
of living. Man believes in high–living and indeed obtains much pleasure in the company of other
fellow men. People agglomerate in cities to be able to communicate person to person, person to firm
person to government. Urban areas constitute the development potential of the state, the rural areas
have been neglected in terms of development opportunities. With the declining attitudes that existed
in the rural areas the rural dwellers are attracted to the urban areas to benefits from better paying
jobs, qualitative supply of basic amenities, highs level of commercial, recreational and industrial
activities.
Rapid urban population growth and physical expansion are very serious physical planning problem
such as poor physical layout places like Ajegunle and Makoko in Lagos. Also, these include in the
list; mass transit problem inadequate supply of housing, water and other basic social services.
Embarking on rural development and sustainability is very important, considering the fact that more
than two–third of the Nigeria's population is living in rural areas, and they experience a lot of
misery, poverty, morbidity

Community Meeting Reflection Paper
I have never attended a community meeting or any meeting regarding my community therefore,
attending this meeting for the first time was a great first experience. I was able to see how a meeting
is ran and how the organization works in order to help make improvements in my community. When
I went into the office the meeting was being held, I was offered an agenda and other informational
forms regarding the meeting. The agenda provided information of how the organization of the
meeting would be and who will be going over what topics. The meeting was a timed meeting where
Richard Hernandez and Bill Houtt managed on recording to keep data. The issues that were
discussed were citizen's request for city improvements, a short review of the 2016 Consolidated
Annual Performance and Evaluation Report (CAPER) Accomplishments, which is a grant that helps
build homes for low income families and was reviewed by Rhonda Haynes a community developer.
Lastly, the Sidewalk at Divisadero and Rinaldi, North Visalia citizen report were also discussed by
Bill Houtt a member of the committee, and construction issues in N. Visalia discussed by Lt. Brent
Abbott. Going further with the agenda, the way the meeting worked so smoothly was due because
each member of the meeting had a task. For instance, Lt. Brent Abbott oversaw the city staff
committee liaison, which from the looks of it he was part of finalizing any changes in the
committee. Then they had Esther Mirador to keep track of time and

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