The Impact Of The Revolution Of 1911 And May Fourth Movement

The Impact Of The Revolution Of 1911 And May Fourth Movement
Introduction
The revolutionary habits that the Chinese developed over the nineteenth century constructed the new China that the world has today. The incidents of
the 1911 Revolution and May Fourth Movement tremendously shaped the future of the Industrial China. This essay seeks to examine how the
revolution of 1911 and May Fourth Movement pushed to the modern China we have today.
I.The Fall of Qing Dynasty
a.The History of Qing and Central Government
Foreigners which the Chinese had feared had taken over their government and they were not happy about it. The Manchus were the foreigners from the
northeast – hardly civilized who took over the reigns from the Mongols (the Ming Dynasty) in 1644. The Dynasty ruled China for almost three
centuries. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was begun by Chen Duxiu at the Beijing University. Before the 1919 May fourth incident, Britain and France had signed a Treaty in the Paris
Conference giving away German interest, Shantung province to Japan. Chinese believed that they had been unconsidered in the Treaty. Moreover,
warlord officials had also had a hand in the concession of Shantung. This situation produced another group of individuals who wanted change. However,
the May Fourth Movement was also a new culture movement seeking to transform Chinese thought and values. It sought to completely wipe out
Confucianism that had been the basis of Chinese culture and tradition and replace them with Western ones. The Movement officially began when
students took on the streets and protested against the Versailles Treaty and the treacherous warlords. Thousands of students were arrested so students
across the country marched for their release. The Movement was not only about socio–political democracy, but also about the intelligentsia – scientific
and technological advancement. For China to meet the global standard, she had to industrialise and be economically modernise. Chinese wanted
educational equality because in the past the educated spoke Classic Chinese – the language only spoken by elites. But, at the peak of the century China
adopted modern Mandarin – a common language. This made education accessible contextually and developmentally. The concept of democracy
became popular and attractive. Women status began to rise as the former culture of foot–binding and patriarchy
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Politics And Art Has Been An Important Tool For The...
Politics and art have always gone hand in hand in China. Be it the terracotta army of the first emperor of China (late 3rd BCE) or the propaganda
posters during the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976), art has been an important tool for the Chinese rulers to pursue their political agendas to reach the
common man.
The interaction between art and politics was perhaps at its peak during the Qing period (1644–1911). The Qianlong emperor (д№ѕйљ†, r. 1735 – 1799)
is considered to be the forerunner of the project of "militarization of culture" in China , making relentless efforts to establish a harmonious rule over
various parts of China. The expansionist policies of Qianlong are well–known and he is said to have brought under his control not just the ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Qianlong 's focus on the combination of wen (ж–‡) and wu (ж¦) in his reign could be compared to that of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty
(626–649), a perfect embodiment of civil and martial values himself. The influence of the Tang and Han dynasties on the Qing Empire can be seen in
the renewal of military rituals and values from that time.
Another reason for the persistent emphasizing of the importance of martial power during the Qing can also be attributed to the origins of the Qing
rulers. They were of Manchu origin, belonging to the 'Aisin Gioro' clan , and perhaps in order to uphold their inner Asian roots, favoured military
power (wu) over culture (wen), unlike preceding dynasties, which preferred wen over wu. This acknowledgment of the status of martial tenet is very
noteworthy as it is clearly in contrast to the elite astuteness of the Chinese ruler, who traditionally portrayed the Chinese state as non–military, despite
the actual state of affairs.
This ideology was not very prevalent in Chinese visual culture before Qianlong, which was an elite institution involving scholarly pursuits of art. Even
if hunting scenes were common during the Ming (1368–1644), they do not explicitly describe the emperor as an expansionist or do not

Lao She's Play 'The Yutai Teahouse'
Lao She's play "The Yutai teahouse" demonstrates the formation of China from Qing dynasty to The Republic of China. The Yutai teahouse has various
meanings and interpretations. Lao She has created the play with in depth symbolic meaning. The meaning of the teahouse changes over time for the
Chinese population but it stays the same for the main character Wang Lifa. The teahouse symbolizes theQing Dynasty. The on going problems with the
teahouse are the depiction of the on going revolt around the Qing Dynasty before the rise of The Republic of China. The play has a political theme of
the revolt in China and Lao She uses various characters to illustrate the situation and develop the theme in the play. The fate of the main character Wang
Lifa portrays the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He is a part of the middle class in the society. He is a part of the Manchu Banner, which is the warrior class in the society. Manchu bannermen were
granted land and income. He is a kind man different from everybody else around him "Third–born Li, take them outside and give them two bowls of
noodles with minced pork" This shows how kind and helpful of a man Fourth Elder Chang is and the people around him are not especially Wang
Lifa who says that there are thousands of poor people and nobody can do anything about it. (36). Fourth Elder also brings patriotism to the Yutai
teahouse. He is very proud of his beliefs and thinks that products produced in China are superior to the products produced in foreign countries.
"What I', trying to figure out is why we all have so many foreign things. Old Lie, look at yourself; a foreign snuff bottle, a foreign watch, a gown of
foreign satin, and a jacket and trousers made of foreign cotton." (27–28) Fourth Elder Chang is very set about his ways, which often leads him into
trouble. Lao she depicts all his character in the play somewhat similar to the up and downs in the real China at the time of the

The Myth Of Foot Binding In China
Foot Binding Many years ago the sign of feminine beauty was small feet. To accomplish this goal many women would bind their feet. Foot
binding is an extremely excruciating custom from Asia and went from 970 AD to the 1950's. For 1,000 years foot binding was considered the
standard of feminine beauty. There are a lot of folk tales tales on how foot binding was started but the one I am going to tell you about is from the
Tang Dynasty. Emperor Li Ku, saw his consort( a companion, in a particular spouse of a reign monarch.) dancing on a golden pedestal. He called
her the "Golden Lotus" because of her feet. Her feet were wrapped with strips of cloth, the way ballerinas wear their shoes. The other women in the
club saw the way the Emperor looked at the Consort and grew very jealous. Those women began wrapping there feet like the Golden lotus and the
trend later grew to the upper class women. Then throughout the years lower class women stared binding their feet, making it a new fashion statement....
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Concubine had clubbed feet so she wanted her feet be the sign of beauty. In the 19th Century the oldest daughter in a low class household would
have her younger sisters bind her feet. When the younger siblings were old enough they would become concubines, or they would be married to a
laboring man, and have to work in the fields with him. The oldest daughter would never work a day in her

Imperial System Of Han China During The Yongzheng Period...
Autocracy in Qing China During The Yongzheng Period In Jonathan D. Spence's book, Treason By The Book, we are introduced to Qing China
during the rule of the Yongzheng Emperor who, during his reign, must investigate a scandal involving dissident, rogue scholars who threaten the
Chinese imperial system. The imperial system revolves entirely around the emperor who must rule benevolently, and as an autocrat. As is typical of
an autocrat, the Emperor rules by divine right, and as a result has no checks on his power by law or citizenry, contains some elements of arbitrariness
such as cronyism, nepotism and overruling officials based on what comes down to emotion, and has a vast bureaucracy capable of tracking down and
interrogating anyone accused of being a dissident, including other officials. Therefore, despite Emperor Yongzheng's noble attitudes and ideas,
evidence within Treason By The Book shows that Yongzheng is unequivocally an autocrat, because he fits all the previously listed criteria. When
looking at what made Emperor Yongzheng an autocrat, it 's important to look at the tactics implemented by the emperor to ensure cooperation and to
crack down on any resistance or potential plots against him. During the first few pages of Treason By The Book, we are introduced to first instance of
the very efficient and meticulous world of bureaucratic spy campaigns and information gathering authorities when the Emperor sends an official from
the Ministry of Punishments to gather

Qian Long Research Paper
Qianlong Zhao was born and raised as an only child in Henan Province, China. The Henan Province is located in central–eastern China and the capital
city is called Zhengzhou. The population is 99.2 million and their main language is Chinese. Qianlong is twenty one years old, single, and
unemployed. Qianlong has black hair, brown eyes, is about 5.5 feet tall, and weighs 130 pounds. Although he is thankful for the life of opportunity
he is now able to lead in America, Qianlong recalls aspects of his homeland that he still misses today. Moreover, as he was a child. Qianlong had a
dream that one day that he will become a pilot. He dream this all his either life.
Qianlong remembers many aspects of the life he left behind in China. Qianlong grew ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He was schedule to fly by him as part of the training .Going off and flying the distance as he supposed go went very well. But, everything changed
when it was time to return where he left off. Qianlong came on the wrong direction, which could have killed him and many others that were on the
ground. At that time, there were many aircraft at the ground. When he recognized that he was on the wrong, he was about fifty feet high and it was lo
late make any changes.
At that monument, he was so terrified, nerves, scared and his brain was empty he could think any productive thoughts. Therefore, he didn't have
chosen but to land anyways. His bran was completely lacked and shot down. Eve tough he knew he was on the wrong way, he continue to land. He
said, the aircraft control staff were yelling, screaming, and using every harsh and dirty words they can find over the handset. That makes him even
more, horrified, scarier, that numbed his brain.
Thankfully he landed safely on the ground without hurting himself and others. However, the people who worked at the aircraft were continued to
yelling and screaming at him while he was trying to take one breath at a time shocked and numbed. For over the three weeks after the incident, he had
a nightmare during days and

What Is The Qing Dynasty
The Qing dynasty, officially the Great Qing (English /tКѓЙЄЕ‹/), also called the Qing Empire by itself or the Manchu dynasty by foreigners, was the
last imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917. It was preceded by the Ming dynasty and
succeeded by the Republic of China. The Qing multi–cultural empire lasted almost three centuries and formed the territorial base for the modern
Chinese state.
The dynasty was founded by the Jurchen Aisin Gioro clan in Manchuria. In the late sixteenth century, Nurhaci, originally a Ming vassal, began
organizing "Banners", military–social units that included Jurchen, Han Chinese, and Mongol elements. Nurhaci formed the Jurchen clans into a unified
entity, which

Emperor K'ang-hsi Essay
Meijun Cai
Cultural History 300
Professor Frangos
The emperor, Kang–xi, is considered by many the greatest of the Manchu emperors and in some ways an example of Plato's Philosopher King.
Discuss the truth of this statement (you may also disagree). Be sure to refer to the reading by Kang–xi in your answer.
Emperor Kangxi (1654–1722) became the second ruler of the Manchu Qing Dynasty. He ascended the thrown after his father, who was the first
emperor of the dynasty died. He became the ruler at age eight in 1661, and reigned for 61 years, becoming one of the longest reigning emperors in
dynastic history.
He overcame the nobility preventing internal conflict within China (one of the main reasons for the stagnation of the Ming ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Moreover, the idea of Plato's Philosophy King is further shown in Emperor Kangxi's way of thinking and decision making, stating, "In the hunt one
can kill all the animals caught inside the circle, but one can't always bear to shoot them as they stand there, trapped and exhausted." This emphasizes
the type of leader he was and how much heart he had when it comes down to dealing with his own people.
Plato's Philosophy King describes every aspect of Emperor Kangxi, a leader who consistently ruled under the "Mandate of Heaven". He believed
that good government depended on letting the people live at rest and that stirring up trouble is no different from preventing trouble from occurring.
Because of his intelligence, reverence to Confucianism and rational way of thinking, he was able to reign as Emperor of a stabilized and prosperous
Manchu Dynasty for 61 years. Emperor Kangxi quotes, "The Tao [Dao] of being an official lies in nothing else than this: Be sincere in your heart, and
sincere in your administration, don't stir up too much trouble, and have officials arid

The Last Emperors Summary
Review of The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions, Written by Evelyn S. Rawski
Evelyn S. Rawski's book called The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions focuses on China's last imperial dynasty–––Qing
(1644–1911), describing the political and social life of the Qing's emperors and their families from the Manchu rulers' perspective. As is shown in this
book, from the modern historical opinion, the reason why the Qing emperors succeeded in their dominance was "the early Manchu rulers' adoption of
'a policy of systematic sinicization'".1 However, Rawski is against for this point of view, and gives her own thesis. Rawski argues that the Manchus
were not imitators, in fact, they were skillful innovators ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Elliott at the University of California, Santa Barbara shows many unique opinions. In this review, Elliott states the situation of studies on Chinese
history from the 17th century to the 20th century before 1980s, in order to show the great significance of the publication of Rawski's book towards
the study of Qing dynasty, and how the author challenges the dominant views. In the author's opinion, Rawski's book makes changes in the way of
studying late Chinese imperial society, thus handling with the historical events and institutions more adequately. And then, Elliott describes how the
content of the book is divided into three parts, and the major topic of each part. Finally, Elliott presents the issues of Rawski's book. He thinks that
the problem lies in how Rawski makes connection with the issue of the Manchu's identity. In summary, Rawski's work on the Qing imperium
provides a new perspective on the Manchu rulers' role in the economy, politics and culture of the Qing dynasty. In her book, Rawski shows her
historiographical complexity of the topics and sources, her good sense to detail, and the breadth and depth of her research. For people who are
interested in the Qing dynasty or other imperial dynasties, and Chinese history scholars, Rawski's book is a good choice for them to study the art of
leadership, religion, imperial and bureaucratic institutions, family and social structure in that

Footbinding: Domination or Choice? Essay
Although no definite reason or person has been identified as responsible for the birth of footbinding, there are a few theories. One deals with the
Shang dynasty's last empress' malformed feet. Some say she had club feet, bound them in attempts to distil beauty from malformation, and convinced
her "spouse to make the compression of feet obligatory for young girls" (Levy, 37). Another scenario involves the Mongols attempting to impair the
health of the Chinese women in order to weaken the Chinese. Still another theory, and possibly the most credible, involves the Chinese women
attempting to attain greater appeal. Footbinding was not started by women for want of greater self control, nor did it originate from foreign powers. Well
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Power relations were enforced with the practice of footbinding.
Filial piety was even strengthened by footbinding. After the pain wore off, the fact that a daughter's parents were willing to exert that much pain on
someone they love, and through doing so cause pain to themselves, is often regarded with respect from the daughter. There are accounts of the aunt of
the daughter or another relative carrying out the binding because of the pain it caused the actual mother.
Footbinding was also an investment in the future. Not only would people think more highly of a well bound woman than a woman with pig feet, but
walking in bound feet was believed to help other parts of the female anatomy grow in quality. "The difficulty of walking caused strength to be
concentrated in the buttocks, which became larger," (Levy, 141) said Chang Ching–sheng, as well as the development of the vagina. The relationship
of the large buttocks and thighs to the tiny feet also had relevance, as it "made it easy for her to turn herself about in bed.... By contrast, a large footed
woman moving about under the bedcovers caused an annoying draft of cold air," which was most undesirable to the man (Levy, 134). Although these
are anatomically completely false, belief kept the stories alive.
Despite the scientifically invalid conclusions of the Chinese in regards to the development of the buttocks, thighs, and

The Territorial Dispute Of China
We must first ask ourselves what is the territorial dispute, that we have today and why is it important to understand this dispute and learn about it, as
political analysts we must learn to look at the broader picture that is given to us, and take a look at all aspects before formulating a contingency plan
to avoid any unnecessary military actions or starting a war.
Referring to the map we see what China claims as their territory, we see the area defined by the dashed lines, which stretches hundreds of miles all
the way south and east from Chinas most southern province of Hainan. Now China claims that this territory it claims comes from 2000 years of
history where the small islands of Paracels and Spratlys have been regarded as an integral part of China. That is because China has a strong sense
of irredentism towards the South China Sea. Irredentism is any movement to reclaim a land that was once theirs, by justifying that the land or
territory they want to reclaim has always been theirs and it is only right to have it back citing either real or imagined historic events or tying it with
an ethnic affiliation. Today the South China Sea has become more and more of a global issue, with the U.S navy presence the increasing demands of
natural resources is also a key factor as to why a country such as China wants to claim the South China Sea. China depends heavenly on gas and oil,
and the notion of unclaimed land and resources in the South China Sea is too great of deal to

Government 's Singularity Of Power
Incompetent Leaders:
Monarchy's singularity of power provides people with a symbolic and focused area for group loyalty and identity. Monarchy can be beneficial in some
instances, such as when decisions need to be made quickly without consulting with a large group of people. Monarchy sometime requires strong
leadership in order to get things accomplished quickly and efficiently. In contrast to the early leaders, the late Qing emperors in the nineteenth century
were weak in the sense that they lacked the abilities to effectively control the military, which led to the unstable government. In the summer of 1831,
Empress Xiaoquancheng bore emperor Daoguang a son named Xianfeng. At age of 19 and was a relatively young, emperor Xianfeng received the
throne, which made him the 9th Emperor of the Manchu–led Qing dynasty, and the 7th Qing emperor to rule over China, from 1850 to 1861. Shortly
after emperor Xianfeng was on the throne, the first of a series of popular rebellions began that would nearly destroy the Qing dynasty. The Taiping
Rebellion broke out in Southern China. The Manchu troops that the emperor Xianfeng sent to suppress the rebellion proved so ineffective that the
rebels were able to move Northward and gained control of many cities included Nanjing in 1853, and almost got the imperial capital of Beijing in
between 1854–5 (Teng, 9). In the attempt to put an end to the rebellion, emperor Xianfeng had to rely on other talented Chinese leaders to raise local
volunteer

How The Current Traditional Cheongsam Incorporates...
Evaluate How the Current Traditional Cheongsam Incorporates Historical Influences
Background
In China, a cheongsam is an elegant ethnic one–piece women's dress. There are four main elements to a cheongsam that define and distinguish it from a
western dress; the cheongsam has an asymmetrical front opening, with the front flap overlapping the right; piping, bias tape or trimmings around the
edges; a high mandarin collar; and frog closures that traditionally fastens the garment along the collarbone, under the arm and down the right hand side
of the body. Another distinction is that a custom made cheongsam requires more measurements than a western dress; at least 24 measurements to be
taken by a tailor. In some custom made stores, tailors will take measurements 36 times and will reserve extra fabric to accommodate and future body
changes. The many measures required for the garment ensures that the cheongsam is form–fitting to flatter the wearer's figure. To give the
three–dimensional illusion of the cheongsam, tailors utilise an iron in a push and pull motion to ensure that the fabric fits perfectly around the figure.
The iconic cheongsam that is internationally recognised as a symbol of China, was made popular by Shanghainese socialites in the early 1920s.
Original cheongsams were mainly composed of silk or lace and are significantly different in style to the contemporary ones. Today almost all fabrics
can be used to create a cheongsam; materials such as cotton, satin, blends,

Cixi: The Last Ruler Of China
Cixi was the last ruler of China; she was very rich at a time when China was struggling. She was very independent in her own work ruthless at times
that were necessary. She had many who opposed against her. Cixi resisted of the change of making China modern. Born on November 29, 1835 her
original name Yehenara and renamed when ruling she was just an ordinary Chinese girl living inChina. She started ruling for fifty years on November
15, 1908 (Price).
The befit of Cixi bring to her people was, nothing. Cixi was rich at that time but she mostly didn't care about her people only in times of trouble. The
only time she cared was, was the modernization of China. And when her kingdom was about to be taken over, she liked to rule independently. She had
a daughter and a son that would rule the throne. This was her only male heir to the throne. Her father was low– level government worker, she
eventually moved to Beijing with her family when Cixi was still a child. China at that time was crazy; Cixi town was clogged with shops and other
things. Beijing was known as the Forbidden City (Price). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She was a low–ranking member of being an emperor, she was 20 year old women at this time. She became a rebel soon after, she practice her
calligraphy and gossiping and owned dogs that were meant for royal families. As she lived the Forbidden City starving, poor and tired people rebelling
against Manchu and his rulers, this was threating the Qing Dynasty. What made her emperor was when her son was born and when emperor Xianfeng
dies. Soon after China has no control over France. Later past the year Cixi got arrested for not agreeing to Guangxu reform. Then Cixi dies after
emperor Guangxu dies

The Legacy of the Qing Dynasty
Assess the Legacy of the Qing Dynasty
By Vanessa C. Song
INTRODUCTION
The Qing Dynasty lasted for 268 years and was the last dynasty in China and was declared in 1644 by the Manchurian people of outer China after the
conquest of the Ming Dynasty. It fell in 1849 to the Chinese communist party (CCP) led by Mao Zedong. Throughout the beginning of theQing dynasty
, the public confusion in regards to the new "Alien Rulers" caused havoc and widespread chaos, small anti–Qing efforts were formed in order to secure
surviving Ming princes and restore the Ming Dynasty, this of course failed. Despite the issues that arose in the first forty, starting years of the dynasty
in regards to rebellions and rejection towards the new government through; ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Silk and porcelain industries in particular flourished; in Jingdezhen, porcelain–making industries recorded almost 100 000 workers and during the late
1600s became a main component of the trade between the east and the west, In Suzhou, Silk manufacturing industries had around 2330 workers and
also became a viable item of trade, other places like Hangzhou and Nanjing also produced high quality silk, for which they are renowned for in
modern day China. The early 1800s of the Qing era saw the development of "Remittance Banks" which allowed a merchant to exchange metallic
currency for a remittance certificate, in which he could collect his money elsewhere; these banks became vital to the progression of commercial
activity in China. Under the successful but unpopular Qing regime, new crops were established and sweet potato, maize and peanuts became
introduced into the Chinese diet. During the reign of the Yongzheng emperor, the Qing Government also introduced a new tax policy that only allowed
the payment of taxes through money (copper or silver, for larger transactions) rather than the previous "goods and wares" tax that allowed the Chinese
to pay taxes in things like agricultural produce. The new amount of tax payed by civilians was almost entirely dependent upon the amount of land a
person

The Qimao And The Chinese Legend Of The Qipao
Qipao Legend There is a legendary story from the Manchus which spread out of ancient Nuzhen tribes. One upon a time, there is a young
fisherwoman lived beside the Jingbo Lake. She was not only attractive, but also brilliant and skillful. However, every time while she is fishing, her
long and loosen dress always hindered her. Suddenly, an idea popped into her head: why not modified my dress for job? She got off the boat to sew
and create a long multi–looped–button gown with slits, which enabled her to tuck in the front piece of her dress, thus making her easier to do her
work. As a fisherwoman, she never imagined that one–day fortune had fallen on her.
One day the young emperor who ruled China at that time had dreamed about that fisherwoman. In his dream, his father gave him a missionary dream
that beautiful fisherwoman with Qipao by the Jingbo Lake would be the queen. After waking up from a deep dream, the emperor commanded his
servant to look for her. Soon as his men find the fisherwomen, obviously, she became queen, bringing her Qipao with her. AllManchu women started to
follow the style and Qipao suddenly became popular(History and Legend of Chinese Dress Qipao / Cheongsam).
What is Qipao? The Qipao is women's dress with a slit skirt and a very high neck. The Chinese dress has a close–fitting that designed for all ages of
women, varies sizes, and among all cultures. It is also known as cheongsam in Cantonese and modern gown. The dress was first worn by old Manchu's.

Snow Flower And The Secret Fan Summary
The Golden Lotus Lisa See's novel Snow Flower and the Secret Fan is narrated by an eighty–year–old Lily as she reflects back on her life in China
during the 1800's. Lily's story begins in her early life when she is six years old a diviner and matchmaker, both tell Lily's mother to take special care
with her foot binding for she had the potential of having them be perfect. The story continues through the process of Lily and her surrounding female
relatives foot binding experience until she is eleven and her feet have healed perfectly resulting in the golden lotus. This perfect foot binding grants her
an immediate marriage proposal to a wealthy high–class family in a distant city from their rural country home. The rest of the tale is about ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some say that this was a way for men to hold dominance over a female due to the fact that she could not run away with such fragile feet. The bound
feet are also thought to have shown social class if a family could bind the feet of a member of their family, hence they did need that person to
work, it showed a greater social status. From this book's perspective, it was a duty a daughter could perform in order to secure a prosperous
marriage, thereby providing financial security for her family and herself. Men desired these golden lotus feet and so women made the physical
sacrifice to show their virtue and dedication to being a virtuous wife. At one point in the book, Lily and Snow Flower must flee from rebel warriors
and hike up a snowy mountain, granted this is a fictitious story but the foot binding did not cause these women to be immobile. The women in the
story experienced horrific pain during this trek until the snow helped numb their feet, but I imagine that anyone that had experienced the five to
seven years it took to bind their feet and then learned to perform daily task on those feet could carry them a long while if they wanted to escape their
marriages. It is my opinion that the fear of starvation or worse possibilities for a woman would keep a woman in a marriage during these times, they
did not need to reshape their feet. In addition,

Manchu Research Paper
The Manchu writing system was developed before the Manchu conquest of China, originating from a different language than its spoken form. Due to
the close network of alliances with the Mongols in preparation for the conquest of China, the leader of the Manchus, Nurhachi, favored the Mongol
writing system with a modified version of the old Uighur script that they were already using. The script was used as the national writing system for
Manchu in communication with the Mongols, because it is the most convenient and easy to use for diplomatic and strategic planning. After the death
of Nurhachi, more frequent communication took place with China and Korea, which cause the writing system to be modified with additional points and
circles to certain ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The ethnically Manchu people are able to present their culture and customs online for the world to see, with descriptions of experiences of current
cultural events and interactive online communication. The activities online can bring more awareness to more ethnically Manchu people and
encourage them to embrace the Manchu identity. More online representation also leads to more ethnic empowerment and increased recognition from
the Chinese government (Bai 2008:4–6). As Manchus are more confident with the future of their language and ethnic identity, they are able to unite the
voices online and request their own autonomous region, much like many other minority ethnic groups in China. However, the extensive reliance on
online representation may result with a merely imagined community created without a realistic basis. The ethnic Manchus would have the tendency to
only rely on online content to represent the ethnicity and fail to bring change to the real world. Due to the economic advantage of speaking Chinese,
ethnic Manchus would continue to use Chinese instead of Manchu on a daily basis, which contradicts with the increasing cultural awareness spread
online. The reluctance to speak Manchu either as the primary language or bi–language poses concerns of a potential re–abandonment of the Manchu
language. Therefore, the most important step for Manchu language revitalization after successful language transmission and language learning should
be to make the language more sustainable. Although it is true that the linguistic scholars might have biased opinions on language revitalization, they
should still present the significant joint effect of language revitalization and cultural representation, and the online environment may be the preferred
way to spread

The Body As Attire, By Dorothy Ko
In 1997, Dorothy Ko published an article in the Journal of Women's History called "The Body as Attire: The Shifting Meanings of Footbinding in
Seventeen–Century China". The article is organized with a brief introduction as to what footbinding is, the negative outlook on this practice due to
problematic archives, and then she discusses the examples she gives to support her thesis. Ko's thesis was "Chinese elite males in the seventeenth
century regarded footbinding in three ways: as an expression of Chinese wen civility, as a marker of ethnic boundaries separating Han from Manchu,
and as an ornament or embellishment of the body." Since Ko is a celebrated and established author on women in early East Asia, the article "The Body
as Attire: The Shifting Meanings of Footbinding in Seventeen Century China" is an accurate and useful source if one is trying to study that area.
In the article, Ko highlights the many misconceptions modern people have on footbinding such as keeping a woman's foot bound, kept them in a
hobbled and subservient domestic state or as sex objects . Afterwards, she states that our "certainties may turn out to be dead wrong" suggesting to
readers that she is going to shine a positive light on footbinding. Ko goes more in depth about the three things men believed footbinding was, and why
the tradition of binding ones foot was important at that time. The Chinese believed that wearing shoes differentiated and distinguished them from
beasts as well as savages

The Xinhai Revolution Of 1911
Introduction The Xinhai Revolution of 1911 was a watershed moment in Chinese history, changing its foreign relations politically, culturally, and
economically. More importantly, it not only ended the imperial system that had been in place for centuries, but also established foundations for the
Republic of China. After a series of about 40 uprisings between October 10, 1911 and February 12, 1912 lead by revolutionary leader Dr. Sun Yat
Sen, the Revolution of 1911 finally came to an end with the abdication of the throne by the Qing emperor Puyi and his royal family, thus bringing the
Qing dynasty to an abrupt end (2). As the Kuomingtang (Nationalist Party) rose with the fall of the Qing, its program was clear – China seeks allies
only with those who respect its absolute independence and treats it as their equals (3). As China formed new alliances, many more foreigners began to
stream in, and the government accommodated to the newcomers, providing many foreign privileges such as special safeguards and a "foreigner
prestige". My question is to what extent foreign intervention influenced the demise of the Qing Dynasty?
Background
The Manchus first established the Qing dynasty in 1636 as a means of designating their rule in Manchura, a region Northeast of China.In 1644, Ming
dynasty officials pleaded for the Manchus' aid in desperation as bandits captured the Chinese capital in Beijing. Seizing this golden opportunity, the
Manchu people took advantage of the situation

Ethnic Sovereignty And Cultural Attitude
When Kang first heard about the Han nationalism that excluded all the non–Han Chinese, he could not understand the logic behind it. In order to rebut
the revolutionaries, he wrote a long article to the Chinese Business Association in America to explain the ideas of ethnic sovereignty and cultural
attitude. In this article, he had three major points about the Chinese identity. First, Kang felt that promoting Han nationalism was "the weirdest thing in
the world" because the Manchus and Han had already formed "a nation for more than 200 years." Kang said that the Qing Dynasty did not discriminate
against the Han people and allowed them to work in the government. He thought that almost nobody had questioned the authority of the Qing Dynasty
in the past 200 years. Second, Kang then argued that if the revolutionaries used ethnicity or race to define China or Chinese nationalism, there would be
no real Chinese since in history the Han Chinese had many intermarriages with different ethnic groups. In the Spring and Autumn period, Confucius
had already used culture to define Chinese identity and Kang believed that most Chinese intellectuals accepted this standard. Kang cited many
historical events from the Era of Disunity and claimed how culture could unify different ethnic groups in China. Therefore, Kang promoted his
Confucianism which ruled that if one practiced Confucianism, he or she was Chinese. He believed that as long as minority groups such as the
Manchus accepted

The History Of School Uniforms
countries. Consequently, clothing reform, which was advocated by reformers in 1898, was gradually accepted by the public and took its trend in
militarization. As described by Antonia Finnane, the militarization of public costumes as a notion of enhancing China's military power infiltrated the
nation:
In place of the long robe, male students began to don trousers and jacket,...Straw boaters or military peaked caps replaced the traditional round cap.
School uniforms were often modeled directly on military uniforms, as was the case in Japan, and commercial suppliers of military uniform touted for
custom among students.
Furthermore, after the revolution, clothing reform took on the trend of simplification, which stemmed from the idea of militarization. Embroideries and
trimmings were replaced by plain shirts, and bright colors on garments, especially student garbs, and were reduced to black, grey or white. A new
clothing style called "Wenmingxinzhuang (civilized new clothes)" was popularized among female students. The plain blue or white shirt with wide
sleeves and black skirt became the standard uniform in many schools throughout the country. Aside from the idea of raiment's militarization, such
simplification echoed 1898 reformers' idea that traditional Chinese garments were overly complex.
Conclusion
From the time it was proposed in the late nineteenth century to its implementation in the twentieth century, clothing reform was endowed with different
meanings and potential

Fu Manchu Stereotypes
In the past, the descriptions of Asia people in television or movie are just generally one–sided description. In early movie, the roles of Asian were
created for ridiculed Chinese, and these images further formed stereotypes assumption rooted in American culture. Most notably the two stereotypes
role are Fu Manchu who firstly appear in a series of novels called The Mystery of Dr Fu–Manchu, and the other is Madame Butterfly who full of
oriental charm. Both impression deeply influenced American thinking.Fu Manchu is portrayed as has pointed chin, mustache, treacherous evil image.
He is always in the dark claustrophobic world, proficient in all kinds of torture and poison, and plans all kinds of evil acts.
After World War II started, the US imperialists uniteChina against Japanese. There was the "model minority" image to appear in the mainstream
American society, which is the American created in order to meet the needs of the times. The typical Chinese image in... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Historically a large number of Chinese workers into the United States to impress the Americans, The "Chinese Exclusion Act" cause the demonization
of the Chinese image still remain in the impression among many Westerners awareness.
Bruce Lee's appearance breaks the traditional western impression delicate oriental image, and kung fu movies in the West suddenly pop up. It can be
said today, Bruce Lee still represented Chinese kung fu in American minds. For a long time, several Hollywood male stars are all based on Chinese
martial arts action as a personal label. such as Jackie Chan, Jet Li, the action star Chow Yun Fat showing such a rigid cultural symbols.
From the perspective of Chinese actress, Hollywood actress for Chinese characters is still set on the positioning kung fu actress, which can seen
Western audience's expectations of Chinese actress still stay in kung

The Demise Of The Qing Dynasty
Many people argued that Empress Dowager Cixi accelerated the speed of the demise of the Qing dynasty. Cixi might be a blasting fuse but she was
not accounted for the final fall of the dynasty. The actions Cixi took had profoundly changed the foundation of feudal China so as to push China
forward into a modern stage. Although many historical data suggested that whatever Cixi had done were to consolidate her authority and personal
status. But no matter what, the impact on the country was obvious. Cixi broke the previous traditions from Confucianism that had been lasted for
centuries. Tensions between the Manchus and Han Chinese had been greatly improved, which made a great contribution to China for later
unification. Under the reign of the Empress Dowager, the social structure had undergone a series of changes. Qing 's demise is doomed, this was
resulted from issues that had stacked up from previous generations. Moreover, Cixi did her best to secure China's status in the world in such a chaotic
period in history. She made undeniable contributions to China. Confucianism is a traditional ideology that has already penetrated into every Chinese
head. Its main principle is to follow the past, changes and new technologies or new objects are not necessary. Whatever happened in the past are the
best standards to follow. The way that Qing government responded after being defeated in the Opium War was shocking from current perspective.
China accepted all the unfair treaties to cover the

The And Qing Dynasties : The Era Of Tolerance And The...
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, where masculine beauty and feminine beauty were often interchangeable, where reference to "the passion of the
cut sleeve" or "the shared peach" were commonly understood colloquialisms for homosexual relationships, and where same–sex prostitution was
preferred or at the very least considered analogous to other–sex relationships. One would not expect by the end of such an age that the Chinese legal
code would prohibit consensual same–sex relationships and have such relationships punishable at a higher level than illicit other–sex relationships,
there by redefining same–sex sexuality as inherently criminal and defining the roles in that relationship to law. Due to the growth societal conservatism,
the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This would primarily be discussed using legal codes, fictions, and published works of the time as guides, though relevant criticism and flaws found in
these documents will be mentioned. This will be primarily derived from Bret Hinsch's theory of a singular Chinese tradition of male same–sex
relationships and practices as described in his Passions of the Cut Sleeve. For female same–sex relationships, due to the rarity of source materials and
data, the stipulation of requiring different discussions for different sources is required. Thus female same–sex relationship roles and structure will be
discussed primarily through the era's tanci prose, Wenjia Liu and H. Laura Wu's examinations providing the female and male writer's perspective
respectively. The next part would be providing evidence to how those institutions and ideas functioned, or indeed failed to function, in practical life.
Primarily this will be discussed using documents of legal proceedings, personal accounts, and historic documents purported to be describing actual
events; though, like with the theoretical sources, relevant shortcomings will be made note of and explored. The legal definition of roles and their
ramifications will be primarily explored through Matthew H. Sommer's investigation and assessment in his novel Sex, Law, and Society in Late
Imperial China, though Hinsch's examination of the subject will be made reference to as well. Prior to the

Emperor Of China Self Portrait Of Kanghsi
The Emperor of China: Self–Portrait of Kanghsi is a collection of the personal memoirs and writings of the Qing Emperor Kangxi who ruled and
expanded China during the late 17th century. Translated into English by Jonathan D. Spence, Emperor of China provides a glimpse into the life of
China's longest reigning emperor during the beginning China's last ruling dynasty. Kangxi records his thoughts to provide guidance to future
generations of Qing emperors. The Emperor's writings served as evidence of his life acting in accordance with both Chinese principles and Manchu
principles. Emperor of China displays Emperor Kangxi's philosophies on ruling through humility and the struggles of duality he faced in maintaining
the military tradition of his Manchu ancestors while at the same time conforming to the Confucian principles of his Chinese court. Emperor Kangxi
was born in 1654 and began his reign over the world's largest and oldest empire only 7 years later. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Olaudah Equiano admitted in his book that vanity is an unavoidable evil in writing personal memoirs, but it is safe to assume that Kangxi attempts
to avoids, at least to a noticeable extent, letting pride cloud the recollection of his life. For example, Kangxi takes responsibility for the rebellion
and admits his failure for not listening to the counsel of his court. Kangxi knows future generations will not be helped by reading only of
successes. They must also learn from his mistakes. The Qing emperor also seems to hold historical accuracy on a high pedestal writing, "History
may be written by officials but it is the emperor in whose reign the history is written who is finally responsible. . . most histories can some material
that cannot be believed ." If Kangxi does not wish for his historians to record his reign incorrectly then it is safe to assume he does not do so in his own

The Era Of The Safavid Empire Under The Rule Of Shah Ismail
As a political tactic, rulers often portray themselves in a certain way in order to stabilize their reign and rule more effectively. Some take the
approach of uniqueness by setting themselves apart from their subject population while others take the approach of sameness by emphasizing the
similarities in which they share with the people. Not exclusively limited to apartness or sameness, some rulers have shown to employ a mix of
both ruling styles. It is these versatile rulers who have experienced more successes in their reign because they are not compelled to only one ruling
style, allowing them to better adapt to the needs of their ruling population. The apartness ruling style is best seen in the Safavid Empire under the
rule of Shah Ismail. Shah Ismail uses religion as a political tool to control his state and does so by declaring Shi'ism, a smaller branch of Islam, as
the state religion (#). After separating himself & his people from those who are not willing to abide to his ideologies, Shah Ismail can now demand the
absolute loyalties from his subjects and persecute those who are deviant. This radical act further creates a deep chasm between Shi'ite Muslims and
nearby Sunni Muslims neighbors. As a result, cultural flow and the exchange of beliefs between Sunni & Shi'ite states are essentially hindered. Ismail's
apartness ruling approach is taken to the extreme with social, religious, and legal systems being strictly confined to Shi'ite doctrines (@). It is noted that

Characteristics Of A Successful Time Period During Late...
The traits that define a successful time period in late Imperial China are necessary expansion, unifying the people, and the construction of an effective
and incorrupt political structure. The effects of meeting these criteria is sustained influence in following Chinese time periods both short term and long
term, as other rulers will benefit from what their predecessors have accomplished, or try to imitate successful policies. As a team, the Kangxi emperor
and his successor, the Yongzheng emperor, were able to achieve all of the goals for a prosperous period in Chinese history. Although it was a relatively
short period, the Kangxi and Yongzheng emperor's times on the Qing throne were extremely complementary, and ultimately came together to form the
most successful time period in late Imperial China.
The Kangxi emperor's greatest contributions to the Qing Dynasty were his impressive military forces used to expand his lands and keep peace within
them, and his ability to establish a foundation for order in those lands. The Kangxi emperor was on the throne for sixty–one years, and brought
expansion and a stable government to the Manchu Qing dynasty by integrating Manchu and Chinese interests and making traditional Chinese
institutions function again. "The Kangxi emperor's long reign...is the crucial period during which Manchu rule took form...With vigor and insight he
faced the fundamental difficulty of making alien rule acceptable to the Chinese elite of learning and social

Ming Dynasty Fashion Changes
From this project, my topic is the change of clothing style can be one symbol of culture shifts. I choose three different dynasties' clothes to analyze it.
This is an interesting part during the Chinese history because when the dynasty comes to the next, clothes' style will change with it. Sometimes the
change does not make big differences, but sometimes it makes a lot. From ancient to modern, Chinese traditional feature disappeared. Instead of these
traditional features, combining with western one appears. I am wondering why this will happen in these times. Then three dynasty I chose are Ming.
Qing and modern. During these three dynasties, the political power moves from Han ethic group to Manchu to Han ethic group but with foreign culture.
Because of it, mixing different clothing style becomes one big feature in these times. Also, clothing style makes a big change especially in this period
of time.
I choose different pictures of clothing from these three dynasties. I analyze the style and patterns on these pictures for example whether they start to
wear pants instead of dresses or not and patterns complexity. From Ming Dynasty, clothes are still in a traditional way. They still have complicated
patterns on clothes. Because of emperor's identity, during that time, people wear clothes according to their social status. The culture shifts backward a
lot. There is no new creations on clothing. he advocates clothes style to be like of previous Dynasty like Song ,Tang and

The Role Of Yongzheng In Manchu And China
Emperor Kangxi died in 1722, leaving Yongzheng to become the fourth emperor of the Manchu Qing Dynasty. The Kangxi emperor had fourteen sons
and it was Yongzheng who ascended to the throne, some accused Yongzheng of using nefarious tactics to achieve his position. "Yongzheng's language
abilities in Manchu and Chinese as well as his cultivation in traditional classics and poetry all met with his father's approval, but it was his sincerity in
performing filial piety that especially won Kangxi's praise." Being chosen as Emperor caused his brothers great unhappiness, because of their jealousy
much of Yongzheng's early years on the throne were spent defending his rule through political maneuvering and consolidating his power of his Empire.
Emperor

Achievements Of The Qianlong Emperor
The Qianlong Emperor is one of the most notable emperors in Chinese history due to the complexity of his reign. Qianlong was the fourth emperor
of the Qing Dynasty from 1735 to 1796. This is one of the longest in Chinese History. The first 40 years were some of his greatest achievements,
however the last 20 years were met with fraud, corruption, and a declining popularity. In this essay, I will argue that despite having a major blemish to
his reign, the Qianlong Emperor was a successful emperor. I am defining and measuring successfulness based on 1) the ability to grow the empire 2)
whether or not they have good intentions for empire and 3) control and security over the empire. The Qianlong Emperor's greatest successes shine
through his militaristic campaigns, foreign relations, and his protection and his advocating for art. However, it is also stained by corruption and bad
management.
Qianlong's strong dynasty is formed by his many military achievements and is an example of his successfulness by the massive growth that he
accomplished. In the 18th century under Qianlong, there was an expansion of arable lands, a population boom, and a good administration. The Qing
Empire was on the rise. Military campaigns from 1755–1760 against the Turks and the Mongols helped eliminate the danger of invasion. It also led to
the creation of New Province (Xinjiang) in northwest China. This helped enlarge the empire by 600,000 square miles. He also had campaigns in the
south, however they

Positive And Negative Impact Of Zerpress Cixi
istory Assignment: Qing Dynasty – Empress Cixi The Qing Dynasty also known as Manchu Dynasty, occurred for nearly two thousand years,
commencing in 1644 and ending in 1911. It was the last of the dynasties in China and collapsed after many revolutions and significant rulers, one
including Empress Dowager Cixi. In fact, Empress Dowager Cixi, was one of the most significant figures in China's history because of her ruthless
power, influence and intelligence. Empress Dowager Cixi is considered one of the most influential female figures of ancient times. This infamous
woman ruled China for over 47 years, from 1861 until her death in 1908. Empress Cixi was well known as one of China's most powerful women
because of her cleverness, strength ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She ruled for almost fifty years, maintaining and expanding on her own methods of control. She made decisions for China, some positive and some
negative. While she was the Empress she always had the final say yet despite her intelligence and clear understanding of politics, she was also
considered mean and corrupt. Emperor Cixi will continue to be remembered as one of the most significant rulers in history because of the impact she
had on China during a male dominated time period. She was heartless and cruel yet commanding and influential –a combination that made her one of
the most successful and significant figures in the history of

Analysis Of 'Emperor Qianlong : Son Of Heaven, Man Of The...
Elliott is a notable researcher of Qing 1644–1911 China who has some expertise in the historical backdrop of its Manchu originators, In Emperor
Qianlong: Son of Heaven, Man of the World, Elliott has turned his extensive semantic and chronicled abilities to a life story of the enduring Hongli
1711–1799, who from 1735 until the point when 1795 ruled as Emperor Qianlong, managing a time of amazingly quick social, scholarly, statistic
what's more, natural change, Qianlong's mind boggling identity and rule are analyzed once again in Elliott's investigation. There are numerous cases
of this with tests of these sonnets by Qianlong himself all through the book and pictures of himself, generally in a purposeful publicity style however.
The book gives an awesome short clarification of how Qianlong ruled the country and how he lived in his home life. It points of interest his spouses
and the amount he loved them and what he did with them on their many voyages together over the Chinese farmland. It really expounds the amount
Qianlong was influenced by the passing of his first spouse and how it may have had an effect on how he led from subsequently. Elliott gives an
exuberant furthermore, captivating story that touches upon various parts of the Qianlong rule. The initial three sections take after a generally ordered
approach, itemizing thusly Qianlong's early life, his first years in control, and familial obligations and their effect on his run the show. As Elliott notes,
`A distraction

Essay On Manchu
The Current Situation and Protection of Manchu
The Manchu is the language of the Man people (also called Manchu people) originated in northeast China. Manchu was one of the official languages
together with Chinese in the Qing Dynasty (1644AD–1912AD). Due to its own demerit in expressing and other social political reasons, nowadays
there is only less than 100 people that still take Manchu as their native language. Measures have been taken by the government and scholars to save the
language from extinction.
Manchu
Manchu belongs to the Altaic family Tungusic Languages. According to Guo (2004), "Manchu is the only language with words in Man–Tungusic
group of Altai language family" (Guo, 2004, pp. 3–4).
Manchu is spoken by the Man People. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
First of all, Manchu is a language spoken by the Man people; According to the data of National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China,
in the 2010 census, the total population of the Man people living in China is 10,387,958 people. Protecting Manchu from extinction is a way to build
the sense of recognition of the Man People.
Secondly, being the official language of theQing Dynasty, learning Manchu is a must for studying the history of the Qing Dynasty. From the early
1600s, the Man people have left us numerous precious historic documents. As Dai (2013) mentioned, most of the official documents especially in early
Qing Dynasty were written in either Manchu only or in both Manchu and Chinese. Except for official documents, there are also a large amount of
private writings and letters written in Manchu. That is to say, without knowledge in Manchu, it is nearly impossible for people to have a deep
understanding of the history of the last monarchy dynasty of

China Has A Long And Rich History
China has had a long and rich history that is not devoid of its fair share of revolutions and political upheavals. It is these changes that have
increasingly shaped the country into becoming one of the major economic powers of the current decade. This has also given the country a greater
standing when considering the political influence that the country now enjoys in the global environment. One may consider the period that span three
decades from 1890 as having the greatest impact in the trajectory that modern day has taken in the past and is going to take in the future. This period
saw a number of very significant changes both in ideology and belief that provided china with the opportunity to take a new direction. One that was
separate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This was mainly due to the increasing weakness of the Qing dynasty to maintain control of the vast region with increasing pressure from these western
nations. This is both in regards to military might and economic concerns. These two unique characteristics were responsible for the creation of an
environment of social uneasiness among the people in China.
In the consideration of the period between 1890s to the 1920s there are three major concerns that will be part of the analysis. These three are the
political, social and economic environments of china during this period. This will include an analysis of the environments inherent characteristics at the
time, the role these characteristics played in the change that occurred at this time and how these factors may have changed in themselves during this
period. This consideration will be unified by one main theme and this is the influence that external parties or concerns played in the shaping of Chinese
views, ideologies and actions during this period.
This theme is mainly cognizant of the fact that there was a great deal of foreign activity in china during this time and that improvements in transport
means had given many Chinese people the opportunities to travel far and wide, aside from their traditional neighbors of Japan. It is also worth
mentioning that the consideration of these three factors will largely be as a unit as there were great interplays of

Thesis On Foot Binding
According to Li Xiu–ying, a victim of foot binding, "I knew that already because every woman I ever saw had bound feet. Before the Communists
came I never even heard of a woman not having bound feet." Li Xiu–ying was stating that almost every Chinese women at that time had experienced
foot binding; it was considered as a rule for young women and not an exception. Foot binding began in tenth century China and was very popular
during the Song and the Qing dynasties. Although it caused many health complications and lifelong disabilities, foot binding became popular by a
process of displaying status and also was embraced as a symbol of beauty in Chinese culture. Women were affected by foot binding in many ways,
especially physically, socially,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One reason for this process was the purpose of marital reasons. This was the most common reason for one to do foot binding; what men most desired
in a bride was a foot size of three inches, also known as the "golden lotus". It was mildly acceptable for some women to have four–inch–feet, which
was known as the "silver lotus", although for a woman to have five–inch–feet or longer, called the "bronze lotus", it was simply dismissed and it would
be very hard for one to find a husband. The size of their foot was to be very small indeed; for families that had daughters to marry off, the size of
their feet was its own form of "currency". Why they upheld this tradition for so long, was for men to be able to control women during their
marriage. They were said to be less independent when their feet were bound. Not only did this process allow men to dominate women, it also made
them victims of a society that showed brutality towards women. Some researchers say that foot binding deepened the control of women by making
them more dependent on males, because it would minimize their movements and enforce better obedience, since women with bound feet were
physically unable to travel far from their homes. This enabled women to have very little authority over their life. Another act of accommodation was
the role of family honor installed with the procession. This was the second most common reason for one to do foot binding; by binding their
daughter's feet, families maintained a good reputation and social status. Although foot binding is now looked upon as an act of cruelty, at that time, it
was seen as a sign of wealth. It symbolized this for a girl's family because it showed that they were wealthy by not allowing their daughter to work.
For this reason, families would also take pride in the fact of their daughter's small feet. Foot binding started out as a fashionable statement from the
expression

Comparison of Tokugawa and Manchu
Although the Manchus in China and the Tokugawa in Japan during the 17th and 18th centuries consolidated power into a central authority differently,
their reasons for doing so were relatively similar, both being due to a certain internal conflict and their location relative to other empires. During the
17th and 18th centuries, the Chinese and Japanese faced much internal conflict, but while China faced a combination of economic setbacks and
political weakness, the Japanese were riddled with wars along their countryside. First, the Chinese emperor was too weak in comparison to his
bureaucracy, which ended up making most of the decisions for the last Ming dynasty emperor. This was due to the emperor's realization that having a
title as Son ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
China was part of the mainland, accessible by both land and sea. This exposed China's borders greatly as there was much land and coast to protect,
leading to consequent invasion. On the other hand, Japan was isolated as an island, only accessible by sea. This protected Japan by leaving only
the coast to protect from invaders, and almost a lack of invaders. They did not have to deal with nomads in the north and west or rising empires in
the south, but rather shared a common awareness with China for Russia. Both feared Russia and Europeans as well because of the new rise of their
empires and their expeditions to China and Japan. Japan feared the Russians because they were pressing hard to engage in trade with them. In
contrast, China feared the Russians because of their new expansion and political power after several wars and conquests. Both also greatly feared the
Europeans because of their behavior at ports they were at and their aggressive style of trade and Christianity. The Chinese despised the Europeans
because they were rowdy and obnoxious at port cities like Macao, while the Japanese feared the Europeans because of their aggressive conversions of
Christianity that sparked some uprisings. All in all, the Japanese and Chinese had vastly different locations and geography which led to different
problems arising, but

Manchu Imperialism
The establishment of the Qing dynasty by the Manchu in 1644 brought another foreign dynastic ruler to China since the creation of the Yuan dynasty,
which was ruled by the Mongols. The Manchu brought many of their culture and tradition and imposed them on China such as Manchurian style gown
for officials, but none of these changes were as significant as the queue. The queue is a hairstyle that consists of a braided pig tail with the front part of
the head shaven. During the Qing dynasty, the Manchu imposed the Queue Order on all Han subjects and as a result the queue became a symbol of
submission. The purpose of this research is to understand the significance of the queue and why the Manchu rulers wanted to force this hairstyle on the
Han people ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The public display of the hair in the early establishment of the Qing became a reliable way to "distinguish 'our subjects' from 'those bandits who oppose
our mandate.' Other reason for the Manchu to be highly motivated in launching the tonsure decree is to protect the cultural identity of the Manchu.
Since the Manchu were a minority group in China, they lack "cultural confidence" and "an interest [to] establish an awe–inspiring image" led the
Manchu to be very unrelenting on the tonsure decree. The queue not only protected the Qing dynasty, but it introduced competent Han officials that
were willing to embrace Manchu rule. While the queue maybe seen as a tool of humiliation and submission it was also used for other purpose.
Dorgon use the queue as a mean to find officials that quickly accepted the new dynasty by having their head shave. By the 18th century, Emperor
Hungli has taken the Qing throne. Peace has spread and for the most part rebellions rarely occurred. Nevertheless, the Manchu early attempts to have
the Han assimilate to Manchu cultures and tradition failed. Instead Manchu officials learned to incorporate and lived with Chinese culture, even if they
considered the Han to be subjects of the Qing dynasty. Manchu culture was becoming lost and the use of queue cutting as a symbol to reject Manchu
rule would soon rise near the end

Shen Fu And Yun 's Life During The Qing Dynasty
In Six Records of a Floating Life, Shen Fu writes of his wife, "YГјn came to this world a woman, but she had the feelings and abilities of a man." (Fu:
89) Shen Fu and YГјn considered each other to be intellectual equals. However, their relationship was still constrained within the gender roles set by
their society. They lived during the Qing dynasty, which was a prosperous time for China ("The Manchus": 266) but also a time when, as Professor
Scarlett states in the lecture Daily Life in Imperial China, "the outside world was for men and the inside world was for women." Shen Fu and YГјn's
relationship was pushing the bounds of their culture, but they still kept (mostly) within the lines of social acceptability.
Shen Fu and YГјn were cousins. (Fu: 25) They met when they were thirteen years old and became engaged soon after meeting. (Fu: 26) After their
marriage, YГјn played the role of perfect wife: Shen Fu pronounces her "quiet", "never [. . .] angry", "respectful to her elders", and describes her
actions as "orderly" and "done properly". (Fu: 29) These actions were those considered very desirable in Qing China, as women were expected to be
quiet and subservient to men. (Scarlett, Daily Life in Imperial China Lecture)
However, as their early relationship continued, Shen Fu found that YГјn was able to analyze and debate literature and poetry with him. (Fu: 31) Shen
Fu soon realized that YГјn was as capable as he was, but held back by their society. He recounts a time

The Impact Of The Revolution Of 1911 And May Fourth Movement

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

More from Anna Melek

More from Anna Melek (14)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

The Impact Of The Revolution Of 1911 And May Fourth Movement