Photosynthesis - is the unique process that is limited to plant kingdom.Green plants are able to synthesize carbohydrates in there systems due to the presence of an uinique structure called chloroplast. The chloroplasts are present only in plant kingdom which gives them the ability to trap solar energy convert it into chemical energy along with the synthesis of carbohydrates and evolution of oxygen, so the process of photosynthesis does not only fix the carbon di oxide but in the process also give out oxygen. These chloroplasts are present in diverse groups of plant kingdom and may show structural differences . Though they exhibit variations in their structure they perform the same function.The chloroplasts are membrane bound organnels locate din the cytoplasm and are responsible for the trapping of solar energy and converting it into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH due to the presence of the pigment chlorophyll and in the process liberate oxygen from the water molecule through a series of reactions. The number of chloroplasts per cell vary from one organism to the other they may be varying from 1 as seen in algae or may be upto 100 per cell as seen in higher plants.the chloroplasts develop from a pre existing plastids known as the proplastid.whcih can develop into a variety of plastids like the chloroplast, leucoplast amyloplast etc. They are considered to have originated from cyanobacteria through endosymbiosis .The ancestors of chloroplasts are believed to be the cyanobacteria or the blue-green algae .They are often found as symbionts with a number of other groups of organisms like the fungi,pteridophytes angiosperms .The oxygen present in the atmosphere is attributed due to the activity of these cyanobacteria.They do not have a nucleus or any membrane bound organnels . The photosynthetic apparatus is embedded into folds of the external cell membrane, called thylakoids and contain a bluish green pigment phycocyanin and chlorophyll a. The green algae cor the chlorophytes have a definite chloroplast whose shape may vary among different members it may be cup shaped as seen in simple chlamydomonas , ribbon like as in spirogyra or disc like as in higher members of the group . The main pigments are chlorophyll a, b along with carotenoids and xanthophylls and have starch as the storage product. the members of red algae have additional pigments in there chloroplast like phycobilins and phycocyanins in addition to chlorophyll and the starch they make is also called as floridean starch unique to the group.The brown algae differ from the other groups due to the presence of the pigment fucoxanthin along with chlorophyll a and c which gives them the color. If we move to higher group of plants like the bryophytes , Pteriodophytes, Gymnosperms and the Angiosperms the chloroplast represents a well organized double membrane structures with they thylakoids, grana , stroma , intergaranal lamella , stromal lamella and have chlorophyll as the main.

1. Photosynthesis - is the unique process that is limited to plant kingdom.Green plants are able to
synthesize carbohydrates in there systems due to the presence of an uinique structure called
chloroplast.
The chloroplasts are present only in plant kingdom which gives them the ability to trap solar
energy convert it into chemical energy along with the synthesis of carbohydrates and evolution
of oxygen, so the process of photosynthesis does not only fix the carbon di oxide but in the
process also give out oxygen.
These chloroplasts are present in diverse groups of plant kingdom and may show structural
differences . Though they exhibit variations in their structure they perform the same function.The
chloroplasts are membrane bound organnels locate din the cytoplasm and are responsible for the
trapping of solar energy and converting it into chemical energy in the form of ATP and
NADPH due to the presence of the pigment chlorophyll and in the process liberate oxygen from
the water molecule through a series of reactions.
The number of chloroplasts per cell vary from one organism to the other they may be varying
from 1 as seen in algae or may be upto 100 per cell as seen in higher plants.the chloroplasts
develop from a pre existing plastids known as the proplastid.whcih can develop into a variety of
plastids like the chloroplast, leucoplast amyloplast etc.
They are considered to have originated from cyanobacteria through endosymbiosis .The
ancestors of chloroplasts are believed to be the cyanobacteria or the blue-green algae .They are
often found as symbionts with a number of other groups of organisms like the
fungi,pteridophytes angiosperms .The oxygen present in the atmosphere is attributed due to the
activity of these cyanobacteria.They do not have a nucleus or any membrane bound organnels .
The photosynthetic apparatus is embedded into folds of the external cell membrane, called
thylakoids and contain a bluish green pigment phycocyanin and chlorophyll a.
The green algae cor the chlorophytes have a definite chloroplast whose shape may vary among
different members it may be cup shaped as seen in simple chlamydomonas , ribbon like as in
spirogyra or disc like as in higher members of the group . The main pigments are chlorophyll a, b
along with carotenoids and xanthophylls and have starch as the storage product.
the members of red algae have additional pigments in there chloroplast like phycobilins and
phycocyanins in addition to chlorophyll and the starch they make is also called as floridean
starch unique to the group.The brown algae differ from the other groups due to the presence of
the pigment fucoxanthin along with chlorophyll a and c which gives them the color.
If we move to higher group of plants like the bryophytes , Pteriodophytes, Gymnosperms and the
Angiosperms the chloroplast represents a well organized double membrane structures with they
thylakoids, grana , stroma , intergaranal lamella , stromal lamella and have chlorophyll as the

2. main pigment and the reserve food material is strach.
Thus among plants there is great diversity in the structure and composition of the chloroplast but
they take up one main function photosynthesis.
similarly among plants the reproductive structures also vary in different groups starting from
primitive asexual to advanced sexual methods of reproduction.In lower plant groups starting
from algae to pteridophytes we see avariety of asexual reproduction like spore
formation,budding, fragmentation etc.
In higher plants it is seen by the production of rhizomes tubers bulbs etc.
similarly the organisazation of sexual reproductive units into the cone of gymnosperms ,
formation of naked seeds when compared to the formation of flowers which protect the ovule
and a protected embryo within the seed all show diversity in there structure but the function
remains same.
In Gymnosperms male and female cones are borne on different plants and pollination is mainly
by wind. the male cones have microsporop[hylls which inturn bear the microsporangia that in
turn produce the microspores or the pollen grains while the female cones have megasporophylls
which in turn bear the meagspoarngia. They are naot well protected and the seeeds formed are
exposed and hence the name gymnosperms meaning naked seed.Double fertilization is also
absent in gymnosperms.
In Angiosperms the highest group among plants they are called the flowering plants and
produces the pollen grains in special structure called the anther and the ovule inside a well
protected ovary and hence here the embryo is also well protected inside the seed.
thus we see diversity in reproductive structure among different groups.
Solution
Photosynthesis - is the unique process that is limited to plant kingdom.Green plants are able to
synthesize carbohydrates in there systems due to the presence of an uinique structure called
chloroplast.
The chloroplasts are present only in plant kingdom which gives them the ability to trap solar
energy convert it into chemical energy along with the synthesis of carbohydrates and evolution
of oxygen, so the process of photosynthesis does not only fix the carbon di oxide but in the
process also give out oxygen.
These chloroplasts are present in diverse groups of plant kingdom and may show structural
differences . Though they exhibit variations in their structure they perform the same function.The
chloroplasts are membrane bound organnels locate din the cytoplasm and are responsible for the
trapping of solar energy and converting it into chemical energy in the form of ATP and

3. NADPH due to the presence of the pigment chlorophyll and in the process liberate oxygen from
the water molecule through a series of reactions.
The number of chloroplasts per cell vary from one organism to the other they may be varying
from 1 as seen in algae or may be upto 100 per cell as seen in higher plants.the chloroplasts
develop from a pre existing plastids known as the proplastid.whcih can develop into a variety of
plastids like the chloroplast, leucoplast amyloplast etc.
They are considered to have originated from cyanobacteria through endosymbiosis .The
ancestors of chloroplasts are believed to be the cyanobacteria or the blue-green algae .They are
often found as symbionts with a number of other groups of organisms like the
fungi,pteridophytes angiosperms .The oxygen present in the atmosphere is attributed due to the
activity of these cyanobacteria.They do not have a nucleus or any membrane bound organnels .
The photosynthetic apparatus is embedded into folds of the external cell membrane, called
thylakoids and contain a bluish green pigment phycocyanin and chlorophyll a.
The green algae cor the chlorophytes have a definite chloroplast whose shape may vary among
different members it may be cup shaped as seen in simple chlamydomonas , ribbon like as in
spirogyra or disc like as in higher members of the group . The main pigments are chlorophyll a, b
along with carotenoids and xanthophylls and have starch as the storage product.
the members of red algae have additional pigments in there chloroplast like phycobilins and
phycocyanins in addition to chlorophyll and the starch they make is also called as floridean
starch unique to the group.The brown algae differ from the other groups due to the presence of
the pigment fucoxanthin along with chlorophyll a and c which gives them the color.
If we move to higher group of plants like the bryophytes , Pteriodophytes, Gymnosperms and the
Angiosperms the chloroplast represents a well organized double membrane structures with they
thylakoids, grana , stroma , intergaranal lamella , stromal lamella and have chlorophyll as the
main pigment and the reserve food material is strach.
Thus among plants there is great diversity in the structure and composition of the chloroplast but
they take up one main function photosynthesis.
similarly among plants the reproductive structures also vary in different groups starting from
primitive asexual to advanced sexual methods of reproduction.In lower plant groups starting
from algae to pteridophytes we see avariety of asexual reproduction like spore
formation,budding, fragmentation etc.
In higher plants it is seen by the production of rhizomes tubers bulbs etc.
similarly the organisazation of sexual reproductive units into the cone of gymnosperms ,
formation of naked seeds when compared to the formation of flowers which protect the ovule
and a protected embryo within the seed all show diversity in there structure but the function
remains same.

4. In Gymnosperms male and female cones are borne on different plants and pollination is mainly
by wind. the male cones have microsporop[hylls which inturn bear the microsporangia that in
turn produce the microspores or the pollen grains while the female cones have megasporophylls
which in turn bear the meagspoarngia. They are naot well protected and the seeeds formed are
exposed and hence the name gymnosperms meaning naked seed.Double fertilization is also
absent in gymnosperms.
In Angiosperms the highest group among plants they are called the flowering plants and
produces the pollen grains in special structure called the anther and the ovule inside a well
protected ovary and hence here the embryo is also well protected inside the seed.
thus we see diversity in reproductive structure among different groups.