Use of mutants in understanding seedling development.pptx
History of plant pathology
1.
2. Miss Mehjebin Rahman
PhD research scholar
Department of Plant Pathology
Major Advisor : Dr. Pradip Kumar Borah
3. Robigalia,715 BCE
Discovery of causes
of diseases
Culture and
pathogenecity of
microbes
Molecular plant
pathology
Sensors and presicion
plant pathology
The Twist and Turns in Plant Pathology
4.
5.
6. In 715 BCE, The Romans were aware about the
Rust disease in wheat.They created a special rust
God, Robigo. It was thought that the cruel
Robigus God was responsible for the crop
destroying rust epidemics .
In the Roman empire, April 25 was the day of the
Robigalia festival. On this day, a dog would be
sacrificed in hope that Robigus will be satisfied as
dogs are usually with red coats similar to reddish /
brown spores of rust.
7. Vriksha Ayurveda is the first book
written on plant disease . It was
written by Surapal (800AD)
8.
9. The dark period is also known as Pre-Renaissance period
Abu Zakariya Ibn al Awwan, ( full name was Abu Zakariya Yahya
ibn Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Al-Awwam Al-Ishbili ) an Arabian
agriculturist described symptoms and control measures of some
plant diseases in his lengthy handbook on agriculture entitled in
Arabic Kitāb al-Filāḥa (English: Book on Agriculture)
11. Anton van Leewenhoek invented
compound microscope in 1675 in
Holland. He described bacteria seen
with this microscope in 1683
He was honored as
Father of Microbiology
He was honored as the
“Father of Mycology”
In Italy, P.A. Micheli (1729) described the
structures of fungi and noted that when he put
the structure on fresh cut melon, they
reproduced the same. He proposed that fungi
arose from their own spores.
12. In 1749, THEORY OF SPONTENEOUS GENERATION
J. T. Needham
C. Linnaeus
In 1753, Wrote a book
“Species Plantarum”
Established bionomial
system of
nomenclature
13. In 1807, B. Prevost, took a critical step in studying the life
cycle of bunt fungus in wheat
In 1755, Mathieu Tillet published a paper on bunt and said the disease
incidence can be reduced by rubbing the seeds with salt and lime before
sowning
After 52 years
In 1847, His work was confirmed by the Tulasne brothers
In 1821, E. M. Fries published “SYSTEMA MYCOLOGICUM” which served as
the beginning of fungi nomenclature ( Linnaeus of Mycology)
16. Anton deBary did extensive study on fungal disease and wrote the book “
MORPHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF FUNGI LICHEN AND MYXOMYCETES”
He is regarded as
“Father of Plant Pathology”
J. G. Kuehn (1858) published the book – Diseases of Cultivated Crops, their
Causes and Control – first book in which fungi were regarded as the causal factors
17. 1885, P. M. Antony Millardet discovered
Bordeaux Mixture to prevent the
Downy mildew of grapes
1883, O Brefeld developed methods of
growing microorganisms in pure culture
In the 1800’s lime sulfur
was discovered. A grape
farmer made the mixture to
check bird drop. He sprayed
the mixture on his grapes ,
people walking by the edge
of the field did not eat
them. He soon noticed the
plants that were sprayed did
not get diseased
Students of deBary also did
extended work on Fungus
18. T. J. Burill, in USA for the first time reported that the Fire Blight of apple is
caused by a bacterium , now known as Erwinia amylovora in 1878
Erwin Frink Smith – Fisher Controversy
In 1892, E. F. Smith and other American scientist , in
US were convinced of the disease-inducing capabilities
of bacteria, but the German scientists were skeptical
about these findings, Fischer stated that bacteria had not
been proven to cause plant diseases.
In 1895 Erwin F Smith ( Father of Phytobacteriology) had given the final proof
of the fact that bacteria could be incitants of Plant diseases
He reported the Crown Gall disease of apple and added 4th rule of Koch
Postulates
DURING THE 18TH CENTURY
19. DURING THE 18TH CENTURY
1886, Adolf Mayer, in Netherlands for the 1st time observed highly
contagious diseases of tobacco which could infect healthy plants by
injecting leaf extract
1893-94, Hashimoto, a rice grower in Japan suspected the relation
between rice leaf hopper and rice dwarf disease ( 1st evidence of vector
transmission)
1898, Martinus Willem Beijerink, Dutch scientist further confirmed
findings of Mayor & Ivanoski. He also confirmed that causal organism
of TMV is not a bacteria but TMV , a contagious living agent which is
called a Virus ( Father of plant virology)
1892, Dimitri. Ivanoski, Russian botanist confirmed the findings of
Mayer and concluded that TMV could pass through porcelain filter
which retains bacteria
20. DURING 18TH CENTURY IN INDIA
During 1850-75 AD Cunninghum and A. Barclay started identification of
fungi in India
K. R. Kirtikar was the first Indian scientist who collected and identified
fungi in the country
Edwin J. Butler wrote the first text book on Plant Pathology “ Fungi and
diseases in plants” and wrote the monogragh “ Fungi of India”
He is considered as “ Father of Plant Pathology in India”
B. B. Mundkar in 1948, established the Indian Phytopatjolohical
Society
21. LOUIS PASTEUR
In 1859, He finally disproved the
Theory of Spontaneous Generation
ROBERT KOCH
In 1884, A German Bacteriologist explained
the necessary steps required to identify a
causal organism that cause a particular
disease known as Koch Postulates
This changed
the way of
thinking of the
scientist
23. 1909, Lafont
discovered
flagelleted
protozoa
1973, Goheen et al.
reported phloem
limiting bacteria in
Pierce disease of
grape
1967 Doi et al in
Japan reported
Phytoplasma
1915-17 FW Twort
and FD Herelle
discovered
bacteriophage
1938, Bowden and
Pierie identified
TMV as RNA
1992, Stanley
Prusiner reported
Prions
1994 Robertson
reported Virusoid
from tobacco mottle
virus
1971 T.O.Diener
reported viroids in
Potato spindle tuber
disease
1935 M. W. Stanley
crystallized TMV
with Ammonium
sulphate
24. Once it was realized that fungi, bacteria and
virus are the cause of the diseases instead of
the results, THE MECHANISMS were
studied !!
25. In 1886 deBary noticed that host cells of Sclerotinia
died in advance of the Pathogen .This was the
discovery of toxins and enzymes produced by the
pathogen
1905 cytolytic enzymes by Bacillus
carotovorus and other soft rot bacteria were
reported by L.R. Jones
1925 it was suggested that Pseudomonas tabaci
produced a toxin which caused wildfire disease of
tobacco . In 1934 it was confirmed
It was the first
toxin to be isolated
1950’s
26. 1970’s-80’s Agrobacterium tumefaciens
induces crown gall which does a natural
DNA transplant . It is now used in research
and the production of pharmaceuticals
In 1926, Kurosawa, a Japanese scientist
discovered a disease caused by fungus
Gibberella fujikuroi by secreting a chemical
Gibberillin which cause hyper elongation of
rice stem
28. 1894 Eriksson discovered different biological races
of Puccinia graminis
They cannot be differentiated by sight but by their
hosts
1909 Orton distinguished
between disease escape,
endurance, and resistance
1905 Biffen reported
inherited resistance
1914 Stakmen et al explain resistance and
susceptibility of the same species in different
geographical areas. In 1915, he defined
hypersensitivity phenonmenon in plants
.
29. 1984 Vanderplank described vertical resistance &
Horizontal resistance.
1946 Flor showed that for each gene in the host for
resistance there was a gene in the pathogen for
virulence (gene-for-gene)hypothesis )
31. 1944 Mills developed a table showing rain and
temperature and how it affected the development
of apple scab
1963 Vanderplank wrote Plant Diseases:
Epidemics and Control, establishing and
important field of study
It is now possible to predict epidemics by keeping records
1969 first computer simulation for early blight of tomato and potato
Since 1970’s many disease modeling and computer simulations have been
developed for many diseases
32.
33. Chemical
control of plant
diseases
After 1885’s Millardet discovery of plant diseases can be
controlled by chemical, more than 100 years Bordeaux mixture
was used
In 1913, organic mercury compounds were introduced as
seed treatments but 1960 when all the mercury pestricides
were banned
In 1934, the first dithiocarbamate fungicide (Thiram) was
discovered which led to development of series fungicide like
ferbam, zineb, maneb
In 1965, the first systemic fungicide, carboxin, was
discovered which was soon followed by development of several
other systemic fungicudes such as benomyl.
In 1950, first antibiotic, Streptomycin, was used to control
bacterial plant diseases
In 1967, tetracycline antibiotics were used to control
mollicute diseases in plants
34. BUT , In 1954, it was noticed that some
strains of bacteria causing disease in plants
are resistant to the antibiotics
Later in 1963, strains of fungal plant
pathogens were also found to be resistant
to certain fungicides
Development of new cultural practices
Biological control of plant diseases
Molecular methods in plant pathology
Again, Public became
aware about the harmful
effects of chemical pesticides
from Rachael Carson’s book “
Silent Spring” in 1962,
36. For designing efficient crop
protection strategies, knowledge
of the pathogen genome is
needed
Plenty of research has been performed in detecting the
pathogens and studying plant-pathogen interactions by
using : Omic techniques
genomics,
transcriptomics,
proteomics, and
metabolomics
37. Birth to
After the development of Gene
expression, discovery of new genes
, their function and metabolic
products with technological
application occurred . Broad
spectrum antibiotics were cloned
from soil DNA
METAGENOMICS
38. Early and efficient
diagnosis of disease
Smarter, cheaper, cleaner
and more precise methods
are required.
SIGNIFICANT crop loss is
observed in several crop
species like rice, wheat,
barley, cotton,Groundnut.
(Dhekney et al., 2007)
Fungi are responsible for
more than 70% of
all major crop diseases
(Agrios, 2005)
What we
need
more???
39. NANOTECHNOLOGY
Nano technology is the controlling of a
matter in atomic and molecular scale
Nanoparticles are effective against different
plant pathogenic fungi, bacteria, virus
Different NANOSENSORS are been developed to detect disease
Richard Ferynman is considered to be Father
of Nanotechnology. He won a Nobel prize in
Physics in 1965.
The term is coined by Eric Drexler
40. Advanced methods of plant disease detection.
The specificity of the biosensors could be greatly enhanced by the use of :
Antibody-based biosensor
RNA/DNA based biosensor
Enzymatic electrochemical
Bacteriophage based
41. Information Technology in Plant Disease Management
In Plant Pthology role of IT can be grouped into four major categories:
1. Plant Disease Diagnosis- Remote sensing, GIS, mobile apps
2. Disease forcasting- NEWAApple disease model,Strawberry Advisory System,
SISALERT
3. Disease Management- Plant wise, DDIS
4. Reaseach & Education- Bioinformatics ( NCBI Blast, GenBank )
42. Robotic Precision Plant Protection
Robot or PEIS (Physically Embedded Intelligent Systems) is intended
as any device incorporating some computational and communication
resources, and is able to interact with the environment via sensors
and/or actuators
An emerging challenge in precision agriculture is the use of Unmanned
Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), Unamed Ground Vehicle (UGV).These can be
used for plant disease and abiotic crop disorder detection
43. Pathogens detected by image analysis will greatly reduce the
workload of routine pest management,
Eg :Citrus canker caused by Xanthomonas citri caused foliar
symptoms that were done image analysis, various symptom types
(lesion numbers, % area necrotic, and % area necrotic and
chlorotic were rated)
45. AN EYE IN THE SKY OF AGRICULTURE
Advances in technology have made the price of drone
hardware far more accessible to the average agriculture
professional.
The mapping process is far more user-friendly . Instead of
gathering data, returning to a desktop computer and going
through the laborious process of stitching a map locally, a
farmer can take his tablet or smartphone, Mapping
software companies like DroneDeploy do the rest and a
farmer doesn’t need to have any technical knowledge
Robert Blair brought precision
agriculture to new heights in 2006.
He was the first farmer to use Drones,
USA
46. More efforts must be made to develop
plant protection technologies against the
economically important diseases
Exploring the world of unculturable
organisms are desperately needed.
Moreover study on impact of climate
change on disease scenario must be focused
Upgradation of research strategies for
reemerging diseases need immediate
attention.
47. The First Green Revolution promised food
to everyone, but over the years agricultural
production is now experiencing a plateau, which is
compelling the need for Second
Green Revolution to meet the expanding
population s food demand (Singh, 2012).
The challenge is how to feed the growing population
by producing more on a stagnant or shrinking
landscape; with lesser input costs and with lesser
hazards to the eco-system.
SO WE KEEP HOPE IN THE SAYING “Science is a never
ending process” and it will bring further
developments in the field of PLANT PATHOLOGY
48. Abu Zakariya Ibn al Awwan
Abu Zakariya Ibn al Awwan’s
Arabic handbook : Kitāb al-Filāḥa
51. “The 21st century will prove to be a fort of strength for
plant pathology, a fountain head of knowledge where
students will drink, and the waters of which will wet the
dry lands of the whole world”
