Analysis of Case Study on Salix Pharmaceuticals

Analysis of Case Study on Salix Pharmaceuticals
Analysis of Case Study on Salix Pharmaceuticals, Inc Founded by two mutual acquaintances and former staff members of California Biotechnology
Inc. (CalBio), Lorin Johnson and Randy Hamilton set out to build a company specializing in a specific area of need, such as inflammatory bowel
disease. Their search throughout the international landscape was focused on the chemical compounds that would be the foundation for therapeutic
drugs that serve as a benefit to the management gastric disorders. As these compounds were discovered by way of research, with the intent to align
and contract with already licensed agreements if the price allows for the newly formed company to take part. One such compound that fit the need for
the company was found... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Kyriazis and Swayne) Salix required supplementary funds in 1996 to endure its testing activities, requiring the team to go public on the Toronto Stock
exchange allowing them to raise $10 million. During the same time period, Salix acknowledged a second compound, rifaximin, and licensed its
privileges from an Italian company, Alfa Wassermann. Then not too far off,balsalazide disodium was approved in Europe; and Astra began endorsing it
in Europe under the brand name COLAZIDE. Interestingly enough, there were some influences in the external environment that would affect the
relationship with Astra. Much like other industries in 1990s and early 2000s, the pharmaceutical industry responded to the challenges of globalization
and smaller companies merged to form large conglomerates to create worldwide strength. (Kyriazis and Swayne) Astra merged with Zeneca, increasing
the international exposure of the new merger as the seventh largest pharmaceutical company in the world. In such a situation, AstraZeneca had Colazide
low on their list of priorities and attempted to return the licensing to Salix. This would require some adjustments and avoidance of legal implications on
the part of AstraZeneca, which led to their payment of Salix's full contract and lending for acquisition of another partner. This opportunity led to
several dealings that would result in Shire Pharmaceuticals purchasing the rights to Europe and Salix to
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Research Paper On Probiotics
The Best Probiotics for Children
Probiotics are live organisms such as bacteria and yeasts that are good for a person's health. Although probiotics occur naturally in your body, there
can also be found in food and supplements. Most of us think of bacteria as a disease causing micro–organism, however this is not true about all bacteria
especially probiotics. The health benefits of probiotics are numerous for children. Among other benefits probiotics have been known to protect against
viral infections and prevent allergies.
What a most of us should realize is that probiotics will help in reducing colic, acid reflux and constipation in your child. Like anything else out there
certain probiotics are the best for our babies. When you switch to the best probiotics you can help your child live a much healthy life. You can now say
goodbye to constipations, acid reflux and colic, which are the most common gastro intestine complications among children. Probiotics supplements will
definitely help your child through reducing harmful bacteria in his/her digestive system.
The best Probiotics for children
1.Hyperbiotics PRO–15 Probiotics
These probiotics are one of the best for children. You will get 15 times better results when using these than when using... Show more content on
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Like all probiotics these probiotic supplement helps your child's digestive tract balance of good bacteria and yeasts. This probiotic is especially good
at preventing occasional stomach problems, general discomfort and diarrhea. Diarrhea which is a common result of bad bacteria causes pain and
discomfort in children. Therefore the intake of Culturelle Kids packet daily probiotic supplements will help prevent and cure Diarrhea. The boasting
of an infant's immune system is a helpful role done by these probiotics and thanks to their special ability of maintaining bacterial levels in your child's
digestive

The Inflammatory Bowel Disorder Known As Crohn 's Disease...
The fundamental purpose of this paper is to apprise to the reader pivotal information on the inflammatory bowel disorder known as Crohn's
Disease (CD). It is a rare disease that is usually not wanted to be discussed by its sufferers, due to its sensitive nature of being a digestive problem.
Luckily, as this paper will show, it is now an issue slowly, but surely, being explored more openly. A short introduction to the chronic disease will
be divulged, pathophysiology and etiology will be discussed to prepare the reader. Works researched will include articles by Brent A. Lashner
(2013) and Lindsey Konkel (2015). Symptoms, susceptibility, and diagnosis found on numerous resourceful web sites will be provided. Other
information will include risk factors and examples of typical tests given to diagnose Crohn's Disease in possible sufferers. All articles and web
sites used corroborate with each other, information is consistent and validated. This paper will also delve into possible management strategies for
those affected by CD. Information on the Process of Crohn's Disease Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Crohn's Disease is an intestinal disease
first discovered by and named after Dr. Burrill B. Crohn, "who first described the disease in 1932 along with colleagues Dr. Leon Ginzburg and Dr.
Gordon D. Oppenheimer." (Foundation, 2015) Konkel (2015) refers to this disease as belonging "to a group of conditions called inflammatory bowel
diseases (IBD)" (Konkel, 2015) CD is

The Importance Of Nutrition On Inflammatory Bowel Disease
.Lucendo, A. J., & De Rezende, L. C. Importance of nutrition in inflammatory bowel disease. World Jour of GastroenteroL. 2009. WJG, 15(17),
2081–2088. http://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.15.2081'
This peer review article highlights the fundamental role that nutrition therapy plays in the clinical management of all patients with CD. The review
concentrates specially in correcting macro and micronutrient deficiencies in frequently malnourished patients, focusing on reversing the
physiopathological consequences of such deficiencies. This article is important not only because it discusses the possible etiology of CD, but also
because it adds practical recommendations for the management of the disease.
6.Kappelman MD, Rifas–Shiman SL, Kleinman K, et al. The prevalence and geographic distribution of Crohn 's disease and ulcerative colitis in the
United States. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007; 5(12):1424–1429. PMID: 17904915 doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2007.07.012
This multicenter study aimed to find the prevalence of Crohn 's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) across geographic regions and
socio–demographic stratifications in the U.S. The researches selected health insurance claims for 9 million Americans from 87 health plans in 33
states. Then they divided the number of cases by the number of persons enrolled for 2 years. Logistic regression compared prevalence, estimating by
geographic region, age, sex, and insurance type. One important result of the study, revealed that the prevalence

Wireless Capsule Endoscopy : Past And Present
ELEC5031M Industry Dissertation
Wireless Capsule Endoscopy
Etinosa Ekomwenrenren
Student ID: 200990550
The University of Leeds
School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering
April 2017
Table of Contents
Abstractiii
List of Abbreviationsiv
List of Figuresv
List of Tablesvi
Chapter 1 Introduction1
Chapter 2 Wireless capsule endoscopy: past and present2
2.1 History of wireless capsule endoscopy2
2.2 Current wireless capsule endoscope systems4
2.3 Clinical utility of wireless capsule endoscopy7
2.3.1 Small bowel diseases7
2.3.1.1 Obscure gastrointestinal bleeding7
2.3.1.2 Crohn's disease7
2.3.1.3 Celiac disease7
2.3.1.4 Polyposis syndrome and other small bowel disorders8

2.3.2 Oesophageal diseases8
2.3.2.1 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It involves swallowing a capsule that's able to wirelessly transmit images of the gastrointestinal tract – the pathway from the mouth through the
oesophagus, stomach, small, and large intestines [2].
The capsule is the size of a large pill that leaves the body naturally through defecation [2]. Typically, It has a CMOS chip video camera that captures
video images (at two frames per second) that are transmitted by video telemetry to aerials secured to the patient's body [3]. These images are stored in
a digital recorder worn around the patient's waist [3].
Although presently an effective method of assessing small bowel diseases, such as obscure gastrointestinal bleeding and Celiac disease [3], this
technology provides an opportunity to develop low–cost screening techniques that can save lives of people at risk of gastric and oesophageal cancers,
which are prevalent in low–income

Bousvaros Versus Placebo Case
Bousvaros, & E. (2005). A Randomized, Double–blind Trial of Lactobacillus GG Versus Placebo in Addition to Standard Maintenance Therapy for
Children with Crohn's Disease. http://www.hmphanmi.com.cn/hmp/upload/event/study_4/9.pdf Crohn's Disease Children Lactobacillus GG The
purpose of this study is to see if taking Lactobacillus GG along with other Crohn's medication or therapy can help a child with Crohn's stay in
remission for longer. This study is important because a child in remission means that they do not have any symptoms of Crohn's. While there is no
cure for Crohn's as of now, maintaining remission for long periods of time is a step closer to curing Crohn's. Randomized– experimental control study
The patients for this study were

Cause, Symptom, and Breakthough Treatments for Irritable...
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) occurs when muscles in your large intestine contract faster or slower than normal. This causes pain, cramping,
gassiness, sudden bouts of diarrhea, and constipation.
Symptoms of IBS may include:
Cramping pain in your lower abdomen
Bloating and gas
Mucus in your stool
Immediate need to move your bowels when you wake up or during or after meals
Relief of pain after bowel movements
Diarrhea or constipation, or bouts of both
Feeling of incomplete emptying after bowel movements
Normally, food moves through the digestive system by muscle contractions in the intestines. In people with IBS, the contractions are no not
coordinated. The contractions may last for too long or not long enough. The contractions affect bowel movements and result in uncomfortable and
painful symptoms. This also affects the ability of the colon to be able to absorb water and other nutrients from the food being digested.
Researchers are not certain of the causes of IBS. However some scientists believe that people with IBS tend to be oversensitive to the digestive nerve
signals. This means mild indigestion that is hardly noticeable in most people becomes distressing abdominal pain in those with IBS.
Other scientists believe that psychological factors play an important role in IBS. Intense emotional states such as stress and anxiety tend to trigger
chemical changes that interfere with the digestive system.
It has also been discovered that many people with IBS

Medical Diagnostic Devices
Healthcare, and all that it provides, is considered one of the most precious resources in the United States today. Everyone has been there. After
days of feeling crummy you break down and go the doctor. After all, there is so much you need to do. From your child's soccer game your little
one has been talking about for days, your cousin's wedding with the perfect dress hanging in the closet and of course, you cannot afford to miss
work. So there you are, in the doctor's office with the all important question. What is wrong with me? Thankfully, with modern day science, there is
technology available to peer inside and discover what stands between you, the soccer field sideline, and embarrassing your family by dancing the
"Macarena." With each passing year, the sophistication of medical diagnostic devices increases with disruption to the traditional and centralized
diagnostic delivery model. A review of five medical diagnostic devices available today, or coming soon to a healthcare facility near you, will be
reviewed along with how it will disrupt the current model.
Capsule Endoscopy According to Christensen, Grossman, and Hwang (2009), medical device and diagnostic equipment (MDDE) is progressively
decentralized with each pass year in a predictable and consistent fashion. This pattern of change may be seen in every discipline of medicine including
the arena of endoscopy, which involves a visual examination of the gastrointestinal tract. The capsule endoscopy is one such

4.8 Digestive System
4. Eight pathological conditions of the digestive system.
1.Dysentery is an inflammation of the intestines that causes severe pain. The cause for dysentery are bacteria, and parasites that can occur in the food,
or drinks. Besides the severe pain the patient may also experience diarrhea, and blood in the stool. To treat this infection antibiotic is needed, drinking
plenty fluid (because diarrhea can cause dehydration) or patients may receive fluid through an IV.
2.Hemorrhoids are veins that are swollen or enlarged in the rectum or anus. The can be either external or internal. The causes for hemorrhoids are
pregnancy, pushing too hard when releasing stool, and obesity. Treatment may include special cream to reduce swelling (external), change of diet, ice
pack and also surgery to get them removed.
3.Hirschsprung's disease is a condition that causes obstruction in the large intestine. The reason for obstruction is when muscle in ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Peptic ulcer causes sores to the stomach and the beginning of the small intestines due off acid (hyperacidity) or bacteria. Also certain pain medications
can be a trigger. Symptoms may include pain in the upper abdomen, gas, indigestion, heartburn, and vomiting. Treatment for a peptic ulcer includes
certain medication, antibiotic for bacteria, and change of diet.
5.Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) it a long term condition that effect the small or large intestine. The cause for IBS is still unknown. Symptoms can
include diarrhea, constipation, passing gas, nausea and pain in the abdomen. Treatment for irritable bowel syndrome are medication to help with the
symptoms, change of diet, and avoid stress.
6.Thrush is an infection that is located in the mouth and throat that causes white pumps in the mouth. The cause for thrush is a type of fungal known
as candida albicans. Symptoms can include pain when swallowing, bad breath, and bad taste. Treatment for thrush are medication to treat the fungus,
and also eating unflavored yogurt can

Gastroenterology Essay
Medical Coding for Gastroenterology The challenges for the field of gastroenterology are many in the new environment of the trend toward the
accountable care concept, a concept that exposes this specialty to demands for varied and integrated care in a manner which is economically sound for
the consumer yet profitable for the physician. These challenges calls for a concerted effort to streamline office procedures and create a more efficient
working environment all while attending to the concerns of the practice and remaining a desired, viable, vital specialty. Extensive and continual
educational and training requirements pose further demands on the time and resources of the practice, and can cause a profound delay in the optimal
outcomes of... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of the most common errors noted in coding for gastroenterology includes miscoding colonoscopy procedures for asymptomatic patients in terms
of the nature of the screening and whether it should be coded as a surveillance or screening colonoscopy. The immense scope of payable categories
within the field requires a broad familiarity with new and updated codes in order to deter denials and protect reimbursements. Even supply items can
be cause for rejection if coders are not current with guidelines. One of the most rejected supply claims includes a PEG–J being claimed to the wrong
jurisdiction in such cases as when used to establish a transabdominal port by endoscopic procedure. PEG–Js must be claimed as a supply to the A/B
MAC contractor. PDN understands the many challenges of coding for gastroenterologists, especially for those employed in–office, accustomed to
working with prior CPT and ICD–9 codes. The new demands created by ICD–10 for increased documentation and specificity require an advanced
knowledge base with regard to anatomy and terminology, and a more complete understanding and awareness of gastroenterology diagnoses and
procedures. For instance, the ICD–10 has nine different coding options related to colon

Gastroenterology: A Short Story
"MOMMY! MAWWWMMY!" the little girl dressed like a princess shouted. "What? Whaaat?" The mother asked, glaring at a little computer
screen."I'm going to be a ballerina, pegasus, princess when I grow up," the little one proclaimed proudly. "That's great sweetie," mom said cheerfully
while turning to see her little peanut twirl and lose her balance. "SEE!" She squeaked stumbling to the side a bit and flashing the biggest, tiny smile.
Mom clapped encouragingly. Almost every little girl or boy dreams of being a hair stylist, ballerina, football player, firefighter, veterinarian you name
it, but not every tiny tike dreams of being a gastroenterologist. To be honest, neither did I. At least not until I was a tiny tot plus about twelve years. My
gastroenterologist dream didn't begin until the beginning of my sophomore year. That year struck me hard and not just the year, but Cryptosporidium
did too. Cryptic–spores–on–who–now? When did Crepes–spout–over–chores? No no no, Cryptosporidium is correct. It's actually a little... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
After feeling so helpless and gross from hosting microscopic worms inside of me, I realized that I need to step it up and just become a
gastroenterologist. I found that they help people with problems just like mine and worse. It sounds like the dream job for me oddly enough. Finding
a problem in a biohazard labeled stool sample would just make me feel like a real Pooper–Hero every day of my life. The same thing goes for other
fun activities like colonoscopies, looking at people's large intestine or colon, and perhaps even performing a cecostomy which is the removal of fecal
matter through a surgical procedure, normally, used for children with severe disorders that block them from having correct bowel movements. As a
gastroenterologist, I could help plenty of people with digestive problems just like

Video Capsule Endoscopy for Identifying CrohnвЂ™s Disease Essay
Video Capsule Endoscopy for Identifying Crohn's Disease Crohn's disease is a form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that could occur anywhere
from the mouth to the rectum. However, it usually affects the intestines (Longstreth, 2010). Like many illnesses, there is no cure for Crohn's as the
exact cause of it is unknown. There are a number of tests and procedures available that aide in making the diagnosis of Crohn's disease. Stool cultures
and blood work can suggest IBD but may not directly indicate the disease. Barium enemas, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI) are useful exams but the preferred method involves scoping via endoscopy. Endoscopy allows physicians to view the digestive tract,
often... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
12). ACG reports that, "once swallowed, the capsule begins transmitting images of the inside of the esophagus, stomach and small bowel to a receiver
worn by the patient. The capsule takes two pictures per second, for a total of approximately 55,000 images" (para. 12). After the specified time frame,
the patient returns to the office for removal of the data recorder. The capsule should normally pass through the colon and be eliminated with a normal
bowel movement. With traditional endoscopy, a physician is required to perform and interpret the examination. However, capsule endoscopy can be
administered by any trained staff, downloaded and then read and analyzed by the physician. According to the American Society for Gastrointestinal
Endoscopy:
Capsule endoscopy helps your doctor evaluate the small intestine. This part of the bowel cannot be reached by traditional upper endoscopy or by
colonoscopy. The most common reason for doing capsule endoscopy is to search for a cause of bleeding from the small intestine. It may also be useful
for detecting polyps, inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease), ulcers, and tumors of the small intestine. (para. 3)
Wireless video capsule endoscopy allows a physician to see his regular clinic patients without blocking the day to perform procedures. It also allows
the patients to arrive at the office early in the day to complete ingestion

A Patient With An Acute Pancreatic Attack
Imbalanced nutrition
The next step in treating a patient with an acute pancreatic attack is focusing on the patient's current diet and nutrition status. The patient experiencing
an acute pancreatitis will need many diet modifications to limit the amount of stimulation to the stomach. However, the patient's nutrition status must be
closely monitored and the appropriate interventions to maintain the patient 's health must be implemented. Acute pancreatitis is a hypermetabolic and
hypercatabolic event. Therefore, treatment and maintenance of an individual with acute pancreatitis is contradicting itself. Interventions for this
nursing diagnosis include; assessing bowel sounds, maintaining a NPO status, initiating a parental and/ or enteral ... Show more content on
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An NG tube with suctioning would also be used if the patient was vomiting frequently. "NG suction may be used to reduce vomiting and gastric
distention and to prevent gastric acid contents from entering the duodenum" (Croghan, 2014, pg. 1032).
Enteral and Parenteral nutrition
Since the mainstay treatment of acute pancreatitis is an NPO diet, how do we provide proper nutrition for a patient experiencing an acute pancreatitis
event? With as many of 20% of patients with acute pancreatitis not receiving adequate nutrition, different methods of nutritional support must be used
(Quatrara, 2011, pg. 2). Enteral nutrition is when formula is administered to the patient via feeding tube. This tube can be placed in the stomach or small
intestine. Current evidence now points that enteral nutrition is providing to be beneficial in patient treatment. "The American Gastroenterological
Association (AGA) and the American Society for parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN) recommend jejunal feeding as the preferred route for
treating those with SAP and reducing complications" (Quatrara, 2011, pg. 8). Some of the available research in enteral feedings includes a list of
AACN practice recommendations. For a patient with pancreatitis the tip of the enteral feeding tube should be past the ligament of Treitz (Quatrara,
2011, pg. 9). Other suggestions on enteral feeding and acute pancreatitis include initiating feeding

Ulcerative Colitis Case Study
Signs & Symptoms–Ulcerative Colitis
Depending on the stage of disease, four and more bowel movements per day in stage one is frequently reported. Diarrhoea accompanied with rectal
bleeding it may present during the moderate stage of the disease, with urgency to defecate, malnutrition, increased temperature, plus decreased
haemoglobin and increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate, as per the Montreal classification. (Digestive Health Foundation, 2013).
Signs & Symptoms–Crohn's Disease
The clinical manifestations of Crohn's disease are: diarrhoea, colic pain and weight loss, among the well–known, but depending on severity of the
disease, infrequently reported, but can present with bloody or pussy stools as result of ruptured abscesses or perforation. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Gastroenterological Society of Australia works cohesively with variety of committees and sub–groups as their own branch or standalone organisations.
One of GESA's branches is Digestive Health Foundation with location in Mulgrave, Victoria. They perform a fantastic job in providing informative
knowledge to the community. Furthermore, some research–pharmaceutical companies like Janssen–Cilag Pty Ltd created internet site
www.gastrocentral.com.au providing links to a range of support services such as national public toilet map, gut people, the travel clinic, helpful tips
and organisations for people suffering from gastrointestinal conditions. Better health Channel created by the Victorian government provides useful
information related to any health

Sakeenah Case Study
Progress Note CC: "abdominal pain and blood in stool" HPI: Sakeenah is 14 years old African american girl, she comes to the University of
Michigan Pediatric Gastroenterology clinic on 5/22/2018 complaining of abdominal pain. She is accompanied mom and dad today and she provides
the interval medical history, She states that the pain started month ago, epigastric, and occasionally radiate to right side, described as squeezing or
burning pain. She states that the pain is on/off, in scale of 7–8/10, occur more in the morning. The pain lasts few hours several time a day. She feels
that "food sits in my stomach and doesn't digest." Sakeenah states that pain is worse when she eating a grassy food, she stop eating it for a while and
the pain seems... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
External ears, nose, and mouth appear normal in appearance, with moist mucous membranes. Neck is supple with trachea in midline. There is no
cervical adenopathy noted. Chest: is clear to auscultation bilaterally. Heart: has regular rhythm and rate, with no clubbing, cyanosis, or edema of the
extremities. Skin: is without lesions or rashes. Abdomen: soft, nondistended, with no hepatosplenomegaly or masses noted. The rectal exam showed no
sacral dimples or tufts of hair, normal external rectal exam. Recommendation: 1–Start Miralax 17g mixed in 8oz water/juice. Take 2 times daily. Adjust
the dose as needed, to achieve a pudding consistency stool. 2.Blood work today for celiac and iron studies due to the iron deficiency 3.refer to
adolescent gynecology here for her heavy periods and to see if the low hemoglobin 4.Start iron supplement, 325mg, 3 times

Living With Crohn 's Disease
Living with Crohn's Disease
Sharon is a 17 year old young women, her mother noticed that Sharon had lost a significant amount of weight, and she looked pale and had dark
circles under her eyes. Sharon was complaining of severe diarrhea, stomach cramps, and after battling this for weeks she was extremely tired. Her
doctor conducted a standard physical exam, and interviewed Sharon about her general health, diet, family history, and environment.
Her doctor performed laboratory tests of blood and stool matter, as well as X–rays of the upper and lower gastroesophageal tract (GI).Sharon had to
have a colonoscopy to obtain a biopsy of the colon. Sharon was diagnosed with Crohn's disease.
Crohn's disease, also called Regional Enteritis, belongs ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cells move from the blood into the intestines and produce inflammation which is a normal immune system response. The inflammation does not
subside, leading to chronic inflammation, ulceration, thickening of the intestinal wall, and eventually causing patient symptoms.
The tell–tale symptoms of Crohn's disease are abdominal cramps and pain, urgent need to move bowels, sensation of incomplete evacuation, severe or
persistent diarrhea, constipation which may lead to bowel obstruction, rectal bleeding, fatigue, weight loss, loss of appetite and malnutrition because
the disease causes inflammation of the lining of your digestive tract .Some other general symptoms may also include, fever, night sweats, loss of
normal menstrual cycle. Crohn 's disease can be both painful and incapacitating, and sometimes may lead to life–threatening complications. If you think
you are showing signs of Crohn's Disease, loss of appetite, weight loss, and feeling of low energy, and fatigue, schedule an appointment with your
doctor. Crohn 's disease in children may delay growth and development. Remember, only your doctor can render a diagnosis, so seek medical
attention if experiencing any of these symptoms because in more severe cases, Crohn's can lead to tears in the lining of the anus, which may cause pain
and bleeding. Inflammation may also cause a fistula to develop, which is a tunnel that

Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
1.Describe the pathopysiology of the disease you have chosen – What is the spectrum of disease/pathology the disease? Is the disease characterized by
inflammation, etc? Is it an infectious and/or chronic disease? If so what is the agent, its reservoir, mode of transmission etc.
Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic illness characterized by inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract (Wolf, CDC, Mayo clinic, health direct, NHS
choices). Patients suffering from inflammatory bowel disease usually face with severe chronic pain in their stomach, diarrhea, which may contain
blood, loss of appetite, joint pains, skin problems, fever, fatigue, etc. Symptoms can appear for periods of time and can appear in different ... Show more
Though anyone at any age can develop inflammatory bowel disease, the people between the ages of fifteen and thirty are more likely to get
diagnosed with the disease, with about 10% of cases occurring to individuals younger than eighteen (CDC). People who are direct descendents of
those with inflammatory bowel disease and other gastrointestinal problems are more likely to develop the disease themselves (CDC, Wolf, Mayo
clinic). Though anyone can develop the disease, inflammatory bowel disease is most common in those with a European and Jewish descent, who are
Caucasian, and those who are White (CDC, Wolf, Mayo clinic). Females are more likely to develop Crohn's, while males are more likely to develop
Crohn's (CDC).
Inflammatory bowel disease is more common in developed countries, with a greater frequency in urban areas than in rural areas, indicating
globalization to be a contributing factor for inflammatory bowel disease (CDC, Ghosh and Almadi). Australia seems to have one of the highest
incidence rates of the disease in the world with about 33,000 having colitis and 28,000 (health direct). Inflammatory bowel disease is also one of the
most prevalent gastrointestinal disease in the United States with the prevalence of the disease being greater than 200 cases per 100,000 and a total of
about one million to 1.5 million people having the disease currently (CDC, Wolf, Rubin et al).
4.What is the analytic epidemiology of the

Research Paper On Gastroenterologist
all normal activity and disease of the digestive organs comes under the study of Gastroenterology. So, If you are suffering from any kind of
abdominal pain or digestive disorder, you need to consult a Gastroenterologist . Gastroenterologist are physicians in the field of medical science who
are specialized in treating the ailments of human stomach, liver and pancreas. Many a times, symptoms are acute but sometimes, there can be
emergency. So, Here is a list of top ten gastroenterologists in Lucknow who have a good reputation and excellence in the field of gastroenterology.
Top 10 Gastroenterologists in Lucknow Dr. Lav Kumar Kacker Dr. Lav Kumar Kacker is a famous GastroIntestinal Surgeon and Gastroenterologist in
Lucknow. He has done ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
TARUN AGARWAL
DR. TARUN AGARWAL is a one of the best Gastroenterologists in Lucknow. He has pursued MBBS, MS, FIAGES. He has 14 years of experience in
this field. His specialization includes Surgery, Gastro Intestinal Surgeries, Lap Urosurgery, Vascular Surgery & Hernia. He practices at GOPI
KRISHNA LASER STONE CENTRE, Lucknow on MON – SAT Between 10:00 am– 12:00 pm & 6:00 pm – 8:00 pm.
Address: # B–1–3/ F Kapoorthala, Opp. Sahara Tower, Aliganj, Lucknow
Phone: 099350 06599
Dr. Prashant Verma
Dr. Prashant Verma is a one of the top Gastroenterologists in Lucknow. He has been practising in this field of medical science for many years. He
pursued MBBS and then went on to complete his MD in General Medicine, afterwards, did his DM in Gastroenterology. He specializes in gastric
Problem , Liver disease and Gastroscopy. He can be consulted at Shriram Memorial Hospital , Gomti Nagar, Lucknow on MON– SAT Between 08:00
AM – 1:00 PM.
Address: Ram Manohar Lohiya institute ,Vibhuti Khand , Gomti Nagar , Lucknow
Phone: +(91)–522–4918504
This article is written by Shokhi Shreya for Digimyx Infotech Pvt. Ltd.
Source:

Digestive Diseases And The Digestive Tract
"Digestive diseases are disorders of the digestive tract, which is sometimes called the gastrointestinal (GI) tract" (Eisner, 2014). "The gastrointestinal
(GI) tract is a flexible muscular tube that extends from the mouth, through the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and rectum to the
anus" (Whitney & Rolfes, 2012). During digestion, the body breaks down foods into nutrients to prepare for absorption. During absorption, the cells of
the small intestine take the nutrients and send them to the blood or lymph cells (Whitney & Rolfes, 2012). After absorption, the body uses the nutrients
for energy and building blocks for the cells. The digestive tract consists of: the esophagus, stomach, large intestine, small intestine, ... Show more
Some experience mild symptoms only happening occasionally after eating a certain food but many struggle with severe symptoms on a daily basis,
leading them to consume large amounts of antacids to try and get relief.
Acid reflux is very common. "The American College of Gastroenterology says that over 60 million Americans experience heartburn at least once a
month and at least 15 million as often as daily" (MacGill, 2015).
Acid reflux occurs when some of the acid content of the stomach flows back up into the esophagus. The stomach contains hydrochloric acid, which is
there to help aid in digestion and to protect against harmful bacteria. The gastroesophageal sphincter protects the esophagus from the acid in the
stomach by acting as a valve and not letting the acid back up into the esophagus. At times, the valve can fail and it allows the acid to back up into the
esophagus, thus creating the sensation of heartburn (MacGill, 2015).
There can be many different causes to acid reflux occurring. Having a hiatal hernia (a hole in the diaphragm which allows the upper stomach to enter
the chest cavity) can be a factor. Pregnancy can cause acid reflux due to the pressure being placed on internal organs. Lifestyle choices including:
obesity; smoking; lack of exercise; and high salt intake can all contribute to acid reflux (Macgill, 2015). Eating too much food or eating certain types of

Essay on Overview of Crohn's Disease
Description Crohn's disease is chronic inflammatory disease of the intestines however affects the entire digestive system, from the mouth to the anus
otherwise known as the Gastrointestinal Tract (GI Tract) [1]. Individuals affected by the disease are often young adults and adolescents aged 15– 35
[7]. Crohn's Disease is one of the two types of Inflammatory Bowel Disorders (IBD), the other being ulcerative colitis [3] and is usually located in the
lower part of the small intestines and the upper end of the colon. There is no exact cause of this disease however various stimuli can cause the disease
such as bacteria, genetics or Paneth cells [4]. Paneth cells are one of the four main specialised cell types found in the small intestine [6] ... Show more
This will actually allow doctors to see any abnormalities of the intestines such as narrowing, ulcerations, and sometimes fistulae of the bowel [8] and
even how much of the GI tract the disease is affecting [2]. Along, with the many benefits of this imaging test, there are some risks that are associated
with this diagnostic such as radiation. Radiation is a large factor in which can affect overall health and with overexposure to radiation can cause
mutations in cells developing cancers [2].
Symptoms
Symptoms would often appear in young adults and can either develop slowly or have a sudden onset [9]. They often vary depending on the person and
location of the disease; for instance, some may experience more of one symptom than another. Many common symptoms include, persistent diarrhea,
abdominal pain, fever, rectal bleeding, anal leakage, weight loss, abscesses (a localized infection), fistulas (abnormal tube connecting two hollow
organs such as the vagina and the colon), anxiety and depression. Many less common symptoms that would affect 1 in 3 people would be joint, skin
and eye inflammations [1]. This disease may also lead to other related illnesses such as perianal disease, as 25% of those who have Crohn's disease
may develop it [4]. However, one in three patients will experience other conditions with the anal area such as swelling of tissue of the anal sphincter
[2]. With many of these symptoms this

Gastroesophageal Reflux Research Paper
Gastroesophageal reflux What is Gastroesophageal reflux? Gastroesophageal reflux is a medical condition characterized by reflux of acidic juices into
the esophagus, resulting in symptoms of regurgitation (sour taste in mouth) and reflux (burning in the chest). This is an extremely common condition
in the United States. Factors such as obesity, alcohol use, tobacco use, certain medications, and various diets and lifestyle decisions increase your risk
of developing gastroesophageal reflux. Long term disease can lead to a precancerous condition called Barrett esophagus. Other serious complications
include esophageal adhesions, constrictions, and cancer. Some patients may ultimately develop difficulty swallowing and weight loss – which may...
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How common is gastroesophageal reflux? What are the symptoms and signs of gastroesophageal reflux? How is gastroesophageal reflux diagnosed?
How is gastroesophageal reflux treated? What causes Gastroesophageal reflux? Gastroesophageal reflux is caused by the reflux of acidic juices from
the stomach into the esophagus. This results in irritation of the esophageal lining – leading to chest burning and discomfort. Acid can also reach the
throat resulting in the sensation of a sour taste in the mouth (regurgitation). Symptoms often occur after meals and may be associated other features of
dyspepsia such as bloating and mild abdominal discomfort. Long term inflammation in the lower esophagus can lead to cellular changes that are
precancerous if the problem is not corrected or reversed – Barrett esophagus. Eventually chronic irritation can lead to adenocarcinoma of the lower
esophagus. Conditions that lead to acid reflux generally occur as a result of abnormal anatomic or pathophysiologic processes. Often times it is causes
by increased intraabdominal pressure, which facilitates acid backflow from the stomach to the esophagus. Some of these can include: Obesity
Pregnancy Abdominal

Clinical Overview : Esophageal Varices
CLINICAL OVERVIEW– Esophageal Varices
TERMINOLOGY
CLINICAL CLARIFICATION o Esophageal varices are abnormal, enlarged veins in the lower part of the esophagus. Esophageal varices develop when
normal blood flow to the liver is obstructed by scar tissue in the liver or a clot. Seeking a way around the blockages, blood flows into smaller blood
vessels that are not designed to carry large volumes of blood. The vessels may leak blood or even rupture, causing life–threatening bleeding.
CLASSIFICATION
Small varices and no hemorrhage
Hepatic venous pressure gradient в‰Ґ 10mmHg
Varices development rate 8% per year
Large varices and no hemorrhage
Hyper dynamic circulation
Progression from small to large 8% per year
Variceal hemorrhage
Pressure > Variceal wall tension
Esophageal hemorrhage 5–15% per year
Bleeding in patients with gastric varices is reports in 25% of patients in 2 years
Recurrent hemorrhage
Persistence of portal pressure and variceal status
DIAGNOSIS
CLINICAL PRESENTATION History
Patients are usually asymptomatic unless they bleed
Symptoms of bleeding esophageal varices include:
Vomiting blood
Black, tarry or bloody stools Physical Examination
If varices are related to liver disease, may see any of the following: Shock (in severe cases)
Yellow coloration of your skin and eyes (jaundice)

A cluster of tiny blood vessels on the skin, shaped like a spider (spider nevi)
Reddening of the skin on the palm of hands (palmar

Electroenterologist Vs Gastroenterology
Victimized allowed psychology to explain what we may say, act or feel. The mental health industry takes vulnerable victims from accidents and
convince them into believing that they are ill individuals.
Many traumatic life experiences are turned into continuous emotional problems. The individual is now told that their experience has weakened them
and to recover they must believe that their experience was traumatic. The person must face the issue, confront it and go through the psychological
process which is making him now believe that he was once a victim to a survivor.
A real victim does not want to be a victim at all. A woman who has been raped did not want to experience that. An individual who gets in a car does
not want to be a victim of a car accident.
No one ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Billing, or money is an important issue in the mental health industry. Surgeons operate on people to remove tumors or repair damage.
Gastroenterologists perform a procedure, identify the problem and treat the problem medically or surgically. Both of these have a defined problem
and a defined end. They are both paid for their service. However, on the other hand, with mental health, the practitioner gets paid as the patient keeps
returning. The gastroenterologist and the surgeon have a goal to fix the problem while the mental health professional's goal is to see the problem
continue so they can continue to listen... and to bill for services. Many as well as myself believe this is the very reason as to why patients can spend
years enduring psychotherapy and other forms of mental health care and actually be no better than when they came under care.
In 1991, while investigating National Medical Enterprises (NME), the Senator of Texas, Mike
Moncrief said, "We're the first State to turn the rock over, and it's frightening to see what's crawling out from underneath." In 1992, he told Congress,
"... we have uncovered some of

Gastroenterology Practice Management Model
Your gastroenterology practice needs cutting–edge technology specifically tailored to your patient population and care delivery model. With MediPro
solutions for gastroenterologists, you tap into the tools and resources you need to supervise patient care and facilitate efficient, accuate communication
with internal staff and external service providers. Gastroenterology electronic medical records (EHR) with pre–built templates for the most common
complaints and treatment planning support tools make it easier, and faster, for clinicians and staff to update records, electronically send orders, and
digitally share lab results and images. We know your practice has its own unique workflow and organizational goals. Our primary objective is to help
you leverage MediPro Gastroenterology Practice Management (PM) software to its full capacity, resulting in increased productivity, lower overhead
and improved patient experiences. Why Choose McKesson gastroenterology EHR software over other... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
You need solutions that not only save your staff time, but reduce operating expenses and improve patient compliance. With options like CureMD, Lytec
PM and Practice Choice, you have access to everything you need to streamline your organization without disrupting services during the planning and
implementation stages. What differeniates MediPro from other vendors is our award–winning training and customer service. You are never alone when
you partner with MediPro. From the intial EHR implementation planning processes through staff training and techincal support after you launch the
system, you can be certain our team is available to help you get the most from your PM software. Request a demo today to learn how MediPro
gastroenterology EMR software can help you reduce administrative burdens and improve patient

Malrotation Of The Gut Case Study
Volvulus (Malrotation of the Gut)
A malrotation of the gut occurs when something goes wrong during development the small intestine (gut or small bowel). When this occurs, the small
intestine is not fixed in the abdomen (belly). The intestines are held by just their blood supply. When the intestines become twisted, because they are
not fastened down, it cuts off their blood supply. It is much like a hose getting kinked. This loss of blood supply leads to damage to the gut. This
condition is also called volvulus.
SYMPTOMS
Most often this abnormality shows up during the first month of life. Sometimes it may not produce symptoms until adulthood. Usually the abdomen
becomes distended and there is vomiting of bilious material. This is greenish or bile stained vomitus. There is usually cramping and intermittent
abdominal pain.
DIAGNOSIS ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is an X–ray study using contrast material. Contrast material is something given to the baby by mouth that shows the inside of the stomach and
small bowel better. This X–ray shows an abnormal position of the first part of the small bowel located where the small bowel first leaves the stomach.
TREATMENT
A volvulus is a surgical emergency. This must be corrected immediately to preserve life.
The surgeon will untwist the intestine if necessary.
The surgeon will cut through the abnormal bands holding the organs in the wrong places.
The appendix will be removed. If the child were to have an appendicitis the diagnosis would be dangerously delayed because of the abnormal position.
After the operation, it is extremely unlikely the bowel will rotate again. The body has internal scarring called adhesions that hold things in

Chalazion Research Paper
Chalazion A chalazion is a swelling or lump on the eyelid. CAUSES This condition may be caused by: Long–lasting (chronic) inflammation of the
eyelid glands. A blocked oil gland in the eyelid. SYMPTOMS Symptoms of this condition include: A swelling on the eyelid. The swelling may
spread to areas around the eye. A hard lump on the eyelid. This lump may make it hard to see out of the eye. DIAGNOSIS This condition is
diagnosed with an examination of the eye. TREATMENT This condition is treated by applying a warm compress to the eyelid. If there is no
improvement after two days, it may be treated with: Surgery. Medicine injected into the chalazion. Medicine applied to the eye. HOME CARE
INSTRUCTIONS

Crohn's Disease Essay
This review will explain Crohn's disease and Ulcerative colitis, two types of inflammatory bowel disease that affect millions of people. These
diseases are chronic that affects certain parts of the intestine gastrointestinal tract. People who has this disease are troubled with a variety of side
effects that they will have to live with for the rest of their lives. To this day, there are no medical cure for these diseases, however there are several
treatment options that are helpful. These diseases are still being studied for researchers to fully understand the causes, possible preventions, and cure
for IBDs. Countless researches and studies are still under development, there have been many discoveries thus far, but nothing concrete.
Introduction
Inflammatory bowel diseases or IBDs affect "as many as 1.4 million Americans". Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis inflame certain areas of the
intestines that result into chronic and long–term complications in peoples' lives. Even though these diseases are not known to be lethal to humans, they
are unbearable to its victim. Both ailments can cause patients to "experience abdominal symptoms, including diarrhea, abdominal pain, bloody stools,
and vomits" 8. Both diseases result in painful ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A person's diet is not a cause for developing Crohn's disease, however it has to be adjusted to ease the complications. Diet needs to be adjusted
accordingly because it may aggravate the infected area and often symptoms flare up. There was a study done on ulcerative colitis and how diet may
be correlated with its reoccurrences. It discovered "[a] high meat, protein, or alcohol intake is associated with an increased risk of relapse which may
well occur because these foods are rich sources of sulphur and sulphate" (dietary factors) Further research is still being done with this

Gastroenterology
Gastroenterology or GI is the study of the digestive system and disorders of the digestive system. The digestive system consists of the mouth, pharynx,
esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Two common procedures of the
gastroenterology field include; Nissen Fundoplication or Nissen Fundoplasty and Gastrostomy Tube Placement. Another procedure that will be covered
is the Caesarean section, which is not a procedure of the digestive system, but of the female reproductive system. The Nissen Fundoplication has the
CPT code of 43327 and is described as "esophagogastic fundoplasty partial or complete, laparotomy". This procedure is used to treat severe
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and can be used on patients who are at a high risk for aspiration, due to swallowing difficulty or dysphagia. In
cases of GERD, the muscular value, sphincter, which is at the junction of the esophagus and stomach should prevent acid from flowing upwards,
however, in patients that need this procedure the value does not stop stomach acid from entering the esophagus. This causes burning pain or heart burn,
in many cases heart burn can be treated with medication, but in extreme cases ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The CPT manual describes this surgery as, insertion of gastrostomy tube, percutaneous, under fluoroscopic guidance including contrast injection image
documentation and report. The Gastrostomy Tube placement or G–tube is used as feeding tubes for patients who are having difficulty eating including:
malnourished patients and patients who aspirate food. The placement of the Gastrostomy Tube is through the abdominal wall into the stomach with the
use of a scope. "Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is a method of placing a tube into the stomach percutaneously, aided by endoscopy. This
technique was first described by Gauderer in 1980" (Gaurav Arora,

Gastrointestinal Disease
Stress and Gastrointestinal Diseases
Stress can cause mental disorders like anxiety and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), but it can also cause gastrointestinal diseases such as
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and peptic ulcer disease. I found the article The neurobiology of stress and gastrointestinal diseases which discusses the
correlation between the two.
Both chronic and acute stress can cause changes in the stomach. Acute life threatening stress episodes in adult life are an important risk factor in the
development of functional gastrointestinal disorders. Examples of a acute life threatening stress episode could be rape, post traumatic stress. Even
early life stress can play a major role in developing a disease in the future. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I also was in charge of many clubs and had to choreograph a hour–long dance routine for the band. Overwhelmed and tired, I went through these day
without sleep or a time to relax. I had diarrhea and nausea every day for weeks. My body was releasing a lot of noradrenaline, serotonin and cortisol
daily. My family doctor said I had IBS and possibly other gastrointestinal issues because I was losing the control over my anal and esophageal
sphincter while my intestine where swelling. I was "present with a pattern consistent with enhanced stress responsiveness manifested by predicted
autonomic and pain modulatory responses, and sensitized GC feedback". Now I learned to relax and to manage my time better to reduce my stress

Gastroenterology Associates: A Case Study
The organization chosen is Gastroenterology Associates. This is a physician's practice where I work everyday. As the administrative assistant I
notice a lot of what goes on throughout the office. Most of our employees sit for 8 hours a day straining their bodies as well as their eyes. I
constantly hear the employees complain of migraines as well as back pain. Sadly enough, by 2 p.m. most of the employees are exhausted.
Therefore, I chose this organization because it is close to home. I love my job and I really want to make it the best possible place to work. I care
about my employees and their health and that is why I decided to go with something familiar and something I can truly relate to. Sadly enough in the
United States, 1 in 4 white... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Then the employees would get to decide when they wanted their break. In the room there would be a guide to follow to give the employees an
idea on how they should be stretching their bodies. Not only would this give the employees a opportunity to give their brains a break, but also to
provide blood flow to all parts of the body. Next is the vision part of the program. In the office there would be different posters all around the
building to allow the mind to take a 20 second break to focus on something else. The posters would be abstract pictures that allow distraction on the
mind. These posters are called autostereogram, which is a single image designed to create visual illusion of a three–dimensional scene from a
two–dimensional image. Here the employees could give their brains a chance to relax and focus on something

Taking a Look at the Small Intestine
The small intestine is an important organ of the digestive system. It plays an important role in digestion of food as well as assimilation of the nutrients.
It is located in the central and lower part of the abdomen, between the stomach and large intestines. When the small intestine is stretched out, it is
approximately 7 meters long, making it the largest part of the digestive tract and is approximately 2.5–3 centimeters in diameter. The small intestine
should be taken care by a doctor that specializes in gastroenterology, also known as the gastroenterologist. The small intestine is divided into three main
sections: duodenum, jejunum, and ileum (Henry Gray). The duodenum receives the processed food, or chyme, from the stomach, bile from the liver and
gallbladder, and pancreatic juice from the pancreas. It then mixes these substances together and further breaks down the food into basic units. The
jejunum is the middle region of intestine and receives the broken–down chyme from the duodenum. It is where most of the absorption of nutrients into
the circulatory and lymphatic systems takes place. The ileum is the last region of the small intestine. It receives the nutrients that were not absorbed in
the jejunum and absorbs them before the indigestible food passes into the large intestine.
In addition to the structural divisions of the small intestines, its structures includes its wall (Henry Gray). The outer wall of the small intestines is
composed of smooth muscle tissue. The

The Function Of The Human Digestive System
The human digestive system is like a machine composed of many parts of the body that work together to turn foods and liquids into energy that the
body requires to function.
The digestive tract begins with the mouth. This is where the enzyme amylase is released to initiate the process of digestion.
The epiglottis is a small piece of tissue that covers the opening of the larynx.
Once food passes through the epiglottis, it goes to the gallbladder, a small pouch that stores bile. The gallbladder releases bile into the duodenum to
help digest fats in the food you eat.
The first part of the small intestine is called the duodenum. The word duodenum comes from the Latin word duodeni and means "12 each." The
duodenum was thought to be as long as the width of 12 fingers.
The middle section of the small intestine is called the jejunum, which is about 5 to 8 feet (1.5 to 2.5 meters) long.
The third part of the small intestine is called the ileum. It's also the longest tube, measuring 16 to 20 feet (5 to 6 meters) long.
It is called small intestine because of its width, not its length. The small intestine is actually much longer than the large intestine. The small and large
intestines form one continuous tube.
The large intestine consists of three parts, the cecum, the colon, and the rectum. The cecum is the pouch–like beginning of the large intestine. The
colon is the largest part of the large intestine and has three parts – the ascending colon, the transverse colon, and the

Registered Nursing
Registered nurses administer medical care to sick or injured individuals to help achieve health and prevent disease (Exploring Health Care Careers
818). A registered nurse is a nurse who has graduated with a Bachelor's of Science degree in nursing and has graduated from a nursing program at a
university or college and has passed a national licensing exam titled the NCLEX. They care for the sick and injured in hospitals and other healthcare
facilities, physician offices, private homes, public health agencies, schools, and camps. General responsibilities can include dressing wounds, providing
emergency care, administering medications and injections, maintaining records, and offering health counseling (Field 52). Registered nurses are... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Registered nurses must be licensed in the state in which they work. Nurses may be licensed in more than one state either by taking another NCLEX
examination or by endorsement of a license issued by another state (Field 53). Experience needed for success in the nursing field is acquired in the
clinical experience obtained in nursing school. Volunteering in a hospital is encouraged before pursuing a nursing career to ensure that nursing is
the field in which you want to become a member. Career fairs are often held in high schools, vocational schools, colleges, and hospitals so interested
students can explore the career options in nursing (Farr, and Shatkin 329). Approved education and clinical experience is required by employers
because several abilities are required to be a successful registered nurse. An individual working in the nursing field must learn special medical skills,
understand pharmaceutical language and information, and be able to communicate with patients and coworkers. Ill patients are often frightened by
their sickness. The most important personality traits of a good registered nurse are compassion, sympathy, empathy, and caring. Good communication
skills and the ability to follow orders exactly are necessary as is the ability to work with ill and infirm people (Fogg, Harrington, and Harrington). A
desire to help others is needed to be a successful worker in the healthcare department. Patients

Gastroenterology Research Paper
At our practice of Gastroenterology Associates in Providence, Rhode Island we strive each and every day to provide the patients with the best
possible care. In fact, practicing exceptional quality of care for all patients keeps them coming back to our practice allowing us to grow and to
continue to be successful. Therefore, there are so many stories that I have endured at my time at this healthcare facility, which has changed the
lives of so many people, which is one of the reasons on why I love my job so much. A story that I would like to share is when I first started working
at Gastroenterology Associates. I was one of the medical secretaries and it was my job to answer the phones, send the patients' messages to the
doctors as well as schedule appointments. After being there for a few months I got acclimated very quickly to this position. I knew a lot about the
importance of colonoscopies and why people need to get these when they turn 50 or even earlier if there is family history. According to Cancer Care
(n.d.), "Colonoscopy screenings are crucial because when found early, colorectal cancer is highly treatable and early stages of colorectal cancer usually
present no symptoms, which tend to appear as the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She was extremely worried that something was wrong because she was severely constipated and when she did use the bathroom there was bright
red blood in her stools. I'll never forget the day I spoke to her, she was not sure what to do. I calmed her down and told her not to worry. I felt as if I
had a type of connection with this patient. The only thing was is that our office is booking out two months in advanced especially for new patients. I
was not sure what to do in this situation. Her symptoms and age sounded like possible colon cancer. I felt stuck and I really wanted to help this
patient. I took her information down and went to go talk to the practice

Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Paper
Inflammatory Bowel Disease involves chronic inflammation of all or part of your digestive tract. Inflammatory Bowel Disease of the most part
consists of ulcerative colitis and crohn's disease, both indicating diarrhea, pain, fatigue, and weight loss. Inflammatory Bowel Disease can cause
someone's strength to weaken, and also lead to life–threatening complications and illnesses. The proper care for patients with Inflammatory Bowel
Disease can either be medical and/or surgical. The medical approach for most patients that has Inflammatory Bowel Disease can be both serving as a
symptom or sign, especially of something undesirable and mucosal healing. Inflammatory Bowel Disease is a chronic illness that many may not be
aware of, so knowing what ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Reducing the inflammation that triggers your signs and symptoms is the main goal for patients with IBD. Many types of medicine can help reduce
inflammation, including anti–inflammatory drugs, and drugs that suppress the immune system. There are five categories of medication used as part of
the treatment for IBD, such as biologic therapies, corticosteroids, amino salicylates, immunomodulators, and antibiotics. Currently, there are many
different types and options of treatment plans that can be prescribed by a physician to control the symptoms and signs of Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
Each of these treatments has certain actions and a number of side effects. In most cases, these medications may lead to symptom relief, and also to long
term recovery and reduce several risks of complications. Do not stop your treatment plan until the doctor instructs you to do so, or you have completed
your medication (American Gastoenterological Association). Inflammatory Bowel Disease treatment usually involves either drug therapy or surgery
(Clique Health).
Signs and symptoms of Inflammatory Bowel Disease can vary according to how severe the inflammation is and where does it occur. Inflammatory
Bowel Disease consists of several diseases, and it does not have a single cause to it. Inflammatory

Primary Causes Of Constipation
Review of Literature
Constipation is a common, yet complex symptom that may be idiopathic or manifest secondary to an underlying disorder. While it is generally not life
threatening on its own, constipation has a significant adverse impact on the comfort and quality of life clinically affecting about 10–19% of the
American population at any one time (Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle & Cheever, 2013, p.1286). A symptom rather than a disease, causation is defined as
either primary or secondary. Primary causes relate to the dysfunction of colonic motility,defecation, or both. Secondary causes of constipation are
related to medications, lifestyle, neuropathological problems, endocrine disturbances, metabolic or may be related to neuropathological issues
(Andrews & Storr, 2011, p.16B; Marples, 2011, p.41). There are two criteria that are used in the canon of literature related to chronic constipation. The
American College of Gastroenterology defines constipation as "a symptom–based disorder characterized by unsatisfactory defecation due to infrequent
stools, difficult stool passage, or both" (Gallegos–Orozco, Foxx–Orenstein, Sterler & Stoa, 2012, p.18). Used for symptoms that are ... Show more
Active transport channels in the intestines absorb sodium from the stagnant fecal slurry, which causes water and electrolytes the follow perpetually
dehydrating the fecal bolus. Meaning that the longer the stool remains in the colon, the more dehydrated the lumal content becomes – particularly in
dehydration states. This is often the cause for pebble like stools called scybalation that common present in constipation, and may contribute to
impaction if the stool continues to collect and grow in size (Andrews & Storr, 2011,

Celiac Disease Research Paper
Celiac Disease and Pregnancy
Larry Carter
Ohio University
Celiac Disease and Pregnancy
Introduction and Pathophysiology
Celiac disease is a disease of the human body that affects the absorption of micronutrients in the small intestines. This disease prevents the body from
absorbing various fat–soluble vitamins, certain enzymes, iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid by destroying the inside surface of the small intestines. This
malabsorption leads to unexplained weight loss, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and bloating which are the most common symptoms of gluten disease
(Rubio–Tapia, Hill, Kelly, Calderwood, & Murray, 2013). This disease is becoming increasingly prevalent in healthcare as practitioners are being
asked to screen for diagnosis ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
L. (2014). Celiac disease and preterm and/or low birth weight births. MCN: The American Journal of Maternal Child Nursing, 39(2), 88–95.
doi:10.1097/NMC0000000000000017
Rubio–Tapia, A., Hill, I., Kelly, C., Calderwood, A., & Murray, J. (2013). ACG clinical guidelines: Diagnosis and management of celiac disease. The
American Journal of Gastroenterology, 108(5), 656–676. doi:10.1038/ajg.2013.79
Stordal, K., Haugen, M., Brantsaeter, A., Lundin, K., & Stene, L. (2014). Association between maternal iron supplementation during pregnancy and
risk of celiac disease in children. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology: The Official Clinical Practice Journal of the American Gastroenterological
Association, 12(4), 624–31.e1–2. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2013.09.061
Szajewska, H., Chmielewska, A., PieЕ›cik–Lech, M., Ivarsson, A., Kolacek, S., Koletzko, S., . . . Troncone, R. (2012). Systematic review: Early infant
feeding and the prevention of celiac disease. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 36(7), 607–618. doi:10.1111/apt.12023
Wiener, R. R., & Wiener–Pla, R. (2014). Literacy, pregnancy and potential oral health changes: The internet and readability levels. Maternal and Child
Health Journal, 18(3), 657–662.

Essay On Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) is a chronic lifelong disease that causes inflammation of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. There are two most common
types of IBD, Chrohn's disease and Ulcerative colitis. The GI is responsible for digestion of food, absorption of nutrients, breaking down, and
elimination of waste from the body. The GI tract includes all of the parts of the body that digest food. It begins with mouth it follows down your throat
into the esophagus,through stomach, small intestine, large intestine,rectum, and it finishes with your rectum. Chrohn's disease and ulcerative colitis have
many things in common but they have some important differences. There is also a third type of IBD, indeterminate colitis can sometimes be diagnosed.
Chrohn's disease affect any part of the GI tract, from the mouth to the anus. It sometimes affect the end of the small intestine (the ileum) where it joins
the beginning of the colon. It may appear in patches, affecting some areas of the GI tract while leaving other sections completely untouched.
Inflammation may also extend through the entire thickness of the intestinal wall.
Ulcerative colitis on the other hand, It may be limited to the large intestine (colon). It can involve the entire colon,or may be limited to the lower colon.
It could spread continuously ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They may change over time or even dissapear for a while. You may not have every symptom and symptoms may not be the same for everyone. They
sometimes go away when the inflammation is under control. Common symptoms f IBD include, urgent need to go to the bathroom, frequent diarrhea,
somettimes bloody, poor absorption of nutrients, poor appetite, nausea, weight loss, feeling tired, pain in the abdominal area. It can sometimes lead to
symptoms outside of the GI tract such as joint pain and stiffness, mouth ulcers, fever which can indicate inflamation somewhere in the body, eye
irritation, skin

Virrhotic Patients: Evaluation Of Thyroid Dysfunction In...
Volume 5 Issue 8, August 2016 www.ijsr.net Evaluation of Thyroid Dysfunction in Egyptian
Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Cirrhotic Patients
Complicated with Portal Hypertension
Waseem M. Seleem MD, Fady M. Wadea MD
Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
Abstract: Introduction: Alterations in thyroid hormones regulation and metabolism are observed in cirrhotic patients with decreased serum
(T3).Objectives: to investigate the relation of these hormonal alterations to esophageal varices, portal hypertensive gastropathy
(PHG) and degree of liver dysfunction in Egyptian cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension. Material and methods: study included
124 cirrhotic patients and 62 controls, patients were stratified into: group I (62 patients) with esophageal varices and group II (62 patients) with
portal hypertensive gastropathy without varices, each group was classified according to presence or absence of bleeding into subgroup A and B
respectively. Grading of esophageal varices and PHG was done. Serum free T3 (FT3), free T4 and TSH levels were measured using
Electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Results: Cirrhotic patients had significantly lower levels of FT3 than controls (ps classes and in patients
with higher variceal and PHG grades. FT3 was significantly negatively correlated to oesophageal varices,
PHG grades and INR. Conclusion: FT3 level was significantly negatively correlated to the degree of hepatic dysfunction, grades of

Analysis of Case Study on Salix Pharmaceuticals

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Analysis of Case Study on Salix Pharmaceuticals