2. MEANING
Research design is a procedural plan that is adopted
by the researcher to answer questions validly,
objectively, accurately & economically.
DEFINTION
A research design is the program that guides the
investigator in the process of collecting, analyzing
and interpreting observations”
3. FACTORS OF RESEARCH DESGIN/ ESSENTIAL
OF A GOOD RESEARCH
It is plan that specifies the objectives of the study &
the hypothesis to be tested
It is an outline that specifies the sources & types of
information relevant to the research questions
It is a blue print specifying the methods to be adopted
for gathering & analyzing the data
4. The design which minimizes bias & maximizes the
reliability of the data collected & analyzed is
considered a good design
A design should be such that which yields maximum
information and provides an opportunity for
considering many different aspects of a problem
A good design is one which is flexible, appropriate,
efficient, & economical and so on
5. STEPS IN RESEARCH DESIGN
1. The topic of the study must be chosen appropriately
2. Verify other research designs prepared by different scholars
3. The judgment & rationality in deciding the topic must have the
priority as the cost & time are very important aspects
4. A design is subject to alteration
5. As the sample is an important aspect of empirical research,
once a method is decided, the researcher should stick on to it
throughout the research
6. ADVANTAGES OF RESEARCH DESGIN
1.Enables the researcher to Save time, energy, and money
2.Helps to prepare & execute various activity systematically
3.Helps for better documentation of the research activities
4.Ensures proper time schedule for the project
5.Provides confidence for the researcher to complete the
work
6.Presents a series of guide post to progress in the right
direction
7.Tell us what has to be done & how and when it is to be
done
7. Preparation of research design
What the study is about
Why is the study made
What is the scope
Objectives of the study?
Propositions to be tested?
Operational definitions
Place of the study
Reference period
Kinds and sources of data
Universe /population
Sample size
8. Sampling technique
Method adopted for collecting data
Tools for collecting data
Tools for analysing
Significance of the study
Type of report
Time period
Cost ?
9. ESSENCE OF RESEARCH DESIGN
1)Selection of research approach:
Type of study to be conducted
Modeling research should be used to find the best result &
constraints if any
Algorithm research should be used to find the optimal or
near optimal solution
10. 2) Design of sampling plan:
Right sample has to be selected from the population
Selection of sampling plan in turn affects the cost & time to conduct
the study & reliability of inferences of the study
Utmost care to be taken while selecting the sampling plan
Method: probability or non probability sampling
11. 3) Designing the experiment:
(a) Identify the response variable of the study.
(b)Identify the factors affecting the response variable.
(c)Write the model of the experiment
12. 4) Designing questionnaire
Identification of research issues and finalization of the set of
hypotheses.
formulation of a set of questions and then deciding about
the content and format of each question.
Deciding question wording depending upon the types of
the questions.
Arrangement of questions in the questionnaire in
appropriate sequence and also deciding the format of the
questionnaire.
Pre-testing questionnaire
Review of questionnaire for improvement
13. Study designs based on the number of contacts
Cross-sectional studies
Before – and-after studies
Longitudinal studies
14. THE CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
DESIGN
one-shot or status studies
most used design in social sciences
best suited to studies aimed at finding out the
prevalence (widespread) of a phenomenon, situation,
problem, attitude or issue, by taking cross-sections of
the population
useful in obtaining an overall” picture” as it stands at
the time of study.
extremely simple in design.
15. Appropriate for a study of the following
topics:
Extent of unemployment in a city
Consumer satisfaction with a product.
The attitudes of students towards the facilities in their library.
16. THE BEFORE-AND-AFTER STUDY
DESIGN
pre testpost-test design
can measure change in a situation, phenomenon, issue,
problem or attitude.
appropriate for measuring the impact or effectiveness of a
program.
may be either an experiment or non-experiment.
most commonly used designs in evaluation studies
17. Examples of topics that can be studied
using this design.
The effect of an advertisement on the sale of the
product.
The impact of incentives on the productivity of
employees in an organisation
18. THE LONGITUDINAL STUDY
DESIGN
How does longitudinal study design differ?
It measures or determine the change in pattern in relation
to time
It shows trend OR pattern of change
Example: you may want to ascertain the trends in demand
for a product
Trend in the effectiveness of an employment programme
