1. Dr. Arindam Sarkar , Department of Geography
Purash Kanpur Haridas Nandi College Website: https://pkhnm.ac.in/
Email ID: arindam.srkr1@gmail.com
Research Material
and
Methods
Dr. Arindam Sarkar
Department of Geography
Purash Kanpur Haridas Nandi College
arindam.srkr1@gmail.com
2. Dr. Arindam Sarkar , Department of Geography
Purash Kanpur Haridas Nandi College Website: https://pkhnm.ac.in/
Email ID: arindam.srkr1@gmail.com
Research Methodology
Data (Material)
Techniques (Method)
Research methodology
Research methodology is the specific procedures to identify,
process and analysis data or information about the concern research
topic.
Research methodology is full proof master plan to clarify the
method and process of data collection , mapping and analysis.
Research methodology is a cumulative study of how research has
been conducted scientifically.
There is little confusion about research method and methodology.
The method which is adopted by the researcher for fulfil research
called research method. On the other hand research methodology is
a systematic way to solving research problem.
3. Dr. Arindam Sarkar , Department of Geography
Purash Kanpur Haridas Nandi College Website: https://pkhnm.ac.in/
Email ID: arindam.srkr1@gmail.com
Nature and Character of Research Methodology
Validity and reliability of research can be identified
through research methodology.
Methodology is systematic as well as theoretical
analysis of the method used to conduct a research.
Research methodology indicate how a research
would been conducted?
Methodology can explain key research objectives.
Most of the geographic research is associated with
qualitative and quantitative method using primary and
secondary data.
4. Dr. Arindam Sarkar , Department of Geography
Purash Kanpur Haridas Nandi College Website: https://pkhnm.ac.in/
Email ID: arindam.srkr1@gmail.com
Question about Research Methodology
What type of data is required? Data type
Who to collect data? Surveyor
Whom from collect data? Respondent
How to collect data? Data collection method
Where to collect data? Location
When to collect data ? Time of data collection
How to manage or rectify data? Data management
How to analyse data? Data analysis
5. Dr. Arindam Sarkar , Department of Geography
Purash Kanpur Haridas Nandi College Website: https://pkhnm.ac.in/
Email ID: arindam.srkr1@gmail.com
Data Collection Method
Observational
Experimental
Simulation
Derived
6. Dr. Arindam Sarkar , Department of Geography
Purash Kanpur Haridas Nandi College Website: https://pkhnm.ac.in/
Email ID: arindam.srkr1@gmail.com
Content of Research Methodology
1.Data Collection
2. Data Processing
3. Data Analysis
4. Cartographic Representation
5. Mapping
6. Modelling
7. Dr. Arindam Sarkar , Department of Geography
Purash Kanpur Haridas Nandi College Website: https://pkhnm.ac.in/
Email ID: arindam.srkr1@gmail.com
Way of Data Collection
Primary Secondary
Interview
1. Individual
2. Group
Survey
1. Online
2. Of line
Observation
1. Direct
2. Indirect
Monitoring
1. Weather station
(Tem, Rain, RH,Pressure etc.)
2. Tidal station (Tidal height)
3. Fluvial station
(Discharge , Gauge height)
Sampling
Field
Measurement
Geospatial
Statistical
Others
Raster Vector
Attribute
1. Documents 2.Records 3. Scientific article 4. Report
5. Case Study 6. Thesis or Dissertation 7. Published map 8. Sketches
9. Photograph 10. Film or Video 11. Documentary
1. Data Collection
8. Dr. Arindam Sarkar , Department of Geography
Purash Kanpur Haridas Nandi College Website: https://pkhnm.ac.in/
Email ID: arindam.srkr1@gmail.com
Field Measurement
Slope Clinometers,
Abney’s level
Elevation Altimeter,
Dumpy Level,
Auto Level,
Theodolite,
Total Station
Bearing Prismatic compass
Location GPS,
DGPS
Soil Properties Soil Ph meter
Soil moisture
meter
Hydrological Current meter
Echo sounder
Rock or surface
soil resistance
Resistance meter
Variable
Qualitative Nominal (i.e. Name)
Ordinal (i.e. Rank , order, position)
Quantitative Discreet
Continuous
Sampling
Probability sampling Non-probability sampling
1.Random
2. Systematic
3. Stratified
4. Cluster
1. Convenience
2. Purposive
Quota sampling
Judgmental
9. Dr. Arindam Sarkar , Department of Geography
Purash Kanpur Haridas Nandi College Website: https://pkhnm.ac.in/
Email ID: arindam.srkr1@gmail.com
Data processing
Editing
Coding
Laboratory experiment
Classification
Tabulation
Laboratory experiment in
Geographical science
Sedimentlogy Grain size analysis
Pedology Physical and
Chemical properties
Cartography Mapping
Geoinformatics Mapping, Modelling
SEDIMENTOLOGY LABORATORY
DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY &
EARTH SCIENCES
HARRINGTON’S SOIL TESTING
LABORATORY
2. Data Processing
10. Dr. Arindam Sarkar , Department of Geography
Purash Kanpur Haridas Nandi College Website: https://pkhnm.ac.in/
Email ID: arindam.srkr1@gmail.com
Descriptive
Uni-dimensional Bivariate Multivariate
Measures of
Central Tendency
Measures of
Dispersion
Measures of
Skewness and
Kurtosis
Time series
analysis
Index number
Composite Index
number
One-way ANOVA
Simple
Regression
Simple
Correlation
Correlation
Co-efficient
Two-way
ANOVA
Partial
Correlation
Multiple
Regression
Multi-ANOVA
Factor
analysis
Cluster
analysis
Multiple
Discriminate
analysis
Statistical
Estimation of
Parameter values
Hypothesis Testing
Point estimation Parametric
Interval estimation Non-parametric
Data Analysis3. Data Analysis
11. Dr. Arindam Sarkar , Department of Geography
Purash Kanpur Haridas Nandi College Website: https://pkhnm.ac.in/
Email ID: arindam.srkr1@gmail.com
4. Cartographic representation
Cartogram Graph
One-Dimensional Two-Dimensional Three Dimensional
1 Vertical (Bar diagram)
2. Horizontal (Bar diagram)
3. Dot
4. Pyramid
Bar diagram
Simple
Compound
Composite
Square
Rectangle
Triangles Circle
1.Simple
2. Divide circle
Or Pie diagram
Cube
Sphere
12. Dr. Arindam Sarkar , Department of Geography
Purash Kanpur Haridas Nandi College Website: https://pkhnm.ac.in/
Email ID: arindam.srkr1@gmail.com
Cartographic representation
Cartogram Graph
Bi-axial (Line graph) Tri-axial Special
4. Cartographic representation
Open Polygon
1. Climograph
2. Hythergraph
Composite
1. Polygraph
2. Band graph
1. Arithmetic
2. Semi log
3. Log log
4. Exponential
5. Linear
6. Parabolic
Multi-axial
(Star graph)
1. Circular graph
2. Vector graph
1. Dispersion
graph
2.Ergo graph
Ternary graph
Three Dimensional Surface
(3D Surface)
13. Dr. Arindam Sarkar , Department of Geography
Purash Kanpur Haridas Nandi College Website: https://pkhnm.ac.in/
Email ID: arindam.srkr1@gmail.com
5. Mapping
Types of MAP
Thematic
1. Choropleth
2. Chorochromatic
3. Choroschematic
4. Isorithimic
5. Quantitative dot
6. Flow map
7. Diagrammatic map
8. Map showing Cartograms
9. Landform representative
10.Animated
Weather map Topographic map Geological map
1.Pre-monsoon
2. Monsoon
3.Post-monsoon
According to
Structure
According to age of
deposition
1. Horizontal
2. Uniclinal
3. Folded
4. Faulted
1. Single series map
2. Double series map
3. Triple series map
4. Multiple series map
1. Contour map
2. BPD
3. Drainage map
4. Block diagram
5. Vegetation map
14. Dr. Arindam Sarkar , Department of Geography
Purash Kanpur Haridas Nandi College Website: https://pkhnm.ac.in/
Email ID: arindam.srkr1@gmail.com
5. Mapping
Quantitative mapping
Residual mapping
Z-Score map
Location Quotient
Lorenz curve
Ginne Co-efficient
Mean Centre of population
Accessibility map
Population potential
Population projection
Crop combination analysis
Nearest Neighbour Analysis
Raster mapping
Mapping from
Earth Resource
Observation
Satellite data
LULC
Band rationing
(NDVI, NDWI,
LST, VI)
Mapping from
Elevation data
DEM
Morphometric
analysis
Vector mapping
Simple
Location
Line
Area
Network map
Road
Railway
Pipe line
Electricity
15. Dr. Arindam Sarkar , Department of Geography
Purash Kanpur Haridas Nandi College Website: https://pkhnm.ac.in/
Email ID: arindam.srkr1@gmail.com
6. Modelling
General model
Ground water modelling
Geological modelling
Geomorphological modelling
Geotectonic modelling
Urban modelling
SWATH Analysis
Hazard model
Flood modelling
Soil erosion modelling
Land slide risk zonation modelling
Forest fire risk zonation modelling
Tsunami Vulnerability modelling
Earthquake modelling
Disaster risk reduction model
RUSLE
Desertification modelling
Flow model Digital Surface Model
(DSM)
Tectonic Control Modelling
SL Index Structural Control Modelling
SPI , TWI
16. Dr. Arindam Sarkar , Department of Geography
Purash Kanpur Haridas Nandi College Website: https://pkhnm.ac.in/
Email ID: arindam.srkr1@gmail.com
17. Dr. Arindam Sarkar , Department of Geography
Purash Kanpur Haridas Nandi College Website: https://pkhnm.ac.in/
Email ID: arindam.srkr1@gmail.com