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1. Notes of Biology
Q1:Why is reproduction essential for organisms?
Reproduction is a fundamental feature of all living organisms. It is a biological process through which living organisms produce offspring's similar to
them. Reproduction ensures the continuance of various species on the Earth. In the absence of reproduction, the species will not be able to exist for a
long time and may soon get extinct.
Q2:Which is a better mode of reproduction sexual or asexual? Why?
Sexual reproduction is a better mode of reproduction. It allows the formation of new variants by the combination of the DNA from two different
individuals, typically one of each sex. It involves the fusion of the male and the female gamete to produce variants, which are not identical to their ...
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|It requires only one individual. |
|3. |The individuals produced are not identical to their parents and|The individuals produced are identical to the parent and are|
| |show variations from each other and also, from their parents. |hence, called clones. |
|4. |Most animals reproduce sexually. Both sexual and asexual modes |Asexual modes of reproduction are common in organisms having|
| |of reproduction are found in plants. |simple organizations such as algae and fungi. |
|5. |It is a slow process. |It is a fast process. |
Vegetative propagation is a process in which new plants are obtained without the production of seeds or spores. It involves the propagation of plants
through certain vegetative parts such as the rhizome, sucker, tuber, bulb, etc. It does not involve the fusion of the male and the female gamete and
requires only one parent. Hence, vegetative reproduction is considered as a type of asexual reproduction.
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Q7:What is vegetative propagation? Give two suitable examples.
Vegetative propagation is a mode of asexual reproduction in which new plants are obtained from the vegetative parts of plants. It does not involve the
production of seeds or spores for the propagation of new plants. Vegetative parts of
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2. Ap Biology Life Table
Results and Discussion Life table studies are predominantly used by researchers as a technique for estimating the growth of populations and
forecasting the size of a population. The life table supplies a Full description includes the specifics of development times, the survival rates of each
growth stage, and the fecundity and life expectancy of a population Yang et al. (2013). Host plant species are an essential agent in the outgrowth of
Mealybugs; the development of the mealybugs was considered as a symbol of the goodness of that host plant to avail as a food exporter for its
development. Most of our results are in assent with Patil et al. (2011) and Rashid et al. (2012). 1–Age–Specific Survival Life Table: Data present in
Tables (1, 2 and... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The mortality percentage of the nymphal stage record 30.02, 42.05 and 56.63% on H. helix L., P. tobira (Thunb.) and N. oleander L. respectively.
Generality of our results are consent with Tok et al. (2016) in Turkey, when they studied the life tables of the Madeira mealybug Phenacoccus
madeirensis Green were reared in the laboratory under control conditions on for ornamental plant species. The mortality percentage of the nymphal
stage record 1.0, 6.9, 10.8 and 11.1% on Cestrum nocturnum, Pelargonium zonale, Hibiscus syriacus and Hibiscus rosa–sinensis
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3. Advantages Of Wolf
DIVERSITY of LIVING THINGS
INTRODUCTION
Have you ever owned a dog? No? Well you have no doubt seen plenty of dogs before. Have you ever seen a wolf? Unlikely, but you must have at least
seen pictures on what wolves look like. You must have also noticed that though you could differentiate dogs from wolves, there were other little (and
sometimes not so little) similarities between the two animals. These similarities include height, facial structure, and even behavioral tendencies. That is
because both animals belong to the same genus but different species, each one similar and yet still different from the other. What sets apart each
species from others in its genus? What relates each of them to the other? These questions are what the study ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They exhibit different modes of nutrition. Some are saprophytes, feeding on dead and decaying organic matter. Some are autotrophs, using
photosynthesis or chemosynthesis to manufacture their food. Some obtain their nutrition from living tissue, harming the tissue in the process (parasitic
nutrition)
They exist in different habitats (air, water, and soil). Some even exist and thrive in harsh conditions
They come in different shapes: bacilli (rod–like bacteria), cocci (circular bacteria), vibrio (comma–shaped bacteria), etc.
Classified as gram–positive or gram–negative based on the thickness of cell wall. Gram–positive bacteria stains purple under the dye while
Gram–negative bacteria stains pink
Can be killed with antibiotics and can develop antibiotic resistance
They transfer their chromosomes through a sex pilus
Some bacteria exist as part of the normal microflora of the body
They cause diseases e.g. Vibrio cholerae causes cholera
They are used in food production e.g. Lactobacillus bulgaris for milk production, Saccharomyces cerivisiae for beer
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4. Mealybug Lab
INTRODUCTION
Mealybugs are small insects that belong to order Hemiptera and class Pseudococcidae, have 2000 species that belong to 300 genera. Mealy bugs are
named because of their waxy material that cover female body. These soft–bodied insects feed by sucking plants and belong to largest scale insects
family (Miller and Williams, 1997; Downie and Gullan, 2004). Mealybugs are sexually dimorphic, Males are winged and can fly easily while females
are wingless and can't complete metamorphosis. Males have two long pairs of white waxy tails. Male mouth parts are non–functional and live just for
short time 2–4 days (Anonymous, 2008). Research Objective
To determine the effect of newly synthesized chemicals against mealy bugs. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To evaluate which insecticide is best for the control of mealybugs.
To check mortality trends of mealybugs regarding to the concentration and time of exposure of insecticides. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Pseudococcidae comprises approximately 2000 species in 300 genera (Ben–Dov, 1994). They are found throughout the world except in Polar Regions
(Cannon 2006), but are most abundant in the tropics and subtropics (Ben–Dov, 1994). Their host preference ranges from grasses (Poaceae) to woody
plants (Asteraceae) (Ben–Dov 1994; Ben–Dov and German, 2003), and more than 20% of pest species might be polyphagous (Miller et al. 2002 ;
Downie and Gullan
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