exercise physiology Training for the female athlete, children and special population exercise physiology

1. Chapter 22:
Training for the Female
Athlete, Children, and
Special Populations
EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY
Theory and Application to Fitness and Performance, 5th
edition
Scott K. Powers & Edward T. Howley
Presentation revised and updated by
TK Koesterer, Ph.D., ATC
Humboldt State University

2. Objectives
• Describe the incidence of amenorrhea in
female athletes versus the general population
• List those factors thought to contribute to
“athletic” amenorrhea
• Discuss the general recommendations for
training during menstruation
• List the general guidelines for exercise during
pregnancy
• Define “female athlete triad”

3. Objectives
• Discuss the possibility that chronic exercise
presents a danger to: 1. Cardiopulmonary
system or 2. Musculoskeletal system of
children
• List those conditions in Type I diabetics that
might limit their participation in a vigorous
training program
• Explain the rationale for the selection of an
insulin injection site for Type 1 diabetics prior
to a training session

4. Objectives
• List the precautions that should be taken by
asthmatics during a training session
• Discuss the question “Does exercise promote
seizures in epileptics?”

5. Exercise and
Menstrual Disorders
• Amenorrhea
– Cessation of menstruation
– Due to multiple factors
• Amount of training
• Psychological stress
• Body composition

6. Exercise and
Menstrual Disorders
• Dysmenorrhea
– Painful menstruation
– May limit training due to discomfort
– No other reason to limit training during
menstruation

7. The Female Athlete Triad
• Amenorrhea
• Eating disorders
• Bone mineral loss

8. Incidence of Amenorrhea
in Athletes
Fig 22.1

9. The Female Athlete and
Eating Disorders
• Anorexia nervosa
–State of starvation to reduce body
weight
• Bulimia
–Pattern of overeating (binging)
followed by vomiting (purging)

10. Warning Signs for
Anorexia Nervosa
Fig 22.2

11. Warning Signs for Bulimia
Fig 22.3

12. Bone Mineral Disorders
• Osteoporosis
• Major causes:
– Estrogen deficiency due to amenorrhea
– Inadequate calcium intake due to eating
disorders

13. Training During Pregnancy
• Short-term, low-intensity exercise appears to
be safe during pregnancy
– Aquatic exercise may be a good choice
• Long-duration, high-intensity exercise should
be avoided

14. Sports Conditioning
for Children
• Cardiopulmonary system
– Improvements in VO2max similar to that of
adults
– No risk of permanent cardiovascular
damage as a result of training
• Musculoskeletal system
– Training may optimize growth in children
– Concerns of damage to cartilage
• Articular cartilage and epiphyseal growth
plate

15. Location of the Epiphyseal
(Growth) Plate
Fig 22.4

16. Competitive Training
for Diabetics
• Type 1 diabetics who are free from
complications
– Should not be limited in type or quantity of
exercise
• Safe participation depends on ability to avoid
hypoglycemia

17. Training for Asthmatics
• Asthmatics may safely participate in all sports
with the exception of SCUBA diving
– Provided that exercise-induced
bronchospasm is controlled
• SCUBA diving may be safe for those who
have normal airways at rest and do not
exhibit exercise-induced bronchospasm

18. Epilepsy and
Physical Training
• Mixed opinions on whether exercise induces
seizures
• Concern about injury
– Blow to head causing a seizure
– Injury during a seizure
• Participation in exercise should be
determined on a case-by-case basis
– Depending on type of epilepsy and sport
considered