Allograft Sterilization Methods Essay

Allograft Sterilization Essay
Response/Recommendation:
A combined method of allograft sterilization appears to be the best method to reduce the possibility of viral, bacterial and fungal infection as well as
preserve the bio–mechanical properties of the graft. Sterilization methods should involve a low dose of gamma radiation (<25 KGy), chemical
sterilization and antibiotic soaking. The use of radio–protective solutions (i.e. propylene glycol, dimethyl sulfoxide, mannitol and trehalose) can be
effective in reducing the risk of free radical attack to the collagen from the gamma radiation. Electron based radiation in combination with tissue
protective measure (i.e. low temperature, carbon dioxide) can be an alternative method of sterilization, but further studies are required to validate this
procedure.
Strength of Recommendation: Moderate
Rationale:
Septic arthritis after ACL reconstruction is a rare event, occurring in 0.14–1.8% of cases.1–3
Several studies have demonstrated a lower rate of deep infection after ACL reconstruction (ACLR) using allograft compered to hamstring autograft
tendons and equal possibilities with the use of bone patellar tendon bone (BPTB) autograft.4–8 The increasing use of primary allograft ACLR during
the last few decades9 can be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
HIV type I – II; HBV surface antigen; HBV core antibody; HCV antibody).17 The Nucleic Acid Testing (NAT) is the best test for screening HIV and
HCV, because seroconversion occurs 15 days after the first contact with the virus.17 Blood cultures are necessary to check bacterial and fungal
infection. Aerobic and anaerobic cultures last for a minimum of 15 days, according with the AATB and the FDA.18 The successive step is the tissue
retrieval, that it is performed in a sterile operating room with sterile technique.19 After that the graft is treated with a bactericidal–antimicrobial
disinfection solution. At this stage the graft cannot be considered sterile
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Bottle Sterilization Essay
Bottle sterilizers are unique machines intended to give an additional level of sterilization for your baby's bottles. You can more often than not
discover both electric units and units utilized as a part of the microwave, and many microwave units can likewise twofold as frosty water sterilizers.
The measure of water you will require and the time span sterilization takes will shift from unit to unit, however, so you will require the maker's
directions to decide correct sums. Your baby's body is sensitive all around so it is imperative to keep their condition as spotless as could be allowed.
The absolute most basic things that should be cleaned frequently are spoons, Sippy glasses, pacifiers, and baby encouraging bottles. Also, infants are
dependably figured out how to put different things in their mouth. Be that as it may, how about we concentrate on bottles and pacifiers.... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is not a powerful sterilization method and can prompt many issues. Not exclusively are you presenting your baby to the germs from the floor,
additionally the majority of the germs and microbes from your mouth. So it is constantly best to have additional bottle sterilizers such as sterilized
elastic areolas and pacifiers available. On the off chance that you are utilizing a bosom pump or recipe, in all likelihood, you will store the drain in a
bottle. This turns out to be particularly imperative to have sterilized bottles. Indeed, even while put away in the ice chest, unsafe microorganisms can
develop at a disturbing rate. So it is best to sterilize your baby bottle and store drain or equation before

The Role Of Sterilization On The Individual
For many centuries, countries have used forced sterilization for various reasons for their cultures. They have used this method of sterilization to help
control their populations, help grow their economies, and for their beliefs or laws within their countries. As for the United States, we have depicted our
country as the land of the free. "Our nation was founded on the premise that all human beings are created equal," stated Philip Roos, author of
"Psychological Impact of Sterilization on the Individual," "and possess inalienable rights" (45). However, some people would disagree because of
how our country has changed since it has become a country. People do not have the freedom in which some believe we should have. In addition, we
have advanced beyond most other countries when it comes to opportunities for our people.
According to the authors of "Federally Funded Sterilization: Time to Rethink Policy," Sonya Borrero, Nikki Zite, and Mitchell D. Creinin:
Female sterilization has been a popular method of contraception since the 1970's. Despite the relatively high utilization of sterilization in the United
States, there is considerable evidence that there is an unmet demand for the procedure among some segments of the United States population. In
particular, low–income women may face significant system–level barriers to obtaining a desired sterilization procedure. (1822)
Forced sterilization no longer means just sterilization with the element of not being able to have children

Laughlin's Sterilization Law Analysis
An example of how the pseudoscience being performed affected eugenic programs is through immigration reform. After 1890, the United States
experienced an influx of immigrants from central and southern Europe, the Balkans, Russia, and Poland (Allen, "The Ideology..." 25). Allen notes that
the older Anglo–Saxon and Nordic immigrants perceived these new immigrants as inferior. Henry Laughlin, Superintendent of the Eugenics Record
Office and a key figure in the American eugenics movement, conducted research on the rate of appearance of undesirable traits (Allen, "The
Ideology..." 25) and the percentages of the defective in institutions (Allen, "The Misuse..." 117). Laughlin organized his data by ethnic groups and
asserted that the correlations he saw ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Progressivism responded to the changes of the time period by enacting a series of social changes such as prohibition and women's suffrage. Martin
Pernick, a history professor at the University of Michigan, key characteristic of the progressive movement was its belief that science would be able
to address social problems (26). Pernick also relates progressivism with the "development of modern propaganda" in that propaganda presented
information that would influence public opinion on an issue. Propaganda played a large part in popularizing eugenics among the public. Among other
measures, exhibits were set up to present eugenic ideas to school groups and the general public, popular eugenics organizations were established to
expose citizens to eugenic ideas, and articles were published for the average reader to present eugenics as logical and scientifically based (Allen, "The
Misuse..." 115). This attitude produced an environment in which the public was more receptive to a movement like eugenics that masqueraded as a
scientific solution for dealing with the degenerate portion of the

Pet Overpopulation Is A Serious Problem
Did you know about 25 million puppies and kittens are born into the United States each year? That's more than 50,000 born each day in this country
alone. Twenty five million pets produce yearly greatly exceeds the amount of willing families to take care of these animals that are born into the
world. Even though, these massive amount of litters may in fact be completely healthy there is just not a sufficient enough of homes for this animals
to be place in. statically reported by the humane society of the united states in October 2011 6 to 8 million animals who have no place to call their
home are put into animal shelters. Unfortunately, due to the excessive surplus of these animals about half which is 3 to 4 million only make it out
alive. The other half left to be euthanize by the shelter to make room for the new incoming animals. This turns out to be one animal euthanize every 8
sec. Pet overpopulation has been a serious problem throughout the nation for many years. The on ongoing cycle of bring unwanted litters of pets into
the world makes it extremely difficult to reduce the amount of animals being euthanize across the nation each and every day. It's important for people
to understand the need to spay and neuter their family's pets and all pets in general, all though people don't understand that need its extremely important
to take into account that these thousands of wanted any unneeded animals being born into the world each day will statically end up homeless, place in

Sterilization Research Paper
Wash and Sterilization Process
Washing and sterilizing surgical instrument and materials are extremely important in the practice of asepsis. Sterilizing all surgical instrument and
materials prevents surgical sight infections. Over many years, there were many different ways the sterilization process was preformed. Many
microbiologists and physicians took part in the discovery of and importance of the sterilization process. Today there are many steps to sterilizing
surgical equipment.
Before people knew what caused infection and many people died from surgical procedures. "In ancient times, demons and evil spirits were thought to
be the cause of pestilence and infection. Methods involving witchcraft and magic were used to drive them away." (Skellie, 2010) In 1450 BC ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Today there are many precautions that are taken to insure that the equipment used in hospitals and other heath care facilities are washed properly before
being sterilized. Shortly after the surgical procedure, the soiled and contaminated equipment is sorted and is taken to the decontamination room. The
decontamination team then should be properly downed in attire used to handle blood and other contaminants. The instruments and other equipment are
rinsed off and soaked in cool sterile water with an enzymatic detergent. Using saline is not advised as this permanently damages the instruments. Each
instrument should be individually scrubbed to help eliminate debris. This starts off the washing process. Many facilities invest in washers like the
water–decontaminator to minimize manual cleaning. Another means of washing instruments is called the ultrasonic washer. This washer used sound
waves by, "converting high–frequency sound waves into mechanical vibrations" (University of Rochester Medical Center, 2016). This allows small
microbes to free itself from the surface of the

Steps in Banana Shoot-Tip Culture
In this era of science and technology, inventions are being made to improve the economic marketing especially. One of the new inventions is from
agriculture sector, which is plant tissue culture. Nowadays, banana tissue culture is one of the famous inventions created by agriculturist. Robinson and
SaГєco (2010) mentioned that, banana is ranked second among the other fruit in most important fruit crop since it is high fruit production and high
demands in the market. As elaborated by Singh, Uma, Selvarajan and Karihaloo (2011), there are five steps in banana shoot–tip culture namely
selecting of sucker, sterilizing of instruments, medium and environment, introducing the explant to Murashigee Skoog (MS) medium, sub–culturing
the callus, and lastly is weaning and hardening of plantlets. (refer to Figure 1 in Appendix 1) The first step in banana shoot–tip tissue culture technique
is selection of healthy sucker. During this stage, a healthy sucker is chosen when it is about four months of age. The healthy and young sucker is
selected because they have higher rate differentiation, which helps them to grow rapidly. Then, the outer tissue and the root of the sucker is pared
away until the size of meristem tissue is suitable to the size of petri dish, which is about 1.0 to 2.0 cm diameter (Singh et al., 2011). Next, the tissue is
sterilized with bleach and it is rinsed with distilled water for three times. The second step is sterilizing of the instruments, medium and environments.

The Pros And Cons Of Forced Sterilization
Forced sterilization, also called eugenic sterilization, is a procedure commonly performed on women as a way to permanently prevent that woman from
having future children, and is still being practiced today in many countries around the world, including the United States.
Sterilization abuse is a practice in which the woman is either unaware she is being sterilized, or she has been coerced or deceived into getting the
procedure done by either being told it is a temporary or reversible procedure, or being told that by not consenting, there would be negative impacts to
her immigration, housing, government benefits, or parenting.1 This method, which has been documented in the United States starting around 1907,
was commonly used on poor, disadvantaged, unwed, mentally disabled women, children, and even some men, including many people within a minority
group, as a way to control their fertilization and combat overpopulation.
This gave the government the ability to decide who was incapable of regulating their own reproduction abilities which is what was used to justify the
use of forced sterilization in these groups of people. It wasn't until the 1970's that federal legislation passed a sterilization policy to prevent sterilization
of women without their consent, but the caveat to this was those women who it applied to were those who received government assistance for medical
care.2 This was their way of making an attempt to allow women to have control over their reproductive

Human Rights Violations In Australia
Human rights violations occur all around the world whether it's the genocide of millions because of beliefs or if it's the fact that people are left with
restrictions that others are not affected by, similar to the segregation that previously existed in the United States . One violation of human rights that
occurred in Australia that has caused controversy was the sterilization of disabled women in Australia. This sterilization caused an uproar because of
the violation of a woman's right to produce offspring, regardless of her mental status. This forced sterilization on the mentally disabled women of
Australia became a situation in which the UN became involved because of the violation of human rights. Globally, it it considered inhumane to ... Show
This organization this day has continued to fight for the rights of many disabled young women inside the queensland. This organization has made
many contributions to fighting this unjust law and liberating many different disabled young women of being forced to not be able to bear their own
child. This organization has been for the past twenty years the only source of help for any of the disabled women inside of australia. It is not only
australia that has had such a heinous law even years ago this was a necessity inside of many countries within Europe and the Americas as well. Even
going as far into the americas. This law was not outlawed in the us until the early 2000. Inside canada aswell this has been seen but those government
has been able to power through and rise above such laws. The possibility that such a law can possibly still be passed and exist inside the U.S is
extremely dumbfounding. This company was the source of intervention within the entire country. This is almost entirely the main reason that to this
day the sterilizations have not come to continuously

Female Labor Force And Sterilization Practices
I would like to compare and contrast the subject of the Female Labor Force and Sterilization Practices. As the progressive era began, there are a lot
of changes for the women's labor force with respect to politics. They were stronger because they stood up for themselves, refusing to be victims
any longer and they did so by way of going on strike and making demands (Dubois & Dumenil, 2016). The labor force at this time was 18.3% of
women, which when compared to the 2014 statistic of 57%, shows a substantial increase over this period of time ("Women in the Labor Force,"
n.d.). Wage rates for the women in the early 1900's continues to be approximately half of what the men earned, as well as there was a division
between occupations and business sectors between the sexes so women were not given many options in the labor force. Many single women were
limited to working in factories or domestic labor. However, as time progressed, more opportunities such as clerical positions, which were once a
male dominated field, began to open for women. This gave them steady wages, clean and safe working conditions but eventually had a similar setting
as factories and some were even paid per piece wages. Eventually, by the 1920's, there were even professional fields opening up for the educated female
workforce. This gave women personal independence as they were in positions such as medicine, law and teaching to name a few. However, these
professional women would begin to have problems as we

Eugenics And The History Of Medical Ethics
"It is impossible to understand the history of eugenics and its enduring legacies in California outside the framework of Chicana/o history". Sterilization
practices in Puerto Rico and California, pre– and post– legal eugenics can be examined through the context of eugenics and the history of medical
ethics. "Although steady or increasing rates of sterilization in some cases reflected women's demands for birth control, the lines between voluntary and
coerced were often quite blurred" and a case can be made that negative eugenics were being implemented on a societal level in both countries.1
It is impossible to talk about eugenics in the United States and Puerto Rico without some context of the history. With the troubled history of... Show
Years and much unethical conduct in the United States later the Belmont Report established ethical guidelines for treating patients in 1979. The main
three principals are respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. These categories include things like informed consent, weighing risk to benefit, and
fairness. It also established rules behind informed consent such as all information must be available and comprehensible to the patient and coercion
never being acceptable. This and Principles of Biomedical Ethics by Beauchamp and Childress, which came out in the same year, marked a major
turning point in the laws regarding ethical medical practices in the United States. However, the underlying principle of medical ethics had been around
since 1780 or so when Hippocrates directed physicians "to help and do no harm".
Puerto Rican birth control regulation gained official support in 1937 when the reason for the sterilizations moved to being about health reasons instead
of economic reasons. However, poor health is often caused by poverty so these are really one and the same. This movement was also an attempt by the
government to keep the "surplus population" low. Post–partum sterilization was encouraged but birth control clinics also became increasingly common.
Studies were conducted that showed a "demand" for permanent sterilization after which the US government openly supported Puerto Rico's efforts.
However much of this

Forced Sterilization And Its Effects On Society
Shortly after the turn–of–the–century, nearly two–thirds of states in America enacted laws that required sterilization of various criminals, mentally ill,
epileptics, alcoholics, and sufferers of poverty (Largent, 2011). All of this effort was exerted to prevent undesirable children from being born. It was
justified by the assumption that unfit people aren't capable of adequate parenting; therefore their offspring would be a financial burden on society.
Strong ideals and dogma were the weapons chosen by eugenicists to get involuntary sterilization legalized.
Depending on who is in power politically at a given time, certain people in society are vulnerable to abuse. This author will focus on the topic of
forced sterilization in America, as there are certain people in this country that are still coerced and forced into sterilization.
Background
The topic of eugenics is broad in nature and can mean anything from human sterilization, reproductive genetic technologies (RGT), selective breeding,
restrictions on marriage and withholding assistance from the poor and sick. All of this effort is exerted to protect society from the unfit, inferior and
ultimately to improve the quality of the gene pool (Camporesi, 2015).
Historical perspective
After Charles Darwin published his book "On the origins of species" in 1859, evolution became a hot topic of discussion; the notion of the human
race improving itself by selective breeding started to spread (Winfield, 2012). For years

What are Aseptic Techniques?
Introduction
Aseptic techniques were practised by microbiologists in order to eliminate unwanted microorganisms in their working environment, protecting those
microbiologists from the potential pathogenic microorganisms and preventing the contaminations of microorganisms to the working environment
(Henretig & King, 2008). One of the ways for practising of aseptic technique is the sterilization of lab equipment such as glassware; liquids such as
diluents can be sterilize using the autoclave machine, which using moist heat or saturated steam for sterilization (Henretig & King, 2008).
The moist heat autoclave machine uses steam as an agent of sterilization. It is ideal for the elimination of bacterial spores than using dry heat. The
bacterial spores of bacillus stearothermophilus using in this experiment is a thermophilic bacterium in which it's range of optimum temperature of
55–60В°C; when the autoclave machine was set to a temperature of 121В°C, pressure of 101kPa and it was operated for 15 minutes . Thus, the
bacterial spores can be destroyed and eliminated in such conditions in the autoclave machine (Parija, 2009). The complete sterilization can be achieved
if the parameters of the autoclave were followed.
During the autoclaving process, bacteria were exposed to high temperature generated by the autoclave machine, high pressure was produced in order to
produce a high saturated steam. The steam produced is expanded by the water volume of 785 times, thus a little volume of

Animal Sterilization
Benefits of Sterilization for Companion Animals Everyday young and healthy pets are brought into animal shelters all across the country either as
strays, owner surrenders, or lost pets! Our society has an overpopulation of dogs and cats who will be homeless in these shelters each year, because
of irresponsible owners not sterilizing them! According to, Monique L. Voelker, she compares the number of newborn infants to baby animals, as a
society we will see 10,000 babies born on the same day as 70,000 puppies and kittens (Animals Abused and Abandoned; Surviving Against All Odds,
Monique L. Voelker, Science Non–Fiction). While these births continue, there simply will not be enough homes for the animals. By keeping our pets
(females) spayed... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Millions of pets start off living their lives this way by being homeless and strays... Facebook has all kinds of visual aids about what is happening across
the world. Beloved family pets are STOLEN, LOST, or alongside strays who are EVEN KILLED BY CARS DAILY! By NOT spaying orneutering
our pets severe consequences like this occur which is very wrong to ignore! Non–profit organizations throughout the United States of America include
special prices or offer free sterilizations to the public for their furry loved ones. Yet, again no one chooses to do so otherwise, either to breed their
pets for money to make profits or want puppies of their own to keep... Breeders who breed specific types of dogs, I.e. Labrador Retrievers, German
Shepherds, Golden Retrievers, etc. for additional law enforcement and disability services do have good qualities. Although, many of the billion
excellent candidates in shelters are euthanized with no options to be trained for these government services. Shockingly, most neglected dogs are the
BEST suitable ones for training, since they have had the worst already handed to them. Dogs can sense positive behavior outcomes from training with
professionals. They feel a one–way ticket to freedom and happiness at a fresh new start in life! Monique L. Voelker, explains the number of animals
who enter the shelter is between 8–12 million, while 5–9 million dogs and

Essay On Sterilization
Disabled, underage girls who are involuntarily sterilized in Australia Sterilization has been a way for the government to exert control and has been
throughout history. On a global level, sterilization has been used but most practices have been abolished in the 20th century as they the impacts of
such a practice was discovered.. The United States abolished sterilization in the 1950s as they had used it is as a means to control individuals that
were considered inferior or dangerous. Eugenics, the practice of removing all social problems by eradicating the ability to reproduce of those who are
disabled, was accepted as Americans cbelieved that it helped 'clean the gene pool.' Despite this belief, the United States ultimately outlawed the
practice. In contrast, Australia allows the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They stated that sterilization prohibited mental deficits from entering the gene pool and due to its simple procedure, it was not an inconvenience to the
economy and people of Australia. However, the report failed to indicate that sterilization was occurring without the formal consent of a legal guardian
or without the knowledge of the victim. Symbolic of pre–war Australia, the practitioners and the government were not scrutinized by the public and
were therefore not held responsible for their actions. Furthermore, due to the belief in eugenics, a bias of the Australian community prevailed as
people regarded the loss of reproductive rights as a practice that benefited society as a whole. Legal cases and jurisdictions by courts have promoted the
knowledge of the practice amongst citizens of Australia. Justice La Forest, a supreme court judge in Canada, debated the methods in which courts
handled sterilization in 1986. He emphasized the need for caution when talking of the loss of reproductive rights as this was essential when discussing
someone who had been affected. Furthermore, he emphasized that the courts need to separate their judgements from how society

Eugenics, Derived From The Greek Word Eugenes Meaning Well...
Eugenics, derived from the Greek word eugenes meaning well born, is defined as the study or belief that by encouraging people with good genetic
traits to reproduce and discourage those people with less desirable traits the human race can benefit. There were certain groups of people who were
affected by these sterilization laws, including people that were mentally disabled or ill and those from socially unacceptable areas of life, that were
adopted in 32 states starting in the 1930's. These sterilizations were done on over 350,000 people in the span eleven years between 1934 and 1945
(Kaelber), leading the United States into one of the darkest parts of our history.
Gregor Johann Mendel was an abbot at the St. Thomas' Abbey in Brno, in the modern day Czech Republic. He is credited as being the father of genetics
because of his work crossbreeding pea plants in order to favor certain traits such as height, color, and pod shape. He worked in the late 1850's to the
early 1860's. Even though farmers had been doing this similar practice for centuries, his experiments established many of the heredity rules we now
refer to as Mendelian inheritance. Around this time another theory of genes was coming out from a man by the name of Sir Francis Galton. Galton is
credited as the "Father of Eugenics" and is also known for the popular phrase "Nature vs Nurture". Galton studied the upper class in Great Britain and
believed came to the conclusion of their "superior genetic makeup" was

sterilization Essay
The only way to ensure that sterilization has occurred is to use the biological monitoring methods. This is because these are the only tests done which
show whether or not actual microbial life has been killed. Biological methods are the only ones which are recommended by the CDC (Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention), the AAMI (Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation), the AMA (American Medical Association),
OSHA, and OSAP (Office Safety and Asepsis Procedures Foundation)
Biological monitoring is basically evaluating a sterilization process by rendering highly resistant bacterial spores biologically inert. The highly ... Show
After exposure they are incubated along with an unexposed or control group of spores for the same period of time. If sterilization has occurred the
spores which were exposed will not multiply. The control group should grow microorganisms and display a change in color. If this does not occur, then
it's spores have been inactivated and the test is invalid. This is because if the control spores were inactivated, it is possible the spores which were
exposed also became inactivated prior to sterilization. Every item sterilized in the load with the indicator involved in an invalid test is considered
unsterile. This is the case whenever there is an uncertainty about either the indicator of the control.
Biological testing should be done often. The CDC recommends one spore strip test per sterilizer per week. The biological indicator should be
placed in the center of the largest and most difficult to sterilize pack. The pack should then be placed horizontally in the lower front portion of the
of the sterilizer chamber to make the sterilization process as difficult as possible. Testing should be done repeatedly every time a sterilizer is
calibrated, repaired, or relocated to make sure the machine is working correctly. It should also be performed whenever a new type of packaging
material or tray is used, after training new sterilization personnel, and after any change in sterilizer loading procedures.

The Cruelty Of Animal Overpopulation
in cages for long time and sometimes for a year so they are being forced to euthanize the animals.("Animal Rights Uncompromised: 'No–Kill' Shelters,"
n.d.). Large numbers of animals are simply abandoned in the streets suffering from a lack of basic care such as food water shelter and veterinary
care.("Companion Animal Overpopulation," n.d.).
There is a cruel contribution to the animal overpopulation of companion pets, specially the ones living on the streets. People are well known to
always be dissatisfied with their pets for many reasons so it is easy to find animals left in the shelters just because they are unwanted. The continued
suffering of animals that are left on the streets causing the uncontrol of many diseases and more proliferation is in fact a people responsability. Many
unwanted companion pets with a good health are killed every day just as a results of the pet overpopulation. Starvation, disease, freezing and roadkill
are some of the consequences of the cruelty through animal overpopulation. Abandonment and neglect is one form of animal cruelty. Dogs and cats
abandon are experiencing continue suffering for days or weeks and sometimes they can die; therefore, in broward county animal cruelty is against the
law (Reporting Animal Issues, n.d.). Another way of cruelty is the pet cloning.The protection animal and welfare is against the pet cloning whose
every day is given arguments on why people wants to do a reproduction of an animal companion.There are

Eugenics: Involuntary Sterilization Debate
Cousin of Charles Darwin and a respected British scholar, Sir Francis Galton, first used the term eugenics, meaning "well–born" or "good genes" around
1883 (Berson & Cruz, 1998). Building off of Darwin's theory of natural selection, he believed that the human race could positively direct its future by
either breeding or sterilizing select individuals who had specific traits. Galton was convinced that an upper class position in society was largely due to
good genes. The actual practice of eugenics, the act of involuntary sterilization, began in the United States as a means of population control with the
goal to reduce the transmission of undesirable traits. Initially, sterilizations were targeted towards the mentally ill or disabled, criminals,... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Forced sterilization is seen at a tool of repression by some even though official records indicate that the most of the women had requested the
procedure, there is no way to tell how many of these had been coerced by their family or their social workers into making that decision, or if the record
was falsified (Kaelber, 2014). Later it was discovered that it was not uncommon for African American women to be sterilized during other medical
procedures without their consent or knowledge (Kevels, 1995). In reality, most people subjected to these sterilizations had little to no choice, and
because the program was run by the government, they had little chance of escaping the procedure. Herein lies the largest controversy regarding
eugenics – coercion. "The right to reproduce without interference from third parties is one of the fundamental freedoms recognized by international
law and moral theories from a host of ethical traditions" (Caplan, McGee, & Magnus, 1999). During its brief history, the practice of eugenics had
sought to limit the bodily self–determination of American citizens and to increase the power inequities present at the

Forced Sterilization On Women During The United States
Forced sterilization on women
"In the United States, 15 states have laws that fail to protect women with disabilities from involuntary sterilization" (Against her will). Sterilization of
disabled women in the United States should not be allowed. It denies disabled women the rights of having children. It is sexist to force women to get
sterilized but men do not have to get sterilized. Women should have the right to have children, no matter if they have a disability or if something is
wrong with her. The United States has used forced sterilization along with other countries in North and South America, along with places such as Asia
and Africa. "Fifty–six percent of women surveyed reported being pressured by medical professional to prevent ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
"The rate of sterilization found in this study was twenty–three percent overall, is slightly less than the twenty–five percent rate found in the previous
similar study" (Boroditsky, Fisher and Sand). "Minority women, who more frequently experience unintended pregnancy, may choose tubal
sterilization in response to prior experiences with an unintended pregnancy" (Unintended Pregnancy ...). Doctors should not sterilize anyone who is
not able to make the decision on their own and let them decide for them self. "Take steps to ensure all women enjoy full sexual and reproductive
rights and have access to full range of acceptable reproductive health service" (Forced sterilization). In the state of Kansas between 1913 and 1961,
Kansas practiced forced sterilization on mentally unstable women." In addition to laws regarding sterilization, several marriage restriction bills were
proposed in Kansas as part of the eugenics movement. Although they were never enacted as state law, marriage bills were proposed in 1915, 1917,
and 1927, demonstrating the popularity of eugenic ideals." (University of Vermont...Kansas). Dr. F. Hoyt Pilcher performed 150 sterilization in the
Kansas State Home of the Feebleminded. Between the years 1913 and 1916 there were 1,274 women sterilized in Kansas. In the year 1921,
sterilization in Kansas was at its all–time lowest. Between the years 1950 and 1963, sterilization in Kansas was at its peak. It is

Sterilization Law
Forced sterilization of people during the holocaust remained another major issue. Many people died due to the procedures for sterilization
(Friedlander 30). Also, the Nazi's did not only sterilize Jews, they sterilized the mentally ill and those of mixed race (Forced Sterilization). Although
the Nazi's conducted this horrible event, they were not the only one, nor the first. Hitler and his cabinet approved the first eugenic law only six months
after his taking over of office. This law stated that handicapped people could apply for sterilization, but physicians, doctors, and nurses could also fill
out the application (Friedlander 26). The "Sterilization Law" interpreted the significance of decontaminating the German race of all genetic... Show
A German psychiatrist, August Forel, tried to support sterilization of the mentally ill by stating that it is, "a national sacrifice similar to that of a
soldier in the time of war" (Evans 106). Also, gynecologist, Edwin Kehere, sterilized female patients that he believed should no longer be allowed to
bring lesser children into the world. Psychiatrist, Ernst Rudin, even suggested sterilization of alcoholics (Evans 106–7). The court's decided that forced
sterilization could take place even against the will of the person. In 1934, the court sterilized 62,463 people; while in 1935, the court sterilized
71,760 people then again in 1936 the number went back down to 64,646. Two thirds of the members on each hereditary court held a profession in
medicine so each sterilization case remained a disguise for the procedure (Friedlander 27). Of the people sterilized, fifty–two percent were diagnosed
with congenital feeblemindedness, thirty–two percent schizophrenia, fourteen percent hereditary epilepsy, etc (Friedlander 29). During the years of
1934 and 1936, three hundred and sixty–seven women died during a sterilization procedure while only seventy men died. Also, in 1934, only half of
the intended sterilization procedures occurred (Friedlander 28). Overall, the

Sterilizing Delicate And Heat-Chemical
1. Explain some of the problems involved in sterilizing delicate and heat–sensitive instruments such as endoscopes, catheters, etc. *
Although sterilizing instruments for procedures is an effective way to reduce the risk of contamination, not all instruments are able to endure the level
of heat with this process. Many endoscopes, for example, are flexible to allow for the ease of movement in the body and are not made of sturdy
material, but delicate ones. The heat used in sterilization could potentially damage the instrument creating a vehicle for bacteria to enter the body. Some
delicate pieces could be destroyed and manipulated and introduce bacteria during a procedure, jeopardizing the health of a person. Catheters, especially
indwelling ones, must be sterile to ensure the prevention of the introduction of bacteria to a patient/person. Made of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Visibly soiled hands (bodily fluids, etc.) should and must be washed with soap and water to substantially rid the hands of microbes. Studies found that
hand sanitizers with an alcohol content of 60–95% can kill germs effectively (instead of hand washing) compared to those hand sanitizers that contain
less than a 60% alcohol concentration or those without alcohol. Growth of microbes or bacteria present on the hands may be inhibited, but will not
completely rid their presence. They may still stay on the hands and not completely "wash off," like that during the process of rinsing during hand
washing where water will rinse them off the hands and into the sink. Bacteria like Clostridium dificile or E. coli are familiar organisms present in the
healthcare settings and may not be effectively removed by hand sanitizers (those with alcohol content) alone. They may still be found in the crevices
of the hand or ridges in between the fingers and can sometimes spread to the wrist area and forearm if not properly

The Pros And Cons Of Eugenics
Eugenics is the science of improving the qualities of the human species or a human population by controlled breeding to increase the occurrence of
desirable heritable characteristic traits and decrease the occurrence of undesirable characteristic traits or genetical defects (Webster, 1828.) Eugenic
sterilization refers to the involuntary sterilization of certain categories of individuals without their need for consent by those subjected to the procedure
(Pozgar, 2012, Pg. 411.) Individuals classified as mentally deficient, feeble minded, epileptic, promiscuous, sexual deviants, or persons classified as
habitual criminals were mainly targeted (Pozgar, 2012, Pg. 411.) Eugenicists argued degenerate traits tainted society through the reproduction of the
lowest class and sterilization was to keep the "handicapped" from perpetuating themselves (Kaelber, 2014.) In addition, eugenicists also argued that
"feeble–minded" individuals were believed to be financial burdens to society by overcrowding prisons, hospitals and living off welfare (Kaelber, 2014.)
Sterilization was seen as a way to prevent the spending of tax dollars on the "feeble– minded" (Kaelber, 2014.) These arguments allowed Eugenics to
become an acceptable practice. Advocates believed that getting rid of the "feeble–minded" and mentally deficient would decrease the undesirable
characteristic traits within the human gene pool and ultimately improve the human population. The very first sterilization law was passed in

The Effects Of Sterilization On The Dog
Introduction It might have been too soon when Bryan et al. concluded that the sterilization could effect canine in a negative way. Study of Bryan et
al. missed some important points in researching the effect of sterilization. The effect of the sterilization was on a hot debate for decades. After the
research done by Ru et al. on the correlation between sterilization and the risk of osteosarcoma in canine, more and more studies were conducted to
closely examine the possible negative effect of the sterilization on the dog. Those researchers only focused on the rate of developing a certain
neoplasia or joint disorder, which have high value in presenting the possible harm of the sterilization of canine, but if, as well known, sterilized... Show
It is often recommended to sterilize the canine in the early–age because the level of hormone is lowest before the first heat. Moreover, animal care and
control facilities take a huge part in increasing the rate of sterilization, and animal care and control facilities often neuter puppies as early as 7 weeks of
age or before adoption to control the pet populations. Sterilization is an effective surgery that could control overpopulation, other factors must be
considered in the terms of the health of the canine. Although the sterilization of the canine is very common in the United States to prevent the
overpopulation and the possible health hazards, including the mammary gland and prostate cancers, it may not prevent it, but also raises the negative
effects. Although the neutering effects on the canine cannot be generalized because there are huge variations between each breed, some of the negative
effects can be prevented by neutering the canine at different life stages. Even though neutering has been performed for quite a time, the overall effects
of sterilization on the health of the canine is not clear. Although prostatecancer was found to be significantly higher in the sterilized male canine, this
could be only because the sterilized canine has longer lifespan or higher chance of being obese. Since when the disease occurred and why sterilized
canine tends to get more BCS has a close relationship with gonadal hormone, when the gonadal hormone was

The Sterilization of Native American Women in the 1970's...
The Scythe and the Scalpel: Dissecting the Sterilizations of Native American Women in the 1970's In the old days, genocide used to be so simple.
Such things as biological warfare used to keep Indians warm with small pox infested blankets furnished by the United States government, and the only
thing barren and infertile was the land set aside for reservations. In the 1970s, genocide became a little more complex. Biological warfare invaded the
reproductive rights of Native American women, making their wombs as barren and infertile as reservation land. The sterilization policies during this
time perpetuated the genocidal tendencies that have made the eugenics movement a viable legacy of terror in the biological history of Native ... Show
4). In fact, the federally funded Indian Health Service, the very agency that was supposed to protect and provide for Indians, was the perpetrator of
these sterilizations.
The American Indian Policy Review Commission's report on the health of Native Americans said it best when they stated,"the federal responsibility
to provide health services to Indians has its roots in the unique moral, historical, and treaty obligations of the federal government, no court has ever
ruled on the precise nature of that legal basis nor defined the specific legal rights for Indians created by those obligations" (DeFine 1997 p.4). Thus,
the Indian Health Service has always worked in strange and ambiguous ways.
By the time sterilization for both the poor and minorities became an official sanction in 1970, and reservation populations became main targets of this
policy, the IHS was ready to initiate its campaign against Indian women. Policy turned into perpetration, and people turned into victims.
For example, in 1970 a twenty six year old Native American woman went into the office of a Los Angeles doctor and asked for a "womb transplant"
(Johansen 1998). She was devastated when she was told that

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Sterilization
V.Sterilization:
Sterilization is considered an optional permanent birth control method. Although both female and male sterilization procedures can be reversed
surgically, the surgery is technically more difficult than the original procedure and may not be successful. regarding reverse of sterilization, success is
noticed to be better with tubal reanastomosis than with reanastomosis of the vas deferens. a– Female sterilization:
Around 1 million American female are sterilized either by surgery on the fallopian tubes or by hysterectomy each year. Female sterilization counteracts
fertilization by disrupting the fallopian tubes.
Sterilization may be achieved surgically in the postpartum phase with a small transverse infra–umbilical incision or throughout the interval phase.
Sterilization during the interval phase can be performed with laparoscopy, laparotomy, or colpotomy. The methods of fallopian tube sterilization
include occlusion with Falope rings, clips, or bands; segmental destruction with electrocoagulation; or suture ligation with partial salpingectomy.
The up–to–date type of female permanent sterilization is the Essure system. This type of sterilization inhibits fertilization by disturbing the ... Show
Females who experience the Essure system technique have need of a backup method of contraception during the first 3 months. It is a permanent
method of contraception, and later on the clints may regret the decision, especially female younger than 30 years. Regret is difficult to be measured
because it incorporates a complex variety of feelings that can be changed over time. This assists to explain that why "regret" have reported in 26% of
females in some survies, less than 20% seek reversal and less than 10% actually undergo the reversal technique. To remove the Essure microinserts for
any reason, a major surgery is needed, requiring an abdominal incision and, most likely, general

Sterilization In Canada
Canada is a country that is undergoing advancements in all regions day–to–day. This growth has also changed the mentality of people towards getting
married and having kids, there has been a drastic decrease in the fertility rate of Canada during the last 100 years; furthermore, the shrinkage of
families are linked to factors like medical advancements, economic trends, historical and psychological reasons etc. We will discuss some of the major
factors a family takes into consideration while planning about expanding their family.
CHANGES IN LAW
Changes has happened in the areas of birth control, adoption and sterilization during the last decade. Contraceptives were found illegal, liable to serve
a two year jail sentence under the criminal code until July 1 of 1969 (Mary, 2014), even jailed a druggist in Canada for selling condoms. Women then
had to rely on folk recipes and illegal abstinence to control fertility. Elizabeth bagshaw one of the first female doctors in Canada campaigned for the
notion that female should have the right to prevent ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The main objective for this was "well raised and genetically superior" children to be born in the next generation (Canada's human rights history, n.d).
Alberta was one among the few provinces that legalized sterilization known as the sexually sterilization act due to many reasons like anti–immigration
motive or objection to federalization. Sterilization was usually allowed in certain grounds of undesirable physical and mental conditions which had
the fear of inheriting and for the people who was judged as unsuited to raise and bare children. Now among Canadian married couples, where the wife
is over the age of 35, nearly two–third of them are protected by sterilization (Balakrishnan,

Female Sterilization Essay
Sterilization was a racialized procedure because the procedure targeted minorities, more specifically women of color. Female sterilization is "an
irreversible and controversial form of fertility control that most often involves the surgical cutting or tubal ligation of a woman's fallopian tubes" (Ruiz
& Korrol, 2006). Sterilization was important for the eugenics movement and sterilization of females helped eugenics move forward. Eugenics was
intended to stop individuals deemed unfit from reproducing in hopes of keeping the human population pure. "Eugenics, like birth control was a
program for making working–class families healthy, for improving the condition of the country and it stood in contrast to the racialism of tropical
medicine" (Briggs, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A study done by Novak et al. displayed that a disproportionate number of Latinos were sterilized between the years 1920 to 1945. The rates of
sterilization after 1945 did not decrease but remained just as high. The primary victims of sterilization were women of color and sterilization
procedures took place in abundance in the United States as well as Puerto Rico. In this essay, I will examine women of colors experiences of forced
sterilization in the U.S and Puerto and see how the experiences compare.
In Puerto Rico: A People Challenging Colonialism, it was said that more than 35 percent of Puerto Rican women of child bearing age had been
sterilized. This statistic reporting the highest rate of female sterilization in the world at that time. Between 1972 and 1973, sterilizations had increased
by 180% in hospitals in predominantly Puerto Rican neighborhoods. Population growth in Puerto Rico was a concern for U.S government since 1930
and in 1937 the Puerto Rico Legislature passed a bill that legalized sterilization. Until the mid–1960's, sterilization was seen as the only way to limit
Puerto Rican family size. Given the islands overpopulation problem, it seemed as if sterilization was the only option for Puerto

Pasteurization Is Not Sterilization Essay
1. Explain, in detail, the meaning of the following statement. "Pasteurization is not sterilization"
These two method of microbial control are used for different purpose, while sterilization is used to keep instruments, equipment, materials and objects
free from harmful microorganisms, viruses and bacterial endospores, pasteurization is used keep food and beverages from spoiling by killing
pathogens and reducing the number of spoilage microorganism. During the pasteurization of food products, not all microorganism is destroyed,
thermoduric and thermophilic prokaryotes can survive. However, they do not represent a health risk for consumers because theses prokaryotes are not
commonly pathogenic. Also, pasteurized foods are refrigerated right away and stored until consumption.2. Describe at least two methods of microbial
control in depth and give examples of their uses (use the unit 7 PowerPoint as guidance)
A)Sterilization is method of microbial control that involves killing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To sterilize items, they must be immersed in a solution for the required time specified by the manufacturer to be sporicidal. All chemical solutions have
pros and cons. These chemicals are: peracetic acid, glutaraldehyde, and formaldehyde.
B)Disinfection is a less–lethal process than sterilization and is intended to kill disease–producing microorganism but not bacterial endospores. A
chemical that kills microorganism but not spore is called a disinfectant. Several types of disinfectant are available:
Phenol and phenolics: They are intermediate to low–level disinfectant. They work by denaturing proteins and disrupting the cell membranes of
microorganisms. They are used in healthcare settings, but they have disagreeable odor and may cause skin irritation in some patients. EX. Carbolic

Persuasive Essay On Stray Animals
Most people have, at some point in their lives, encountered a stray animal of some kind. It is common to see stray animals such as dogs or cats
roaming around cities and neighborhoods, sometimes becoming a burden to the residents of those areas. Oftentimes, people will take pity on these
animals and adopt them as their own. However, as the feral animal population grows, it is becoming increasingly difficult to accommodate all of the
homeless pets. There are around 70 million stray animals in the United States (Pepelko, 2014). This is a sizeable amount of animals and it continues to
grow each day. There are many proposed solutions to this issue such as euthanasia, an increase in the amount of shelters, or stricter regulations on
adopting animals, but there is one solution that stands out: sterilization, otherwise known as spaying (for females) and neutering (for males).
Sterilization is the best solution to the growing stray animal population because it eliminates the possibility of unwanted litters, stabilizes feral
colonies, and decreases shelter populations. There are about 94 million cats and 90 million dogs kept as pets in the United States ("Facts Statistics",
n.d.). Of all of these animals, 1 in 3 will get lost in their lifetime ("Alleviating Concerns", n.d.). If an unspayed female cat or dog becomes lost outside,
they are likely to become pregnant. Whether or not the animal returns home, the result is an unwanted pregnancy. When animals are left out in the

Sterilize Mexican American Women
In California, the state with a eugenic programs so intense that it even inspired the sterilization programs in Nazi Germany, the racist controlling image
of the reckless breeder was even more pronounced. The Eugenics program of California is reported to have been responsible for 20,000 eugenic
sterilizations taking place in state institutions, a staggering number in comparison to the total recorded eugenic sterilizations in the United states which
is reported to be 60,000 including California. Mexican American women were possibly one of the greatest targets of California's Eugenics program
which described Mexican Americans as "the states foremost racial problem" (Lira and Stern 15). A 1930 California population census found Mexican
Americans ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This portrayal of African American women has led to direct mistreat and an encroachment upon their reproductive rights but subjecting countless
African American women to forced sterilizations. During this time, well–known biologist Garret Hardin popularized the idea that receiving
government assistance gave the government ability to sterilize African American women. Harding argued "supporting children gave the government
the right to strip their parents of the capacity to produce more." (Roberts 89). This belief ignited a wave of forced sterilizations across the United
states. Women such as Dorothy Waters directly felt the consequences of the Welfare Queen image. During her last visit prior to the delivery of child
Waters was told by her doctor she had consent to a sterilization operation before he would deliver her baby, saying "Listen here, young lady, this is
my tax money paying for this baby and Im tired of paying for illegitimate children. If you don't want this sterilization find another doctor" (Roberts 92).
Dorothy Roberts in Killing the Black Body argues that these sterilizations took place because doctors who

Sterilization Laws Of The United States
Sterilization legislature was enacted on the state level with the goal of physically preventing the procreation of individuals deemed to be unfit, mainly
handicapped persons or criminals. Though the nature of these laws did not outright target certain races or social classes, a disproportionate amount of
the individuals sterilized were non–white or of immigrant background. Prominent eugenicists and eugenic organizations in the U.S. played a key role
in lobbying for state sterilization laws. Harry H. Laughlin, superintendent of the Eugenics Record Office, drafted the American Model Eugenical
Sterilization Law in 1922, which served as a model for many sterilizations laws in the states (Berenbaum, 1998). By 1926, 23 states had passed
sterilization laws that were voluntary and/or involuntary in nature (Sofair, 2000). Laughlin and other eugenicists called for the sterilization of
institutionalized individuals under the assertion that their "genetically inferior" traits would be passed to their progeny and be an economic drain on
the state. Many states complied, and by 1935 over 30 states had some form of sterilization law with over 21,000 compulsory sterilizations performed
(Allen 1997). Though the eugenic nature of these laws was stressed by eugenicists, it was acknowledged that the political support of such laws were
greatly financially motivated. Another important legislation passed by the U.S. was the Immigration Restriction Act of 1924, which was the first
immigration quota

The Effects Of Eugenic Sterilization
Eugenics Sterilization, developed by an eminent scientist, Francis Galton, is the science of improving the qualities of the human species or a human
population by controlling breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable characteristic traits and decrease the occurrence of undesirable
characteristic traits or genetical defects (Bergman, 2000). Eugenic sterilization refers to the involuntary sterilization of certain categories of individuals
without their need for consent by those subjected to the procedure (Pozgar, 2012, p. 411). Eugenic Sterilization has ruined thousands of lives and
impacted individual in multiple ways.
Individuals classified as mentally deficient, feeble–minded, epileptic, promiscuous, sexual deviants, or persons classified as habitual criminals were
mainly targeted (Pozgar, 2012, p. 411). Eugenicists argued degenerate traits tainted society through the reproduction of the lowest class and sterilization
was to keep the "handicapped" from perpetuating themselves (Kaelber, 2014). In addition, eugenicists also argued that "feeble–minded" individuals
were believed to be financial burdens to society by overcrowding prisons, hospitals and living off welfare (Kaelber, 2014). Eugenic Sterilization was
seen as a way to prevent the spending of tax dollars on the "feeble– minded" (Kaelber, 2014). These arguments allowed Eugenics to become an
acceptable practice. Advocates believed that getting rid of the "feeble–minded" and mentally deficient would decrease the undesirable characteristic
traits within the human gene pool and ultimately improve the human population (Kaelber, 2014). The very first eugenic sterilization law was passed
in 1919 but it was never put to use (Kaelber, 2014). Many worried that the law was unconstitutional and there the State feared putting it into practice
(Kaelber, 2014). The landmark 1927 United States Supreme Court case of Buck Vs. Bell served as a catalyst for many eugenic sterilization programs
across the Country (Scott, 2015). In 1929, The North Carolina General Assembly passed new sterilization laws (Kaelber, 2014). It stated that "the
governing body or the responsible head of any penal or charitable institution supported wholly or in part by the State

Surgical Sterilization
In the healthcare environment, all instruments and equipment must be sterilized and appropriately packaged prior to use. Instrument preparation and
wrapping is an important part of surgery as they help tame infection and disease with patients undergoing surgical procedures. As surgical
technologists, it is important to know how to properly prepare and wrap instruments because within the life of a scrub nurse they may also have to do
just that when no other personnel are available and it also aids when trying to determine if the object is safe to use on the surgical patient. Any item
that is used on or inside a patient in the surgical setting must go through a rigorous process that includes being cleaned, checked for damage, and
prepared for... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Surgical technologists must be able to identify if instruments have been prepared and packaged properly in order to maintain their sterile field and
ensure the patient's safety. Knowledge of instrument preparation and wrapping is a must for a scrub nurse in order to correctly identify what
instruments are safe to use and what are contaminated and can't be used on patients. Surgical technologists may also have to sterilize their own
instruments or equipments at times, so this knowledge comes in handy when there are no other personnel to help along with the process. Concisely,
instrument preparation and wrapping is one of the most basic and significant aspects of surgery as it determines whether or not an instrument, implant,
or any other equipment is safe for use on a patient. There are various sterilization methods and packaging alternatives, however all medical tools must
be correctly prepped and wrapped in their appropriate container. Instrument wrapping and packaging are essential in uphold aseptic

Topic: Birth Control
You and your classmates differ widely in your familiarity with this topic. 1) You may be unmarried and have not thought much about it yet. 2) You
may be married with a family and have used birth control at some point. 3) Some of you have been badly disappointed by some method of birth
control. 4) You may viewbirth control use as unscriptural. Can you see the high value in doing some research on this as a group and then–lovingly,
humbly and modestly–sharing your conclusions with each other? This could be a tremendously valuable board especially for the younger members of
the class. This is an opportunity for ministry!
To prepare for this board, do research using four reference sources:
Scriptural statements about life's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Avoid exceptional personal experiences by generalizing from the four reference sources above.
Writing your Thread
1a. Either: Represent your choice using three numbered sentences: Sentence 1 (very short) states the category you have chosen. Sentence 2 (using
many phrases) explains the principle virtues of your category in light of the above 4 criteria. Sentence 3 lists the single greatest limitation of your
category. No personal experiences/stories, please. Limit is 100 words total over the three sentences.
1b. Or: If you categorically will/would not use any birth control method, use your sentences in the following way: 1) State your position and give a
Biblical passage (reference only) that urges you toward your position. 2) Explain which category of birth control least offends you and why. 3) Explain
which category of birth control most troubles you and why.
For your Replies:
1. Your first reply will be two numbered sentences that critique any thread representing a category of control, or position on birth control generally, that
you find less/least desirable.
2. Your second reply (later in the second week) will be two numbered sentences to anyone who's replied to your own thread.
3. Should no one reply to your thread, you must reply to a second thread. Replies should critique threads supporting different categories/positions from
your own. Do not simply repeat someone else's criticisms of a thread.
4. If few

Medical Ethics And Medicine Ethics
Medical profession has always been an occupation of helping and healing people and medical ethics have become an inseparable part of it for
decades. The first advanced concepts of medical ethics, which have reached our modern world from the depths of centuries, were recorded in an
ancient Indian book "Ayurveda" (which translates as "Knowledge of life, "Science of life"). The book has summarized the concepts ofmedical ethics,
along with the instructions for a doctor to be compassionate, friendly, kind, enduring, calm and to care about people. "Even with the price of his/her
own life the doctor must protect and improve patient's health" stated in the book. Further improvements were made to medical ethics later in ancient
Greece and concepts were summarized in "Hippocratic oath".
Unfortunately, not all the doctors follow the concepts of medical ethics. Nowadays there are hundreds and hundreds of medical ethics cases around the
world and we will try to analyze a particular one in a particular country.
"In the early 1990s there have been several reports of Uzbek government forcing medical professionals to perform sterilization on women without
acknowledging them" states the Harvard International Review Journal. For the past couple of years experts on human rights have been trying to "turn"
everyone's attention to forced women sterilization in Uzbekistan. Despite many reports, warnings and questions raised be human rights organizations
like UNCAT (united nations committee

Sterilization and Disinfection in a Dental Office Essays
There are two important things to do in a dental office in order to prevent cross infection. These two forms are sterilization and disinfection. According
to the CDC and the Food and Drug Administration before either of these forms can be used you have to clean the instruments. This can be done either
by hand or by using an ultrasonic cleaner.
(http://www.maexamhelp.com/instru_sterilization.htm)
Even though both sterilization and disinfection are both important there is a big difference between the two. Sterilization is the process of killing all
microorganisms. Where disinfection is the process of destroying pathogenic organisms or rendering them inert. The centers for disease control says
there is one cardinal rule for infection ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When using they system OSHA requires a material safety data sheet on the chemical vapor solution. The reason behind this is because of the chemicals'
toxicity.
Essentials of dental assisting by Debbie S. Robinson – Doni L. Bird Fourth Edition Chapter 8 page 120. (this is for the bio) The third is dry heat. Dry
heat is one of the earliest forms for sterilizing. This form is as it sounds, dry heat utilizes hot air that is either free from water vapor, or has very
little of it, and where this moisture plays a minimal or no role in the process. The way dry heat sterilizes is by coagulating the proteins in any
organism, thus causing drying of cells. Dry heat can even burn them to ashes. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_heat_sterilization The last form of
sterilization I am going to talk about is cold sterile. The reason for cold sterile is not all items can go into heat sterilization. Liquid sterilant, such as
2% to 3.4% glutataldehyde, must be used for this type of sterilization. In order for the cold sterile to work the items must be fully submerged for no
less than 10 hours, anything less than that would only be disinfection. This form of sterilization also requires a material safety data sheet due to it being
a chemical.
Essentials of dental assisting by Debbie S. Robinson – Doni L. Bird Fourth Edition Chapter 8 page 122 Disinfection is intended to kill
disease–producing microorganisms.

Sterilization In Australia
The act of removing a woman's ability to have a child, also known as sterilization, is a common way for governments to exert control over their
people. Globally, sterilization was used as a way to control social behavior, but most practices were abolished in the 20th century. Forced sterilization
was declared "an act of violence, a form of social control, and a clear and documented violation of the right to be free from torture" due to the clear
discriminatory practice that harmed victims both psychologically and physically (Frohmader, Australian Civil Society). Despite this, sterilization is an
ongoing practice in Australia originating in the early 20th century. Australia has permitted social and legal negligence when it comes to the sterilization
of disabled women due to societal pressure and inconsistencies within the law.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Medical Journal of Australia declared in 1931 that they supported sterilization. They stated that sterilization prohibited mental deficits from
entering the gene pool and due to its simple procedure, it was not an inconvenience to the economy and people of Australia. However, the report failed
to indicate that sterilization was occurring without the formal consent of a legal guardian or of the victim. Practitioners and the government was not
scrutinized by the public and therefore was not being held responsible for their actions. Practitioners did not stop practicing sterilization and the
government did not implement laws prohibiting this torture of

Mississippi Sterilization
The average IQ for people is between 85 and 100. People with below an IQ of 70 are said to be mentally inadequate; challenged, or severely challenged
(https://iq–research. org/en/ page/ average–iq–by–country). If Mississippi tried to create a statue which would fund the sterilization of people with an
IQ of 70 or below, they would likely be met with harsh criticism and opposition. The sterilization of those who some consider to be "inferior"human
beings for the sole purpose of taking away their reproductive rights in order to limit the number of "inferiors" is wrong on more than one platform.
First of all, sterilization cannot be validated to provide any benefits to society. Second, although it has received support in the past via the legal ... Show
Bell case. The Fourteenth Amendment states that "...nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property...". This idea of property has
come to recognize a person's body, including its reproductive rights, as property as well, and by implementing sterilization, law would be giving
doctors the right to deprive someone of their lawful property. Today, with the highly controversial issue ofabortion, women's bodies are regarded as
their personal property and they are given the opportunity to terminate their pregnancy if they so choose to do. In the Buck v. Bell case, the Supreme
Court ruled 8:1, stating that the case did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment, and that the state did have the duty to sterilize Ms. Buck. According to
Mr. Justice Holmes who delivered the opinion of the Court during the Buck v. Bell Trial, the case was not upon "the procedure but upon the
substantive law" (Holmes 328). This being said, the Court did not feel as though the procedure itself was a hot issue, but rather the law prohibiting it.
This Court vote of 8:1 showed that the case did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment; Today this would probably not be the case; time has passed and
people have discovered that sterilization, and eugenics in general, are unethical and immoral (Thompson

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