Globalization Has Increased The Vulnerability Of...

Globalization Has Increased The Vulnerability Of...
Introduction: (350–400) Economic Globalisation: (37) The decade of the 1990s has witnessed an inevitable process of globalisation all over the world.
In a single, integrated world market, globalisation refers to a broader and deeper growth of international trade, culture, finance and technology.
Globalisation and developing countries: (248) Through trade, investment and capital flows, globalisation exerts a profound influence on the whole
world, especially the countries of the South. Globalisation can accelerate economic growth and boost international cooperation. It provides
opportunities, at the same time, presents challenges and risks. Globalisation has increased the vulnerability of developing countries. As financial crisis
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In addition, it generally declares that globalisation as an exogenous force has eroded national economic sovereignty (Quiggin, 2001). A neoliberal
account of globalisation described a viewpoint that states, to some extent, have lost much of the economic sovereignty during the 1990s (Ohmae,
1990). It is especially destructive for developing countries. As the economic globalisation of the world develops rapidly, the trade contacts and
economic cooperation among various countries become more frequent. However, at present, the trade relations between less developed countries and
highly developed countries are not reciprocal. Under the Lome convention, African exports have preferential treatment in the EU; conversely, African
countries do not obtain any improved access to the markets of European countries even the African government agrees to loosen import restrictions
(Collier and Gunning, 1995). South–south cooperation: (143) At the dawn of globalisation, national competition has been fierce and huge inequities are
presented within and between countries. This critical situation initiates international development cooperation (Almeida et al., 2010). The diversity of
the South offers a splendid prospect to work towards economic growth, poverty reduction, and area
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The Era Of Co Operation And Developing International...
Introduction Today is the era of co–operation and developing international relations. Globalization has brought countries closer to one another and has
formed different organizations and alliance for mutual benefits. Representatives of nations gather in a common platform and discuss their countries
benefits, interests, problems and work together to achieve their goals. SAARC is such an organization. SAARC is the acronym for South Asian
Association for Regional Co–operation. As a clear form the name SAARC is an inter–governmental platform for co–operation. SAARC's member
nations are Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Srilanka with UN, OIC, EU and China being the observers. South
Asian Association for Regional Co–Operation has always urged dismantling of non–traffic barriers to increase exports from developing countries for 31
years. In every annual summit in one of the SAARC member countries, member nations have more frequent formal and informal bilateral talks among
themselves. In the Ninth Summit of SAARC in 1997 these countries also endorsed the sub–regional grouping like "Growth Quadrangle." It decided to
introduce direct flights among the seven SAARC nations and resolved to continue cooperation in fighting terrorism. Now, it needs to expand its
activities appreciably try to have meaningful interaction not only with ASEAN but also with Japan, a major world economic power on the Asian belt.
This essay discusses about South Asian

Advantage And Disadvantage Of Nafta
The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is an agreement signed by the three major countries of the continent of North America. The
agreement seeks for the creation of a trilateral trading block in the continent. It came into force on date, 01 January 1994. NAFTA has superseded the
prior signed Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement. NAFTA consists of two supplements namely the North American Agreement on
Environmental Cooperation (NAAEC) and the North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation (NAALC). Post signing, NAFTA caused the
creation of the largest free trade region in the world, catering for growth in the economy along with causing for betterment in the living standards for
millions of people in the member countries. In spite ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To enhance the economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region through joint ventures in the spirit of equality and in order to
strengthen the foundation for a progressive and peaceful society of Southeast Asian Nations;
2.To promote regional peace and stability through showing respect for justice and law in the relationship among countries of the region and loyalty to
the principles of the United Nations Charter;
3.To promote active coordination and mutual assistance on matters of common interest in the economic, social, cultural, technical, scientific and
administrative fields;
4.To provide help to each other in the form of training and research facilities in the educational, professional, technical and administrative areas;
5.To get together more effectively for the greater usage of their agriculture and industries, the expansion of their trade practices including the study of
the issues of international commodity trade, the improvement of their conveyance and communications facilities and the raising of the living standards
of their

EU Trade and Development Policies
EU Trade and Development Policies
Table of contents
1. The Common Commercial Policy..................................................................3 2. Instruments of the Common Commercial
Policy................................................5 3. The Dimensions of the Common Commercial Policy...........................................8 4. The European
Neighborhood Policy..............................................................13 5. The Union for the Mediterranean.................................................................15 6. The
European Union and Russia..................................................................17 7. European Union's Relations with Other Soviet
Republics...................................19 8. The European Union and Asia....................................................................19 9. The European Union's Relations
with Australia and New Zealand........................21 10. The European Union and USA....................................................................22 11. The European
Union and Latin America........................................................23 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Due to the fact that the internal integration of good trade was accomplished with the creation of the customs union, the Common Commercial Policy
was used in order to formulate general rules concerning all aspects of external good trade. In order to avoid the distortion of internal trade or
competiveness conditions, it has become imperative that the CCP extended to all directives concerning trading of good with other states, like border
evaluation and customs duties, and these needed to be interpreted in such a way that the intra–EU commerce would not be disturbed. Needless to say,
the European Union represents all its member states within GATT and has been singing important commercial bilateral agreements with other states.
Once the World Trade Organizationwas created in 1995, the rules of international trade changed significantly, and therefore, the CCP had to change
as well. WTO has brought about a far more rigorous institutional framework for international good trade and has set international rules concerning
services and intellectual property right. Thus, the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property
Rights (TRIPS) became one with GATT and all the WTO members were required to subscribe to all three of them. The Lisbon Treaty signed in
December 2007

Regional Development and Regional Blocks
Regional Development and regional blocks
1. Development of Regional blocks, goals and institutions
ASEAN
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) was established on 8 August 1967 in Bangkok, Thailand
ASEAN Declaration Founding Fathers of ASEAN (5 countries)
Today – 10 Member States
NAFTA
The North American market increased, create a free trade, elimination of tariff barriers
North American free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)was formed on 1 January 1994 Richest market in the world– Canada, United States, Mexico
MERCOSUR
Countries common values of economic development, the fight against poverty, sustainable development and so on An economic and political
agreement (Southern Common Market) was formed on 26 March ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Approval of applications shall require the unanimous decision of the States Parties"
3. Cooperation with other countries
ASEAN and Australia
ASEAN 's first Dialogue Partner in 1974 Longstanding and deep relationship Joint Declaration on the ASEAN–Australia Comprehensive Partnership
AANZFTA (2009)– ASEAN, Australia, New Zeland Two
–way trade with ASEAN – 14.5 % of Australia 's total trade. (2011)
Exports
Crude petroleum Gold Wheat Copper

Imports
Refined petroleum Crude petroleum Good vehicles Gold
ASEAN–Australia summit (2010) – discussed new funding and support for ASEAN by Australia:
– В«Australia is investing A$132 million in infrastructure connectivity related initiatives in the Greater Mekong Subregion, in cooperation with the
World Bank and the Asian Development Bank– Australia will contribute A$10 million over four years to the Tripartite Action to Protect Migrants
within and from the Greater Mekong Subregion from Labour Exploitation (TRIANGLE) initiative in cooperation with the International Labour
Organisation – Supported by Australian funding, the Australian Human Rights Commission will build linkages with the ASEAN Intergovernmental
Human Rights Commission.В»
Australia is a leading provider of

The Major Effects Of Globalization In Southern Asia
Drew Schmitz Geog 2750 Capstone Globalization in Southern Asia Globalization throughout Southern Asia has led to many changes within the
region. The opportunity to make huge economic advances is leading to modifications in both the social and environmental landscape of the region. A
few effects of globalization in this region include: migration patterns are adapting to the increase of job opportunities in urban areas, trade restrictions
are diminishing to promote an increase in imports and exports, countries are becoming more interconnected, environmental degradation, and human
health. There has been a huge increase in the demand for labor, due to globalization, and with a large population of families living below the poverty
line the opportunity for new jobs lead them to migrate to cities to find work. Farmers are starting to move from their lands into cities to find more
constant, better paying jobs. Climate change is one of the main factors in the decision to migrate. "In Bangladesh, rising seas are flooding farm lands
with saltwater, ruining their crops, and forcing them to migrate to cities to find work so they can support their families." (Flooding Bangladesh). In
Cambodia, there have been large increases in internal migration from rural areas to urban cities by younger generations, "Young people (aged 15–25
years) from a disproportionately large section of migrants at 30%, although they only represent 18% of the population." (Migration in Cambodia). See
Figure One.

Case Study: The Uppsala Model Of Internationalization
The Uppsala Model of Internationalization.
Swedish researchers Johanson & Vahlne developed a model based on a research of foreign dedication by observing patterns in the establishment chain,
psychic distance and product diversification and identifying that knowledge and learning have a profound impact on how the firm is seen to approach
foreign markets.
Establishment chain: This shows a sequence of stages with an increase for commitment with each step. During the first stage there is no export and no
market experience as resources and capabilities are lacking. This was at the beginning of the company, during the formation period where Victor
Hettigoda took a loan and established the company with limited resources.
The second stage is when exports occur with the use of agents and the company has ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although foreign exports and FDI's are set up in other countries the markets of countries vary greatly. Therefore, Hettigoda group was at a state of
carrying out research and further enhancing Market knowledge of the Hettigoda Group. Experiential knowledge of Hettigoda Group remained high.
The commitment of the available resources in terms of amount and degree was at a state that is quite high. Due to the high market share in Sri Lanka
and the exports carried out, Hettigoda group had a state of high commitment. Due to the state aspects, the resutts that occur are the change aspects.
Once Hettigoda group obtained knowledge about the Bangladesh market, they are able to find ways to commit to the market such as small changes to
products in order to match the customer base within the Bangladesh market. The planning and execution of the current activities such as the set up of
the company and the marketing activities in Bangladesh to create understanding about the products to the people at the change state are by using the
market knowledge

Muslim Sufi Poet Jalaluddin Rigi : The Imagination Of...
Imagination of South Asia
Many of us would have heard the famous story written by Muslim Sufi poet Jalaluddin Rumi about the conceptualization of an elephant's anatomy by
touching it by the blind men. Each of the blind men were to describe the respective part of the elephants' body where their hands have touched. To
one blind man the elephant looked like a pillar, to one it was a throne and other did have their say on their experience. But no was actually able to
describe it as an animal as whole. This piecemeal approach is what through which South Asia has been conceptualized by various academia and
organizations. A common census about the whole connotations of regional, cultural, political, and geographical has not been achieved yet. This
illustration clearly portrays an image of south Asia being one of the least integrated regions of polarised world. This paper is an attempt to understand
the Geo–political, historical, and cultural imagination of South Asia as seen from the author's perspective. South Asia is home to a significant
percentage of world population. One of its constituents, India is home to about 1.23 billion people and ranks second in terms of world population. The
surrounding nations such as Pakistan, Bangladesh, etc. have a high density of persons residing per square kilometre. Only the smaller in size countries
have a small proportion of population such as Bhutan,

Asian South East Asia Nation Or Better Known As Asean
1.1 What is ASEAN?
Today, there are many countries that establish organisations among themselves in order to protect their interest and gain benefits. One of the best
examples of organisation form by nations would be the European Union (EU). It is an organisation that was formed by several European nations in
order to attain economic stability, avoid conflicts as well as for political coalition. Another would be the Asian SouthEast Asia Nation or better known
as ASEAN. ASEAN is an organization that represents most of the countries that is located in the South East Asian region. It started as the Association of
Southeast Asia (ASA) in 1961 by Malaysia (known as Malaya before 1963), Philippines and Thailand. It became ASEAN in 1967 after Malaysia,
Thailand, Singapore, Philippines and Indonesia signed the ASEAN Declaration. At first, it was formed as an act of prevention from any communist led
insurgency and serve as "serve as a security community, promoting social and political stability during a turbulent time in the region" as according to
Sheila Smith, former Council of Foreign Relations officer (Bennett, Ginsberg, Xu). As time grows however, ASEAN becomes more important to the
region and now, it consists of 10 nation state members from the South East Asia region.
ASEAN cannot be understood as a normal international organisation. In fact, there are many definitions that can be given about ASEAN to begin with.
Kivimaki (2012:405) had given a very broad definition of ASEAN

Asia Southeast Asian Nations ( Asean )
Asia, and especially East Asia, is a region that has experienced significant economic growth in a relatively short period of time; yet it is a region
without a strong regional institution. There are several regional organizations in Asia starting with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations
(ASEAN) established in 1967 (Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam),ASEAN plus three
(China, Japan, South Korea) in 1997, ASEAN Regional Forum, East Asia Summit, Asia–Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), etc. Despite the
numerous regional institutions within Asia, there has not been a cohesive structure that is prominent like that of the European Union in Europe.
In Asia, the economic growth has been phenomenal and the deepening of economic integration and larger trade volumes have led to both developed
and developing nations to experience steady economic growth, especially at 10.1% in 2007 (ADB, 2015). Nevertheless, especially with China's
economic slowdown, the Asian region is facing problems such as decrease in labor force, labor productivity, and overall trade growth (ADB Report,
2015). In order to consolidate economic integration of the region, the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) was implemented on December 31, 2015.
The AEC is based on four pillars which are the following: a single market and production base, a highly competitive economic region, a region of
equitable economic development, and a region fully integrated

Regional Integration Of South Asian Country
Regional integration in South Asian country was the main objective for the creation of South Asia Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). To
cope up with the changing trade of economic order and making development was the main target. There are some political economic factors that have
been working behind the formation of SAARC.
Though the South Asian countries (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Afghanistan) have common, history,
heritage , cultural ,linguistic and social practices, South Asia has emerged as the least integrated region in the world. . South Asia is exclusively
numbered by complicated security disclosures, numerous inter–state disputes and yet a high unimproved economic potential. The challenges faced by
the region are appeared deep rooted and historic differences. Back to back political disclosures and disputes have not permitted economic and strategic
interests to take advantage in terms of policy and development. While the regional trade off is 67% in European Union, it is about 4% in South Asia.
South Asian countries decided to form SAARC by noticing the success of economic integration contracts in other parts of the world. Ziaur Rahman ,
the former president of Bangladesh made the initial proposal of SAARC in May, 1980. It was sanctioned by Sri Lanka, Nepal, the Maldives and
Bhutan. The purpose of the proposal was to gain political and economical stability, security and peace in those regions. Pakistan

Regional Integration Of Southeast Asian Nations
Regional Economic Integration in the South
In the light of current global economic surroundings, which have been noticeably affected by the process of globalization, the interdependence of
underdeveloped countries is underscored. Regional collaboration is indeed increasing at backwards area. South–South cooperation eventually promotes
the process of regional integration.
.
In 1985,Nepal, Bhutan, India, Bangladesh, Maldives and Pakistan constitute the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) as a
many–sided cooperation forum. The East Asian crisis of 1997 advanced the preceding of collaboration across Southeast and East Asian countries and
led to SSC–oriented arrangements. Chiang Mai Initiative is an outcome of regional cooperation (Michelle Chang, 2010). In November 2007, the 10
member nations of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) endorsed the ASEAN Charter seeking to furtherdevelopment of economic
collaboration among inter–members (Jetschke and Murray, 2012).
Regional integration in the Latin America dates back to 1986. Argentina and Brazil reached a bilateral agreement which specified the abolishing of all
trade barriers over ten years. Five years later, under the Treaty of AsunciГіn, this agreement was extended, with a view to establish a Common Market
in the area (BlomstrГ¶m and Kokko, 1997).
During the whole period of 1990s, more than 15 agreements including free trade areas or customs unions appeared in Latin America, such as Andean

Impacts Of The Regional Trading Blocs
Since the World War II, the creation of regional economic blocs has become an essential political remedy that gathers countries and nations rather than
divide. Essentially, the creation of the economic regional blocs aims to minimize the obstacles between nations that share the same geographic border
and to facilitate the circulations of goods and services. In fact, the regional trading blocs differ in terms of political structure and economic objectives,
but the rapidity of trading goods and services within the different regions around the globe wouldn 't be possible without establishing unified political
and economic units. For example, the European Union (EU) as other regional blocs gathers different countries that share the same geographical borders
and differ in cultures, languages, and political systems. Actually, the differences and similarities between the various political structures and economic
objectives are due to numerous factors such as history, culture, and the level of imports and exports to each country. However, the impacts of the
regional trading blocs have some disadvantages that have negative impacts on the local economies of the regional blocs and on the global economy as
well.
2.Regional economic integration
a)What is regional economic integration?
Regional integration is the combination of political and economic regulations and agreements between two or more nation–states. In fact, the main
objective of regional integration is to collaborate and

Future of Saarc
FUTURE OF SAARC
THE vast South Asia subcontinent was split into two nations in 1947 when India and Pakistan came into existence because of their irreconcilably
divergent religions, political perceptions and ethnic cleavages. It became impossible to make the Hindus and Muslims live under any single
arrangement. They could not get along side by side any more. The other States which became independent were Sri Lanka (1948), the Maldives (1996)
and Bangladesh 1971, whose story of creation is somewhat different. Nepal and Bhutan are other two small sovereign States who matter much in the
South Asian affairs. All these States have relations with each other, good or bad, but they have been able to erect a common platform in the name of
SAARC to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But of all these, it appears, that the most dominating pressures are related to politico–economic nature. In other words, the story revolves round a
strong urge for political supremacy and economic dominance in the region. In such a state of affairs, one may find India playing a zigzag role in
SAARC. It is because of India's uncompromising posture that interstate relations have not been able to stand on sound footing necessary of evolution
of South Asian cooperation.
Besides having common land boundaries with almost all the South Asian States, India is tremendously large in size and fairly resourceful in
different ways as such. She is involved in disputes with all the smaller States, whether minor or of serious nature. It must be recorded that except
for a few differences of historical nature, most of these are primarily based on India's hegemonic instinct and partly because of her aggressive
foreign policy. In the given situation, how is it possible for the smaller states of the region to play their role in contributing to the progress of
SAARC? Obviously, it would not be realistic to expect an effective role from the small States. One may find that the imposition of political will and
economic pressure is the main tool in Indian hands to hinder smooth running of SAARC. Be it Kashmiris' struggle for self–determination, Sikhs'
struggle for liberation; Tamils' fight for safeguarding their rights;

The Association Of Southeast Asian Nations Essay
The association of Southeast Asian nations (ASEAN) is a regional grouping comprising ten Southeast Asian states, which promotes intergovernmental
cooperation and facilitates economic integration among its members (Fry, 2008). The organization was formed on 8th August 1967, preceding an
organization that had been created in 1961 known as Association of Southeast Asia. It was formed when some foreign ministers signed the ASEAN
declaration, which is normally recognized as the Bangkok declaration.
The common fear of communism and the thirst for economic development motivated the formation of the organization. The organization was created
to promote political and economic cooperation and regional stability along with providing a mechanism for member countries to resolve differences
peacefully. Its declaration formalized the principles of peace and cooperation.
The collective action problem of the organization is to encourage regional peace with stability through abiding respect for justice and the rule of law in
the relationship among countries in the state plus adherence to the doctrine of the United Nations charter. Cooperative peace and shared prosperity is
the fundamental goal of the organization (Than & ASEAN 2001). Also, the organization accelerates the economic growth, cultural development in the
region and social progress through joint endeavors in the spirit of fairness and cooperation in order to reinforce the foundation for a prosperous and
peaceful community.
The

Indonesi A Successful Model Of A Muslim Nation Practicing...
Indonesia is the world's third largest democracy and the world's largest Muslim country. The country is also the largest economy in Southeast Asia and
a member of the G–20 major economies. (G–20, 2015) The bilateral relationship between the United Sates and Indonesia is significant if for no other
reason than the first two facts mentioned. The cooperation between the United States and Indonesia (a successful model of a Muslim nation practicing
democracy) can have far–reaching effects past Indonesia's regional Southeast Asian boarders. In this assessment of Indonesia, I will discuss the
significance of Indonesia to America and regional effect on its Southeast Asian neighbors more in–depth. Indonesia plays a significant role to the United
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"The rise of China and India has, in turn, started the process of the emergence of a new regional architecture in the Asia–Pacific. Therefore, of
particular importance is the imperative for Indonesia and the US to work together in shaping a regional architecture that can accommodate everyone."
(Sukma, 2010) As the regional architecture changes it is highly likely that America's ability to protect its interest in the region will increasingly depend
on Indonesia's cooperation and support. An example of this is the Malacca, Sunda, and Lombok straits, which are some of the world's most important
strategic sea–lanes. Close to half of the total global merchant fleet capacity transits the straits around Indonesia. (Masters, 2003) The United States has
economic and military interest in keeping access to these straits open. Indonesia's significance to the United States hinges on how close the bilateral
cooperation between the two nations continues to be into the future. The second and third order of effects of the significance of Indonesia to America
will likely strengthen relationships

Human Trafficking : South East Asia
Human trafficking is still lingering in South–East Asia as of today, and we do not expect to leave any time soon in the near future. The reality is that
South–East Asian countries are mainly "affected by domestic trafficking or trafficking from the neighboring countries" (UNODC, 2014). There is an
approximate "12 to 27 million people enslaved and exploited by human trafficking", which this crime network brings in approximately "$30 billion
dollars annually" (Collins, 2014). It is detected that today we see that (1) South–East Asia is still the origin area for victims of human trafficking
around the world, (2) the vast majority of victims are females (either adults or underage girls) and children, (3) what's surprising is that forced labor is
well known among victims than sex exploitation, and (4) offenders are usually within the region (UNODC, 2014).
As seen on the Figure 1 and Figure 2 2010–2012 graphs above, South Asia, East Asia, and the Pacific, the shares of trafficking for forced labor are
higher than the other three categories. South Asia consists of a higher percentage (over 80 percent!) than the East Asia and Pacific percentage for
nearly two thirds of the detected victims. But yet women and young girls take past three fourths of the detected victims than men and young boys for
forced labor, in which men only takes over 17 percent.
According to the UNODC's "Global Report on Trafficking in Persons" (2014), South–East Asian victims had been located in 37 countries

Asean Essay
The History of the ASEAN
ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations), the most successful intergovernmental organization in the developing world today. It was preceded
by an organization called the Association of Southeast Asia (ASA), which is founded by the Philippines, Thailand and the Federation of Malaya (now
part of Malaysia) on July 31, 1961.ASA was replaced by ASEAN later on. According ASEAN's report, ASEAN was established on 8 August 1967 in
Bangkok, Thailand, with the signing of the ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok Declaration) by the Founding Fathers of ASEAN, namely Indonesia,
Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailandпј€
ASEANпјЊn.d.пј‰. ASEAN achieved a new cohesion in the mid–1970s in Southeast Asia after the
end of the Vietnam ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To accelerate the economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region through joint endeavors in the spirit of equality and
partnership in order to strengthen the foundation for a prosperous and peaceful community of Southeast Asian Nations;
2.To promote regional peace and stability through abiding respect for justice and the rule of law in the relationship among countries of the region and
adherence to the principles of the United Nations Charter;
3.To promote active collaboration and mutual assistance on matters of common interest in the economic, social, cultural, technical, scientific and
administrative fields;
4.To provide assistance to each other in the form of training and research facilities in the educational, professional, technical and administrative spheres;
5.To collaborate more effectively for the greater utilization of their agriculture and industries, the expansion of their trade, including the study of the
problems of international commodity trade, the improvement of their transportation and communications facilities and the raising of the living
standards of their peoples;
6.To promote Southeast Asian studies
7.To maintain close and beneficial cooperation with existing international and regional organizations with similar aims and purposes, and explore all
avenues for even closer cooperation among themselves.
The Function of the ASEAN
The motto of ASEAN is "One

Restructuring the ASEAN Political-Security Community...
Restructuring the ASEAN Political–Security Community (APSC): Philippine Prospects for
Regional Collective Defense and Stronger Military Relations
A Student Foreign Policy Paper
In Partial Fulfillment of Pre–Midterm of the Requirements of
IRFS 122: Foreign Service and Analysis of Foreign Policy
Submitted to:
Ms. Archill NiГ±a F Capistrano
Teacher/Adviser
Submitted by:
John Anthony F. Almerino
AB POSC–IRFS 2 Student
ABSTRACT
Economic development through greater regional cooperation was the primary aim of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) when it
was formed on August 8, 1967 by the founding countries of Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand.
Although one of the motivations at that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Vietnam Seaports Association. 17 January 2005.
"Philippine Foreign Policy". The Official Website of the Republic of the Philippines– Department of Foreign
Affairs. 11 August 2009.
3
Sokolsky, R., Rabasa A., & Neu, C. R. 2001, p. 33
4
"Stirring up the South China Sea (II): Regional Responses". Inernational Crisis Group. 24 July 2012.
2

With that in mind, it is apparent then that relying on the US for military assistance in the event of a Chinese attack is useless. What the Philippines
need is a military alliance of committed nations who have more or less the same stake in the South China Sea territorial dispute. That being said, the
most logical choice would be creating an alliance with our fellow
ASEAN claimant nations.
2. REGIONAL COLLECTIVE DEFENSE: ATTEMPT AND FAILURE
The idea of creating an international organization for collective defense in the SEA region to offset growing Chinese influence is not new to
international politics. In fact it was once tried with the signing of the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty or Manila Pact, in
Manila, Philippines which created the South East Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO). The organization was then formally established on February 19,
1955 at a meeting of treaty partners in Bangkok, Thailand.5 One of the rationales for the creation of SEATO was to counteract communist influence in
Southeast

Effects Of The Cold War
The Effects of the Cold War on the World The beginning of the Cold War took place on January 1 of 1947. The Cold War was a period of global
political tension that occurred after World War II. Because of regional differences, territorial disputes, and domestic problems occurring after World
War II, there was bound to be conflict after the war. In 1947, President of the United States, Harry Truman, created the Truman Doctrine. The Truman
Doctrine was a foreign policy put in place by the United States to counter Soviet expansion during the Cold War. It called for military aid to Greece and
Turkey in order to block Communist expansion into the Mediterranean. This general plan was applied to Western Europe. The Marshall Plan was also
able to help in the recovery of Western Europe. In Southeast Asia, the Association of South East Asian Nations was able to help Asia to increase the
cooperation between nations. During the Cold War, both Western Europe and Southeast Asia were negatively and positively impacted and they also
both shared similarities and differences of how the Cold War effected their nations.
The Cold War effected Western Europe by separating it between communist and democratic countries. This basically divided Europe into Western
Europe and Eastern Europe. This divide caused tension, political discontent and economic complications. The separation of communism and
democracy that took place in Europe was called the Iron Curtain. While the United States and its allies

ASEAN Essay
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is an intergovernmental organization founded on August 8, 1967. It initially consisted of five
founding members, but as the organization grew to ten members, it failed to adapt to the changes, address issues within the region, and appeal to all of
its members– and thus failed to guarantee cooperation. Typically, an international organization's effectiveness is evaluated through their effectiveness
in problem–solving, and legal, economic, normative, and political effectiveness. An IO's effectiveness is also contingent on variables such as
interdependence, competing interests, the role of powerful states, and heterogeneity of membership. When evaluating ASEAN, their ineffectiveness in...
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This has proven to be true as ASEAN members' differences have acted as barriers to the successful integration of their pillar goals. Every ASEAN
member state pursues its own national interests and is reluctant to delegate sovereignty to ASEAN. There is economic disparity and inequality amongst
the countries. Member states like Singapore, Malaysia, and Thailand "dominate intra–ASEAN trade, accounting for about 70%", while intra–ASEAN
trade across all ten member states is at 25%. Some member states have trade agreements with countries outside of the organization, which reduces the
efficacy of trade agreements within ASEAN. But ASEAN fails to address this problem due to their main principle of sovereignty. The inequality and
lack of intra–ASEAN trade undermines the goal of regional integration, thus removing authority from ASEAN. The lack of commonality makes it
difficult for prosperous nations to cooperate with unstable ones, especially since some are bound to benefit more than others. According to the charter,
the decision–making mechanism of ASEAN is based on consultation and consensus, avoiding any infringement on state rights. This often prevents
members from reaching agreements and resolutions. This is problematic when faced with inter–member conflicts. For example, many members have
overlapping claims to the South China Sea's Spratly Islands. ASEAN "shuns intrusiveness into the internal affairs of its

International Law And Regional Initiatives For Combating...
International Law and Regional Initiatives for Combating Human Trafficking in South Asia By Mahmudul Hasan For last few months our attention has
been fixed at newspaper headlines that read the news about human trafficking from South Asia distained to Southeast Asian countries–especially to
Malaysia and Thailand–through the sea. Evidently, most of the identified trafficked victims, for last few months, are Rohingya Muslims–who are
persecuted from their own country, Myanmar–and rests of them are Bangladeshi. There are several organized mafia–groups, connected throughout
Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand and Malaysia, involved with human trafficking in this region. The most common contributing factors
human trafficking in South Asian region are economic insecurity and poverty. Most of the South Asian people are trafficked abroad as physical
laborers or domestic servants. Increased demand for cheap labor and migration of people across national borders as a consequence of Globalization is
multiplying the problem. According to the Global Slavery Index, India tops, Pakistan ranks third and Bangladesh ninth on the list of countries with the
highest number of enslaved people. The U.S. State Department's 2014 Trafficking in Persons Report ranks most of the South Asian nations as Tier 2
states, except for Pakistan and Sri Lanka, which are ranked as Tier Two Watch List. Many South Asian governments have little incentive to address
human trafficking because they often rely on

Nuclear Arms Race in South Asia and Its Impact on Regional...
NUCLEAR ARMS RACE IN SOUTH ASIA AND ITS
IMPACT ON REGIONAL SECURITY
INTRODUCTION
1.The nuclear age opened during World War II with a blinding light; a deafening roars fire and blood. The world's first nuclear bomb exploded at
Alamogordo on 16 July 1945. It had a very complex history. The sensational discovery of nuclear fission first came in Germany in December 1938.
British research then showed that the manufacture of a nuclear weapon was almost possible. The American technological, scientific and industrial effort
in the "Manhattan Project", that actually built the bomb. At last initial test was carried out in the wastes of New Mexico desert. The American first
used nuclear bomb against Japan in August 1945 in World War II.
2.The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Consequently the concern about India surfaces more strongly in the minds of the NNWS than any other state. Besides, India is so close to each one of
them in terms of shared history, inheritance and culture that one cannot help but recognize her overwhelming influence. For them, to divorce the past,
which all these countries shared with India, is to cut themselves off from their roots.
6.None of the NNWS of South Asia matches the Indian power capabilities with respect to any of the attributes of power. The power difference is so
enormous that no NNWS can either singly or collectively encounter the Indian pressure and threat. Therefore, both militarily and economically the
states are extremely vulnerable vis–Г –vis India. All these issues bear out the fact that India, a single overwhelming factor, and looms very large in the
minds of the small states of South Asia when matters not only of external relations but also of domestic importance are considered.
7.Pakistan is also an important actor in the region and appears big in the mind of NNWS too. But they do not so far perceive it as a threat.
Nevertheless, when India and to some extent Pakistan acquire huge armed forces, with the latest combat aircraft, tanks, guns, a vast industrial
establishment, a nuclear capability and even a nuclear power submarine then the smaller countries of south Asia cannot but watch with a high degree of

Advantages And Disadvantages Of SAARC
Abstract:– Trade is the transfer of ownership of goods and services from one person or entity to another by getting something in exchange from the
buyer. Trade between two traders is called bilateral trade, while trade between more than two traders is called multilateral trade and trade between
nations is called foreign trade/ international trade or external trade. The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an economic
and geopolitical organisation of eight countries that are primarily located in South Asia Even after the formation of SAARC trading bloc, regional
integration among the South Asian countries remains minimal. The objective of this paper is to examine whether intra–SAARC trade is lower or
higher than what is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The unfortunate state of integration among the SAARC countries is an impediment to the growth of the region and constitutes an untapped potential.
The objective of this paper is to analyse the less appreciated problems faced by SAARC in promoting intraregional trade and investment. It peeps into
the reasons that explain the low level of intraregional trade flows which are not accommodated for in a pure economic theoretic approach. This
involves the political considerations – either how political relations between the countries or the power asymmetry of global production and trading
arrangements seen in global value chains or the political pressure put by domestic pressure groups define trade patterns. Each of these is looked into
one by one in the following sections: Section 2 shows how restrictions put up in an ad–hoc manner creates difficulties in development of stable and
dependable trade movement across the India– Pakistan border. Section 3 discusses the growing importance of global value chains and the infeasibility
of trade between member states therein. Section 4 states how the sectional interest groups try to influence the trade ties among countries by forming
lobbies to hinder movement of goods and to maintain their market share. The paper primarily looks into Indo–Pak trade

The Pattern And Content Of East Asian Economic Integration
4.1.1. The Pattern and Content of East Asian Economic Integration
The most representative regional economic organization in East Asia is ASEAN, which was established in Bangkok and formed by five founding
members, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. Brunei, Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam and Cambodia also joined successively to form
the ten countries of ASEAN. ASEAN is abbreviated by Association of Southeast Asian Nations, which was built to contain the Communist forces with
the purpose to steady military affairs and political neutrality initially. According to Tong (2005), the content of East Asian economic integration can be
classified as Free Trade Agreement (FTA) and Comprehensive Economic Partnership (CEP). Previously, East Asian economic integration focuses on the
operation of FTA which applies the zero tariffs on member countries; nowadays, economic cooperation agreement is inclined to CEP which contains
wider issues of economic cooperation such as tariff reduction, deregulation of investment policy, enlargement of factors of production and etc. to draw
the relation between member nations and achieve a higher level of integration (Jin, 2003). Moreover, the continuing goal of ASEAN is to promote the
inter–regional economic development, enhance the partnership and maintain the peace in the region (Taiwan ASEAN Studies Center, 2014). Before
Asian financial crisis, ASEAN is a representative of the regional economic organization that especially focuses on

All Saarc Members Apart From Sharing Same History
Analysis All SAARC members apart from sharing same history have some other shared interests and problems. Locating in South Asia which is world's
most densely populated and one fertile region, these countries have common tradition, dress, food, culture and political aspects. And most importantly
these eight countries share common problems and issues like poverty, illiteracy, malnutrition, natural disasters, internal conflicts, industrial and
technological backwardness, low GDP and poor socio–economic condition and efforts for uplifting living standards. Apart from working together to
track and solve these problems together, these nations also desire of promoting peace, stability, amity and progress in the region through strict
adherence to the principles of the United Nations Charter and Non–Alignment, particularly respect for principles of sovereign equality, territorial
integrally, national independence, non–use of force and non–interference of internal affairs of other states and peaceful settlement of all disputes.
SAARC Achievement And Failures: Being comparatively a new organization in the global area, SAARC's achievements are many; but it has many
failures as well. SAARC has made tremendous improvement owing to the interaction and cooperative efforts by the member states. The progress and
development of SAARC during the recent years can be looked at under the following headings: Considerable increase in Cooperation since the
formation of SAARC. The level of

Asean Essay
The Quest for ASEAN Economic Community through Consensus Building
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) began on August 8, 1967, when Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand,
settled their differences and decided to form the group due to the prevailing geopolitical conditions. Fresh from the debilitating effects of historical
antagonism brought upon by territorial disputes drawn by colonial division, the power vacuum left by decolonization is quickly replaced by Cold War
polarization. The need to stay neutral and insulate them from big power rivalry becomes a necessity for the newly independent states who have grown
tired of foreign domination and intervention and just wants to live in harmony and prosperity ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This landmark agreement defined the group's development and organizational initiatives from its inception until its current ten member states'
configuration. ASEAN adopted the principles of consensus decision–making and flexibility, which is an indirect pledge of non–aggression and good
faith. Since then, ASEAN's negotiations were carried out on the basis of accommodating every member state's position as much as possible. There is
always the use of constant consultations and discussions until a viable consensus is reached. This seems to have worked to bolster relations internally
and somehow preserve each participant's sovereignty. It was also during this time that ASEAN declared the group's pursuit of political stability and
economic prosperity through the ASEAN Concord. It was supported by establishing a secretariat to further consolidate its achievements and expand
cooperation in economic, social, cultural and political fields.
Asian Financial Crisis
In 1997, the group was suddenly faced by a financial crisis which brought down the economic gains of each member state at that time to catastrophic
levels, especially Indonesia and Thailand. The group responded by pursuing an integrated economic policy and made the historic decision of
transforming the region into a single market and

The People's Republic of Bangedesh is Combatting Drug...
The People's Republic of Bangladesh adheres to the international effort in combating the illicit trade of drugs through multiple United Nations treaties
such as the 1961 First Convention on Narcotic Drugs, the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances, and the 1988 Convention against the Illicit
Trade in Narcotics Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. Bangladesh stresses the need of addressing the illicit trade of drugs within the respective
borders of Member States alongside an active participation of the international community through international cooperation and various international
programmes.
The People's Republic of Bangladesh acknowledges the critical role of South Asia in the International Drug Trade and is engaged with the South...
(2) Development of a comprehensive INTERPOL–UNODC best–practices and lesson learnt platform in which Member States can share vital
information that will be crucial to future operations and initiatives catering to the drug trade. (3) Strengthening and mainstreaming capacity and
confidence building through joint exercises by drug–enforcement and police agencies of Member States through the UNODC and INTERPOL. (4)
Increasing focus on anti–corruption and anti–money laundering institutions and campaigns to deter organized–crime that promulgates the illicit trade
of drugs. (5) Building a stronger network through financial institutions to share information instrumental to tracing the cash–flow acquired by
organized–crime through the trade of drugs. Bangladesh reaffirms the critical role of transit and manufacturing states in providing first–hand
knowledge in drug trafficking, money laundering, organized crime and other pressing issues that prove to exacerbate the Illicit trade of drugs.
Bangladesh calls upon the International Community to further collaborate in their resolve in the pacification of the Illegal Drug Trade. Bangladesh
believes that addressing the concerns through stronger cooperation and participation of all Member States and relevant actors will yield to positive
decisive results.
II. Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Children and Youth, Ageing, Disabled Persons, and the Family
Human Rights are

Asean Economic Community (Aec) 2015 and Its Implication on
ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) 2015 and its implication on APEC[1] Kuboon Charumanee[2]
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has been the representative of regional economic cooperation and integration among developing
countries. As part of the structural changes of the world economy,ASEAN has implemented intra–regional economic cooperation since 1976. The new
goal is the establishment of the ASEAN Community which consisted of three pillars; ASEAN Political–Security Community, ASEAN Economic
Community, and ASEAN Socio–Cultural Community. Since ASEAN has also been an important axis of regional economic cooperation andfree trade
agreements (FTA) in Asia and Pacific's. A big step toward realization of ASEAN... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) is one of the three ASEAN Community Councils. It's goal is to seek regional economic integration by 2015.
The areas of cooperation include human resources development and capacity building recognition of professional qualifications consultation on
economic and financial polices trade financing infrastructure and communications connectivity electronic transactions through e–ASEAN industrial
integration to promote regional sourcing enhancing private sector involvement for the building of AEC
In short, the AEC will transform ASEAN into a region with free movement of goods, services, investment, skilled labor, and freer flow of capital.
From ASEAN to AEC
A key characteristic of the AEC is a single market and production base. Progress was made in this area with the signing of three key agreements: a) the
ASEAN Trade in Goods Agreement, b) the Protocol to Implement the 7th Package of Services Commitments, and c) the ASEAN Comprehensive
Investment Agreement, at the 14th ASEAN Summit in Thailand, 2009. These agreements provide a streamlined, consolidated, predictable and
transparent set of rules to achieve the goal of a single market and production base by 2015.
Building a highly competitive economic region is another prominent feature of the AEC. To promote

A Role For India In Afghanistan
A Role for India
India has its relevance in Afghanistan. India has done a tremendous goodwill and good relationship among the local population of Afghanistan. But
India should not be mistaken that good will here can be Illusion and must not be permanently under stable that the general view of India in Afghanistan
is very positive.
The concern for India is that Islamic radicalisation in their neighbouring countries is very serious issue and India's presence in Afghanistan must be
stabalised if there were no laboratory for radical islam.
The option for mastery inactivity can be exercised and see the situation unfold accordingly. A firm military support to current afghanistan regime and
give a proper training to Afghan National Army (ANA) is... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To stabilize Afghanistan an attempt to close tie up withtaliban is very natural. Other issues includes the drawback the role of US in Afghanistan. US
and Chinese rivalry are known issue and world focus has been shifted in between these two countries. Russia is also aligned with Afghanistan with
strategic partnership and also with China are red alert for Americans as per the fear of communist expansion. China is also encouraging the Pakistan to
continue state patronage of cross border terrorism. Beijing also focuses to make India on its bay to keep control over Pakistan by sidelining the enemy.
Conclusion and Recommendations
As an active member of SAARC it is India's most important aspect that it would counter the growing influence of China into the region. As well as to
change the behavioral and infrastructural condition of Afghanistan for the role of Asian key player. Both India and Afghanistan are SAARC countries
and their firm determination committed on the regional cooperation where future strategies will prompted for cooperation in every field. On the other
hand India have much more security concerns in stability of Afghanistan.
India's plan in direct or indirect means addresses the more visible role in political and economic affairs of the region. Since British times, Afghanistan
played by pivotal role in determining the peace and stability of the Indian subcontinent. The American invasion of post 9/11 marked the shift of terrorist

English Language Is Globally Important
English Language is Globally Important пЃ® English is the major language in such fields as international diplomacy, business and commerce, science
and technology, and the travel industry. How did English become such an important global language? пЃ® British Colonialism п‚Ё Took English to
North America, the Caribbean, Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and the Indian sub–continent U.S. rise as a strong economic and strategic power пЃ®
Pop Culture пЃ® English became the language of diplomacy. пЃ® The Treaty of Versailles that ended WWI was signed in 1919 in both French and
English. Key international bodies adopted English as a working language. United Nations (The Secretariat uses two working languages, English and...
91% – pace of business change as the leading cause, 86.5% – global competitiveness 77.5% – the nature of how work is accomplished today 66.3% –
the way organizations are structured п‚§ American Management Association, April 15, 2010 п‚§ http://www.p21.org/ п
Ѓ® пЃ® пЃ® пЃ® пЃ®
Challenges and Opportunities пЃ® 51.4% – executives said their employees were only average in effective communications skills 46.9% – said their
employees were only average in creativity and innovation 51.9% – executives said their employees were above average in critical thinking пЃ® пЃ®
46.7% – rated their employees above average in collaboration and team building OFFICE OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE PROGRAMS PROGRAMS
Regional English Language Officers English Language Fellow Program English Language Specialist Program E–Teacher Scholarship Program English
Access Microscholarship Program MATERIALS Titles in Print English Teaching Forum Online Resources REGIONAL ENGLISH LANGUAGE
OFFICERS AFRICA Senegal South Africa EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC Thailand п‚
џ China Indonesia EUROPE п‚џ Turkey Hungary Ukraine Russia
NEAR EAST п‚џ Jordan п‚џ Egypt п‚џ Bahrain п‚џ Morocco SOUTH /CENTRAL ASIA п‚џ India п‚џ Kazakhstan WESTERN HEMISPHERE п‚џ
Peru п‚џ Mexico п‚џ Chile п‚џ Washington Regional English Language Officers (RELOs) Engage in such Professional Activities as пЃ® пЃ® пЃ®
пЃ® пЃ® Organizing

President Trump Political Policy Analysis
1.POLICY DECISION AND OBJECTIVES: President Trump expects a rules based order system in the Southeast Asian region. He also seeks to
increase mutually beneficial trade relationships in the region and expects, "markets to be open on each side." The objectives of the regional policy are:
strengthening U.S. and Asian alliances, empowering countries in the region to be stronger contributors to their own peace and stability, strengthening
the U.S. military capabilities in the region, and affirming efforts to contain or roll back North Korea's ballistic and nuclear missile programs. In a
speech to Asian leaders in August 2017, Secretary of State Rex Tillerson highlights the significance of increased U.S. and Asian interaction as a,
... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
North Korea's expanding nuclear testing and their reputation for erratic behavior is creating instability in the Asian Pacific Region.
3.STRATEGY OPTIONS: The strategy options below address the importance of applying diplomatic soft power in conjunction with military hard
power in the Asian Pacific Region.
Option A– Increase diplomatic efforts in the region and maintain relative combat power. Option B – Continue current diplomatic efforts and increase
relative combat power. Option C – Increase diplomatic efforts in the region and increase relative combat power.
The objective of Option A is to increase trade and strengthen relationships between the U.S. and Asian allies and partners to increase regional security
and to broker peaceful and equitable dispute resolution. This option focuses on increasing commerce by leveraging U.S. membership and contributions
to the ASEAN, the U.S. ASEAN Business Council, and theAsia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) to rebalance multi–lateral trade agreements
and strengthen U.S. and Asian relationships. This option also includes continuing the current level of messaging to foreign audiences providing clarity
regarding U.S. support to the region. Clarity can be achieved by increasing diplomatic talks, press conferences, and diplomatic communications with
Asian partners. Since April 2017,

Common Factors Of Conflict And Internal Conflicts In South...
In EU there are many common factors such as democracy, human rights, they have a common enemy, all the EU countries external security is
guaranteed from US, converging economic interests and strong political will. However, in South Asia, all these factors are absent. Therefore, not any
factor can be taken as an example to South Asia. Some of the most important examples which can be used in South Asia include:
3.1 Cooperation over conflict
Europe is a region where there is more Christianity and they do not have internal conflicts. EU coming as whole one regional group is one reason to
resolve their internal conflicts. Europe believed that if they are not coming together, they will be destroyed by the emerging other powers. It was so
wise of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
China also provided non–stop aid to many SAARC countries. There is no doubt that China is interested in South Asia because of strategic position. At
the same time one of the main aim of China towards South Asia is to suppress India. This is the reality but some of the South Asian countries
purposefully have relations with China. For example, Pakistan has good connections with China just because China does not go with India. China at
the same time focus on small nation states such as Maldives, Nepal, Bhutan and Sri Lanka for

The Association Of Southeast Asian Nation
The Road to Full Integration
Association of Southeast Asian Nation (ASEAN), a 10–member organization established in August 1967, moves toward a deeper integration through
creating a unified community in political, economic, and socio–cultural aspects of the region. It is a region of great diversity but most countries have
achieved rapid economic development for the most of the past 25 years. Its diplomacy and cooperation are characterized by caution, pragmatism, and
consensus–based decision making – the "ASEAN Way" (Ponciano Intal, et al., 2014). Taking steps to achieve their goal and embracing its motto, "One
Vision. One Identity. One Community." the organization established the ASEAN Economic Cooperation (AEC) in 2015. This aims to promote an
all–inclusive cooperation across the region, gearing towards making South East Asia a globally competitive single market and production base
characterized by: free flow of goods, services, investments, skills, and capitals. Moreover, it intends to form a region of equitable economic
development integrated into the global economy (The ASEAN Secretariat, 200)
Creating a single market with about 600 million people is an enormous step for ASEAN (The ASEAN Secretariat, 2015). Nine years after AEC was
declared, the organization has achieved a lot if the Four Pillars shall be considered as the assessing factors.
Pillar 1: Single Market and Production Base. With continuous effort to achieve a single market and production base, about 96% of

East Asian Politics
The performance of East Asian nations, particularly Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and most recently, mainland China, is largely attributable to the East
Asian Model, which accounts for the following notable observations: sustained economic growth at high levels for long periods, social, political and
economic diversity, and economic activities that are industrialized, export–oriented and socially beneficial in nature. The East Asian Model is
characterized by the following elements: investment and trade–driven growth, active governmental involvement, strong regional cooperation and
economic development driven towards poverty reduction. Strong economic interaction among East Asian nations via trade and investment activities
stands out as a remarkable feature of the East Asian Model. East Asian nations accommodate a variety of social, political and economic elements that
enable them from pressuring one another in creating and fostering improvements in trade and investment. Given the foregoing respect, economic
integration stands as a favorable result of the East Asian Model that benefits Southeast Asian nations as well, with the help of regional cooperation via
the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Such results to the promotion of social, political and economic improvements that are not just
limited at the policy level, but also in material terms as well. Japan, for instance, has rendered a series of overseas development assistance (ODA)
projects to improve

The Difference Between the Arabs and the South and...
The difference between the Arabs and the South and Southeast Asians! The lure of regionalism– a belief in regional co–operation and integration as a
method to advance a region's shared political, economic or security interests – has had profound effects on the foreign policies of all countries. The
conventional wisdom is that such collaborative efforts will serve as the building blocks of a future Economic Community, as well as Unions. Many
attempts at uniting as a region are informed by the experiences of the European Union and North America. But the argument is also put forward that
many regional co–operation efforts are 'homegrown', an organic development, given specific historic, political,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
In order to manage emergencies caused by nature and food storage they have established the Food Bank with the participation of all countries that will
provide food security to the people of the region. They fought corruption by exchanging information on national experience combating corruption to
effectively address this problem. They have given the right for outside countries to play the role of observers in order to benefit from these external
linkages and help its economic integration with the international community. So many actions were taken in order to sustain economic development.
For example they have trained regional lawyer, judges and magistrates yearly on the "justice ability" of human rights, in order to provide justice and
equality among all the people. The establishment of the Asian Development Bank to provide financial assistance and economic stability by helping the
countries to: identify and prioritize sub regional projects; developing action programs; and preparing a needs assessment, including human resource
development, for implementing the action program in the five priority sectors. Improvements in the region and the constant growth shows us that both
associations are trying to achieve their goals and to obtain a sustained economy., and they are working together for a prosperous

The Chinese Foreign Ministry Website
summer of 2011, when he met the Philippine President Benigno Aquino. Specifically, the Chinese Foreign Ministry website explains as follows; the
concept of "setting aside dispute and pursuing joint development" has the following four elements: 1) The sovereignty of the territories concerned
belongs to China, 2) when conditions are not ripe to bring about a thorough solution to territorial dispute, discussion on the issue of sovereignty may be
postponed so that the dispute is set aside. To set aside dispute does not mean giving up sovereignty. 3) the territories under dispute may be developed in
a joint way, and 4) the purpose of joint development is to enhance mutual understanding through cooperation and create conditions for the eventual
resolution of territorial ownership.
Moving on to Vietnam, according to a study conducted by the Center for Naval Analyses and the Institute for Public Research, Vietnamese official
position regarding its sovereignty claims to the South China Sea islands was first brought about in a White Paper published by the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs in 1974. Like China, Vietnam also insists ownership over all of the Paracel (or Hoang Sa, as people call) and Spratly (Truong Sa)
islands based on several factors including 1) historical evidence and 2) economic advantages. Firstly, Vietnam claims that it has actively ruled over both
the Paracels and the Spratlys archipelagoes since the 17th Century –for this reason, it hotly disputes China 's historical

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is a political organization, culture and economy in Southeast Asia. ASEAN groups Brunei,
Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. ASEAN should promote economic and political
interests in the region when dealing with other areas of the world. ASEAN also promotes social and cultural development and regional stability. While
ASEAN countries have different styles of government, ASEAN also promotes the ideals of the democratic process. Most ASEAN countries have
experienced rapid economic progress and represent a very important role in this region. It was formed in 1967 from the five countries as the successor
to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations.
2.0 PROGRESS OF DEVELOPMENT
In line with Malaysia's commitment to open regionalism, Malaysia continued its active participation in the ASEAN, APEC and the Asia–Europe
Meeting (ASEM) . ASEAN is the core of foreign policy and national regional cooperation in areas of mutual interest. Participation in APEC aims to
foster cooperation in the field of global and regional trade, particularly in the areas of trade and business facilitation and capacity building. APEC also
provides a useful forum to get feedback from the international business community in the formation of APEC initiatives that simplify and enhance
business activities in the Asia Pacific region. Cooperation with ASEM is based on economic cooperation,

What Is The Role Of China's Role In South Asia?
1.China shares the regional interest of stability, economic growth and end of insurgency in South Asia. Peace and stability in South Asia is as much a
requirement for the region as for China. The region should thus engage with China to form a common view on the issues related to the Democracy,
Military dominance and development. Countries of South Asia should also seek to bring India and China on multilateral commitments on peace and
security to bring stability in the region.
2.Since China is in a position to broker peace in Afghanistan after the exit of ISAF the region should understand the interests and stakes of China, which
do not want to risk its neutral image and relations with various players in Afghanistan . The best approach ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Recent past has also revealed the trend wherein China has been using its position as a permanent member in UNSC to block Indian endeavours,
especially in the security domain , thereby not only hurting the Indian sentiments but also indirectly supporting the state sponsored terrorism in
Pakistan. China should thus be engaged to ensure the end of state support to the extremists and the destruction of their safe havens in Pakistan.
5.Similar is the case in Nepal, where China has been extending tremendous diplomatic influence giving no regard to the historical relationship between
India and Nepal. Nepal is a landlocked country and depends on India for most of its economic needs. Due to the terrain restrictions it is difficult for
Nepal to fulfil its requirements through China. Thus any disturbance in the relationship between India and Nepal has adverse affects on the poverty
ridden Himalayan nation. India and China should thus be brought to the table to develop an understanding to create a suitable environment in the
young democracy, which is still suffering from the after effects of the 2015 earthquake.
6.The increased economic influence in South Asia is the reflection of the China's concern of maintaining a high economic growth rate and energy
security. China's investments are essential to the region to stimulate growth

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