Colour Physics Essay

colour physics Essay
Colour Physics
712 words
1. Colour physics, dispersion of sunlight into colours of the spectrum. (Sir Isaac Newton 1676) Discuss and illustrate Newton's experiments and
beyond, from particle to wave theory.
2. Research, identify and illustrate how the eye sees colour, reference to light emitted, transmitted and reflected.
1. Sir Isaac Newton, held the theory that light was made up of tiny particles. Around the same period, Christiaan Huygens, believed that light was made
up of waves vibrating up and down perpendicular to the direction that the light travels. Huygens theory was the successful theory of light wave motion
in three dimensions. Huygen suggested that light waves peak ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Eventually the two wave fronts will overlap with each other, if a screen was placed at the point of the overlapping waves, you would see the production
of light and dark areas.
One bright afternoon, Newton darkened his room and made a hole in his window shutter, allowing just one beam of sunlight to enter the room. He then
took a glass prism and placed it in the sunbeam. The result was a spectacular multi–coloured band of light just like a rainbow. The multi–coloured band
of light we now know as the 'colour spectrum'.
Newton believed that all the colours he saw were in the sunlight shining into his room. He thought he then should be able to combine the colours of the
spectrum and make the light return to it's original state (white light). To test this, he placed another prism upside–down in front of the first prism. He
was right. The band of colours combined again into white sunlight. Newton was the first to prove that white light is made up of all the colours that we
can see.
2. The human eye is the final link in the chain of colour vision. The human eye has a basic two element lens. The cornea is the front or outer element
and the lens is the back or inner element. The amount of light entering the eye is controlled by the iris which lies in between the two. The light

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Redundant Target Effect
Our daily task requires us to pay full attention towards them, with a full sense of concious. During those daily tasks our attention is divided among our
surroundings. It gives us the ability to multitask, as we can foucus on multiple subjects at the same time. However, this ability declines as we age.
Older adults have a difficcult time processing information in the visual periphery. Mnay researches have been done to compare young adult and older
adults functional field of View (FFOV). Though the expectation for the results of the research was not met, by measuring the retinal area from which
observers can collect information necessary to make specific judgements, we can determine the differnce between young adults and old adults attention
span. The experiement applied the redundant target effect to compare it with single–target conditions. Through the experiemnets psychologists were
only able to discover that genral cognition in older adults was... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The analysis of RTs (reaction time) and error are measured by Age X Targetvisual field. The resutls indicated that older adults had longer RTs toward
the targets in the lower visual field (LVF) than the targets in the upper visual field (UVF). The RTs provided no evidence of interactions within the
visual fields because the targets either appered in the UVF or in LVF. The targets were not present in both fields at the same time. The Rts had shorter
redundent– target trials than the single–target trials because the processing time is determined how fast and quick the channel in each trial are. This
effect is known as statistical faciliation. The redundant target reduce error rates, and displays with clutter had higher errror rates than the no–clutter
display. Older adults showed more interaction of clutter than young children. However, there was no evidence of speed accuracy, but suprisingly the
capacity appeared to be larger for older adults in clutered conditions and for targets farther in the retinal

Spatial Perception Of Visual Sense On How The Drive A Car
AHCI Assignment 1
Reno Kim
Spatial perception of visual sense on "How to drive a car"
1.Always start your car with your foot on the brake.
2.Put on your seatbelt.
3.Turn on the engine and release the parking brake, if necessary.
4.Learn how to back your car out.
5.When you 're ready to move your car forward, come to a complete stop and shift the car into Drive.
Put your foot on the brake pedal, shift your car into Drive so that it can begin to move forward, and then take your foot off the brake pedal. Slowly
press down on the acceleration pedal with your foot to get the car to move forward. Accelerate until you 've reached the speed limit, and then take
your foot off the acceleration, hovering it over the brake pedal in case you need to start breaking.
6.Hold both hands on the steering wheel at the "9 and 3" position.
Introduction
Perception is how an organism detects and interprets the external world. There are five senses – smell, taste sound, touch and sight. Of the five senses,
sight is highly complex and requires the largest proportion of total brain power. The brain dedicates much of the cerebral cortex, directly and indirectly,
to support visual processing with senses like proprioception and memory (Al–chalabi, Turner, & Delamont, 2006).
Spatial perception of the visual sense is crucial in making the distinction from stationary and moving states while driving. It also aids with the sense of
where you are on the road relative to objects or

Normal Distribution and Standard Deviation
Student Exploration: Sight vs. Sound Reactions
Vocabulary: histogram, mean, normal distribution, range, standard deviation, stimulus
Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.)
Most professional baseball pitchers can throw a fastball over 145 km/h (90 mph). This gives the batter less than half a second to read the pitch, decide
whether to swing, and then try to hit the ball. No wonder hitting a baseball is considered one of the hardest things to do in sports!
1. What are some things in your life you must react to quickly? You need to react quickly when you are in danger, and you need to get away. You
also need to react quickly when you are in a car so you don't get hurt
2. In general, do you think ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Explain. I don't think that mine has normal distribution. Mine has a wide range of numbers, but I don't think that it is distributed like a normal graph
should be distributed
В
7. Experiment: On the GRAPH tab, click Clear data. This time, try to vary your response times randomly as you take the test. Click Start and take the
test.
A. What is the mean of this new set of values? 0.344
B. What is the range of this set? 0.26
C. What is the standard deviation of this set? 0.0872
8. Analyze: How does the standard deviation relate to the consistency and range of a data set?
The standard deviation is the mean multiplied by the range of the numbers.

Activity B:
Visual and auditory stimuli
Get the Gizmo ready:
Click Clear data.
Introduction: We perceive stimuli through nerve cells in our eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin. When a nerve cell is stimulated, it sends an electrical
signal to the brain. After the signal is processed by the brain, other signals are sent to our muscles as we react to the stimulus.
Question: Do we react more quickly to visual or auditory stimuli?
1. Form hypothesis: Do you think you will react more quickly to sights or sounds? Explain why.
I will react quicker to sounds because my brain has a slower reaction time for sight because of a concussion I got when I was younger.
2. Gather data: Select the TABLE tab. Use the Gizmo to run

Amaurosis Fugax Research Paper
Amaurosis fugax is a condition in which you lose your sight in one eye. The loss of vision in the affected eye may be total or partial. It usually lasts
just a few seconds or minutes. Then, it returns to normal. Occasionally, it may last for several hours. This is caused by interruption of blood flow to
the artery that supplies blood to the part of your eye that contains the nerves needed for sight (retina).
Amaurosis fugax is a kind of transient ischemic attack (TIA), which is a "warning stroke" that causes stroke–like symptoms. It is important to know
the symptoms of a TIA and what to do. This can help prevent a major stroke or death. In some people, amaurosis fugax can be a sign of an increased
risk for an actual stroke. A stroke can result... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This may reduce the risk of stroke. Certain diets may be prescribed to address high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, or obesity.
A diet low in sodium, saturated fat, trans fat, and cholesterol is recommended to manage high blood pressure.
A diet low in saturated fat, trans fat, and cholesterol, and high in fiber may control cholesterol levels.
A controlled–carbohydrate, controlled–sugar diet is recommended to manage diabetes.
A reduced–calorie diet that is low in sodium, saturated fat, trans fat, and cholesterol is recommended to manage obesity.
Maintain a healthy weight.
Stay physically active. It is recommended that you get at least 30 minutes of activity on most or all days.
Do not use any tobacco products, including cigarettes, chewing tobacco, or electronic cigarettes. If you need help quitting, ask your health care provider.
Limit alcohol intake to no more than 1 drink per day for nonpregnant women and 2 drinks per day for men. One drink equals 12 ounces of beer, 5
ounces of wine, or 1ВЅ ounces of hard liquor.
Do not abuse drugs.
Keep all follow–up visits as directed by your health care provider. This is important.
SEEK MEDICAL CARE IF:
You lose vision in one or both eyes for a short period of

Diagnosis And Treatment Of Glaucoma
Introduction:
Glaucoma is the second–leading cause of blindness in the world, affecting around 2.5 million people in the United States,1 and the incidence is
increasing. In 2010, approximately 45 million people were diagnosed with open angle glaucoma in the world and it is estimated that in 2020, these
numbers will increase to 59 million in the world with 3.5 million cases in the United States.2 Glaucoma can lead to irreversible blindness in 12.3% of
the cases.2
Because vision loss in glaucoma is irreversible, early diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma is critical for decreasing blindness worldwide.3 Since
studies have shown that optic nerve changes and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thinning can precede visual field loss in early ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
71.3 В± 13.5 for NTG, P–value < 0.005).11 However, all these imaging studies evaluated RNFL thickness for POAG and NTG patients but not for
secondary types of OAG such as pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PXG) and pigmentary glaucoma (PDG).
Open angle glaucoma (OAG) is the most common form of glaucoma, accounting for more than 90% of total glaucoma cases.15 Among different
subtypes of OAG, POAG is the most common and progressive type of OAG in the United States.16–18 Other subtypes of OAG include NTG, PXG,
and PDG.
The purpose of the current study is to evaluate whether there are different patterns of RNFL thinning among the different subtypes of open angle
glaucoma and also to compare these glaucoma patients with normal patients who had been imaging with Spectralis spectral domain OCT (Heidelberg

Neurology and Neurosurgery Essay
Neurology and Neurosurgery Neurology Overview
Although our primary interest is with the Medial
Temporal Lobe, also called the V5 area, a discussion of the entire motion perception pathway is instructive. Motion perception actually begins with the
specialized visual receptors in the retina known as M–cells (from the Latin word magnus, for large). As the name implies, the M–cells are relatively
large, located in the peripheral retina, and respond quickly to transient visual stimulation making them ideally suited for motion detection. By contrast,
P–cells are smaller, located in the fovea, react more slowly to stimuli, and are suited to fine–detail vision. Impulses from the retina then travel via the
optic nerve ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
172). From the LGN, impulses go to the Primary Visual Cortex
(also called V1) where three specialized cell types (Simple,
Complex, and Hyper Complex) process stimulations as to their orientation, length, motional speed and direction. Impulses are further processed in the
V2 area in terms of shape and form, in the V3 area for detail acuity plus some additional shape and form processing, the V4 area for color information
(Schiffman, 2000, p. 74), and the Medial Superior Temporal
(MST) and the Medial Temporal (MT), also called the V5 area
(Kalat, 2004. P. 171–172). The MST also receives impulses relating to eye movement and using a form of feedback processing, it accounts for the
near constant movement of the eyes themselves and differentiates that information from the actual object movement. The MT area proper is more
involved with the processing of continuous motion. To illustrate the differences between the MT and the MST, we can use the example of pouring a
cup of coffee. A person suffering a lesion to the MST will perceive stationary objects to be in near constant motion, and pouring from the perceived as
moving coffee pot into the also perceived as moving cup is an extremely difficult task requiring adaptive behaviors just to perform it. A lesion to the
MT would result

Glaucoma Research Paper
Glaucoma is the name given to a group of eye diseases that causes damage to the optic nerve fibers and can lead to progressive vision loss or
blindness if left untreated. The damage is primarily a result of the buildup of intraocular pressure, which results when an imbalance occurs in the
production and drainage of aqueous humour. However, someglaucoma is not distinguished by high intraocular pressure but as optic nerve damage. In
the human eye the ciliary body constantly creates aqueous humour to provide sustenance for surrounding tissues. To maintain a healthy balance as new
fluid is produced, older fluid must leave the eye through the meshwork drainage system along the periphery of the iris. If too much aqueous humour is
produced or the drainage system is not working properly consequently intraocular pressure builds, causing optic nerve fiber damage and deterioration of
vision.
The main treatment for glaucoma is topical eye drops, but in cases where a patient is on maximum eye drops and intraocular pressure is not controlled,
or the side effects are too extensive, an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
119), produces a highly concentrated beam of light. In general, laser treatment involves creating either a very small burn or opening in the eye tissue
(depending on the strength of the beam) to drain the aqueous humour and release the intraocular pressure. Initially, freezing drops are put into the
eye and chin and forehead are placed onto a special microscope called a slit lamp. A special lens is that helps prevent blinking and guides the highly
fixed beam of light is then placed in front of the eye. This is then followed by one of several possible laser treatments, chosen depending on the type of
glaucoma present: Laser Trabeculoplasty – Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty (SLT) and Argon Laser Trabeculoplasty (ALT); Laser Peripheral Iridotomy
(LPI); and Diode Laser

Axonal Death And Alzheimer 's Disease
Introduction Axonal death is a main element in many neurodegenerative diseases. It has been observed in many neurodegenerative diseases such as
Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Axon degeneration does not necessarily have to involve the typical apoptotic pathway regardless of the
morphological similarities to cells undergoing apoptosis. Yang et al. focused on axonal death in traumatic injury because it has been shown to be
independent of the necroptotic pathway. This was discovered since treatment with necroptosis inhibitors did not protect axons. To reiterate, axonal
death in traumatic injury has commonalities with other diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. If there is a greater understanding
for the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Axonal degeneration does have a significant impact on many neurodegenerative diseases. Their research found that this particular pathway,
Sarm1–MAPK pathway, may be a common pathway for different types of axonal degeneration, not just from traumatic injury. If the main pathway or
underlying mechanism that drives these diseases is uncovered and understood, then this can lead to creating different methods to protect synapses and
axons in these diseases. Other research can focus on trying to inhibit the Sarm1–MAPK pathway, or at least inhibit distinct components within it. Their
research is pertinent to finding a cure or possible treatments for many of these diseases. This will have multiple implications on society, medicine, and
the quality of life for many people suffering with the many debilitating symptoms associated with these diseases.
Experimental System In order to examine axons undergoing degeneration after traumatic injury, they observed axons of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs)
in mouse optic nerves. These RGCs were labeled with TdTomato fluorescent protein in order to visualize the axon degeneration following the optic
nerve crush–the traumatic injury. Then using the transgenic mouse line, Yang et al. examined the cytosolic version of Nmnat1. In addition, they used
wild–type mice that were transduced with TdTomato and a specific shRNA targeting Sarm1

Detection Of Optic Disc Location
Automatic Detection of optic disc location in Color Fundus Retinal Images Using Circle Operator
Abstract–In this work a method is proposed to detect optic disk (OD) automatically in color retinal fundus image without using background mask and
blood vessels. Based on the properties of OD, an idea of circle operator is presented here. This method has been applied on six public databases and the
promising results are obtained. The experimental results indicate that this proposed method of automatic OD detection has good accuracy and is also
time efficient.
In modern ophthalmology, detection of optic disk is a very important step for retinal image analysis. It is one of the main feature of extracting the
anatomical structure of the retina as illustrated in Fig. 1(a). Optic disk can be defined as the circular brighter region in retinal fundus image where
blood vessels converge and optic nerve is formed. OD detection is very indispensable for the computer aided diagnosis of different eye diseases such as
glaucoma detection and diabetic retinopathy [1]. Fig. 1(b) represents the fundus image with retinal lesion.
Many optic disc detection methods have been proposed ear–lier. In [4]–[6], image brightness based methods are proposed. In these methods it is
expected that the OD usually resembles according to the brightest pixels within fundus images. In [7] and [8], image variation based methods are
proposed based on the statement that the OD has a high image variation due to the

Essay On Visual Perception
Evaluate the evidence that visual perception involves bottom–up and top–down processing.
The perceptual system is comprised of a of a diverse range of senses including visual, auditory, olfactory and tactition; the perceptual system is part of
the nervous system, which contains millions of nerve cells called receptors that sense and respond to a plethora of sensory stimuli including light, sound
and temperature. The act of perceiving rather than merely sensing enables us to analyse and make sense of incoming sensory information, allowing us
to construct a description of the environment to inform and guide our actions within a complex, dynamic world. For primates, as compared to other
species, vision has predominantly been relied ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The vibrant environment to which Gibson refers is composed of images and surfaces with varying densities, textures, sizes, distances and shapes, and
the interaction or movement of the observer and the movement of the object provide ample information to generate perception.
Gibson emphasises the significance of what he terms the 'optic array' whereby light reflected from a multitude of textured surfaces unites in the visual
field occupied by the observer, thus altering in conjunction with the position of the observer, hence providing information about where the object is in
space. Furthermore, Gibson purposed that in addition to the optic array, invariants or higher–order features, such as 'horizon ration relation' and 'texture
gradient' offer explicit insight into the nature of the environment (as cited in Pike & Edgar, 2010, pp 74–76). 'Horizon ration relation' explored by
Sedgwick (1973) enables us to judge relative heights and distances of objects; the distance of objects can be judged as the ratio of the proportion of
the horizon above to below the object remains constant, however if objects viewed at the same distance differ in height the overall height of the
horizon correspondingly increases (as cited in Pike & Edgar, 2010 pp 74–76). Likewise, texture gradient provides information about the density, height,
and width of individual elements contained within and varying from surface to surface. Additionally Gibson posits motion and

Is Hemisphere Is Specialised For The Perception Of Emotion
Using Chimeric Faces to Understand the Lateralisation of Emotion
Report by: Tin–Kai Yeh
Student ID: 4414697
Lab 130 (Demonstrator: Victoria Alogna)
30th April, 2015
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate which hemisphere is specialised for the perception of emotion. It was hypothesised that participants
will judge chimeric faces with smile presented in the left visual field as happier more often than chimeric faces with the smile presented in the right
visual field. Twenty–six psychology students were asked to judge chimeric faces with one half being a smiling expression and the other half with a
neutral expression. The images were presented in their left and right visual field. Over 28 experimental trials the participants were asked to judge
which face they thought looked happier. The percentage of chimeric faces judged as happier for both left and right visual field was recorded. The
hypothesis was supported: chimeric faces with smile presented in the left visual field as happier more often than chimeric faces with the smile
presented in the right visual field.
The human brain is a mystery that has been studied for centuries in attempt to understand how it functions. Scientists first thought that the brain was a
structure that functioned a whole. It was in the early 1600's where the first ideas of localisation of function in the brain started. At this time Rene
Descartes discovered a tiny structure called the pineal

Exophthalmos Research Paper
Exophthalmos
Exophthalmos, also called proptosis, is a condition where one or both eyes move forward. The eyes look as if one or both eyes are bulging or popping
out. When the eyes are pushed forward, damage can be done to:
The main nerve between the eye and the brain that contains the nerves for vision (optic nerve).
The muscles that make the eye move.
The inside of the eye from increased pressure (glaucoma).
The front surface of the eye (cornea) because of exposure and dryness.
CAUSES
Exophthalmos is most often caused by an underlying condition, such as:
Overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism, Graves' disease).
Glaucoma.
Anything pushing the eyes forward from behind, such as:
A tumor.
Eye cancer.

Cct Is A Highly Heritable And One Of The Most Correlated...
CCT is a highly heritable and one of the most correlated quntitive ocular trait (Ref). It is a hallmark of diseases such as keratoconus and a rsik facor
for POAG in individuals with high IOP. In table 1B, we compile information on following fifteen genes and sequence variants identified through
GWAS using CCT as a quantitative trait; 1. A kinase (PRKA) anchorprotein 13 (AKAP13), 2. fibroblast growth factor 9 related (AVGR8
/FGF9–SGCG); 3. Chondroitin sulfate synthase 1 (CHSY1); 4. Collagen type 8 alpha 2 (COL8A2); 5. CWC27 spliceosome–associated protein
homolog (CWC27–ADAMTS6); 6. fibronectin type III domain containing 3B (FNDC3B); 7. forkhead box O1 (FOXO1); 8. G protein–coupled
receptor 15 (GPR15); 9. heparan sulfate (glucosamine) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Caveolin1/2 (CAV1/CAV2); 4. cyclin
–dependent kinase inhibitor 2B family (CDKN2B and CDKN2B–AS1); 5. family with sequence similarity 125,
member B (FAM125B); 6. FND3B; 7. growth arrest–specific 7 (GAS7); 8. glucocorticoid induced transcript 1 (GLCCI1/ICA1) [36]; 9. RAB9B,
member RAS oncogene family pseudogene 1 (RAB9BP1); 10. SIX homeobox 1/6 (SIX1/SIX6); 11. solute carrier family 2 (SLC2A14/SLC2A3) and
12. transmembrane and coiled–coil domains 1 (TMCO1)
3e. Genes identified in GWAS withoptic nerve/disc paramters as the quantitative trait:
As mentioned before, glaucomatous optic neuropathies are recognized by changes in the characteristics of the optic nerve head, or optic disc, caused
by loss of retinal ganglion cells and thinning of the retinal nerve fibre layer. GWAS utilizing quantitative optic nerve parameters have so far yeilded
28 genes and genomic regions as listed in Table 1D.
3f. POAG/NTG genes identified from POAG/NTG based GWAS
:
The GWAS approach has been used very successfully in the past five years to identify genes associated with various endophenotypes of POAG. [Add
discussion of GWAS findings]
Recently genome–wide association studies (GWAS) have identified ten genomic loci statistically associated with POAG or NTG, including atonal
homolog 7 (ATOH 7), caveolin1/2 (CAV1/CAV2), phosphomannomutase 2 (PMM2), SIX homeobox 1/6 (SIX1/SIX6), transmembrane and coiled
–coil
domains 1 (TMCO1), variants near ATP–binding cassette, sub–family A (ABC1),

Physical Injury: Trauma To The Eye
Trauma to the eye is a generalized phrase used to describe a physical or chemical injury done to the eye. There are several ways you can experience
trauma to the eye. This paper is going to report on a physical injury from a detached retina. This paper will cover the cause, risk factors, complications,
and a care plan with current treatments for the eye injuries.
Etiology
"The retina is the light–sensitive layer of tissue that lines the inside of the eye and sends visual messages through the optic nerve to the brain" (Facts
about retinal detachment, 2016). As the retina detaches, it is removed from its normal location, causing pain and irritation. Some possible causes of
retinal detachment include trauma, tumor, aging, and hemorrhage. You... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Asses for visual status and how well the unaffected eye works to determine proper self–care needs. You should prepare the client for surgery and the
preparation and all it includes to relieve some of their anxiety. Providing comfort can help ease their anxiety level. Another way to help with their
anxiety is to let them know you will be in the room the whole time during the procedure. Encourage the patient to refrain from bending over, straining
from constipation, or sneezing to decrease your intraocular pressure. Some goals for a patient with a detached retina should include remain free from
injury, free from permanent visual impairment, and understand proper

Case Study on Compartment Syndrome
A Case Study on Compartment Syndrome of the Forearm in a soccer player
Objective: To describe the evaluation, diagnosis, and current treatment of a men's soccer player with compartment syndrome of the forearm.
Background: The forearm is the most common site for compartment syndrome in the upper extremity. The compartments of the forearm include the
volar (anterior or flexor), and the dorsal (posterior or exterior). Both bone forearm fractures and distal radius fractures are common initial injuries that
lead to acute forearm compartment syndrome. The flexor digitorum profundus and flexor pollicis longus are among the most severely affected muscles
because of their deep location, closest to the bone.
Differential Diagnosis: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Acute compartment syndrome is a medical emergency. It is usually cause by a severe injury. And without treatment, it can lead to permanent muscle
damage. Chronic compartment syndrome, also known as exertional compartment syndrome, is usually not an emergency. This is most often caused by
an athletic exertion. Because the fascia does not stretch, this can cause increase pressure on the capillaries, nerves and muscles in the compartment.
The blood flow to the muscle and nerve cells is disrupted. Without a steady supply of oxygen and nutrients, the nerve and muscle cells can be damaged.
Compartment syndrome most often occurs in the anterior compartment of the lower leg. But can also be present in other compartments in the leg, as
well as the arms, hands, feet and buttocks. The pain and swelling of chronic compartment syndrome is caused by exercise. Athletes who participant in
activities with repetitive motions, such as running, biking, or swimming, are more likely to develop chronic compartment syndrome. This is usually
relieved by discontinuing the exercise and is usually not dangerous. Acute compartment syndrome usually develops after a severe injury such as a
broken bone. Rarely does it develop after a relatively minor injury. Conditions that may bring on acute compartment syndrome include: a fracture, badly
bruised muscle, reestablished blood flow after block circulation, or constricting bandages. The classic sign of acute

Signs/Symptoms: The way a person would know if they have Glaucoma, an eye disease that can make someone go blind, is by looking for the signs
or symptoms. Symptoms of Open Angle Glaucoma are patchy blindness spots in the peripheral or central vision and "tunnel" vision in both eyes. The
symptoms for Acute Angle–Closure Glaucoma are, as said by Glaucoma – Symptoms and Causes by The Mayo Clinic "eye pain, nausea and vomiting,
blurred vision, "halos" around lights – which may be rainbow," red eyes, and sudden sight loss. The symptoms of this kind of Glaucoma have no
typical early warning signs. This is the reason people don't notice it until it is too late, and they end up losing their vision if it is not treated.
Transmission, Treatment, and

A Better Understanding Of Glaucoma
Better understanding of glaucoma, requires assessment of the different components incorporate ,retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), and, and visual
function. On the other hand, elevated intraocular pressure, are not only risk factor of glaucoma .RNFL thickness measured by optical coherence
tomography (OCT) is a reliable early marker of glaucoma[1,2]. As the pathogenesis of glaucoma involves the degeneration of axons as well as cell
bodies and dendrites, The primary site of axonal damage in glaucoma is thought to be the lamina cribrosa , based on findings from previous studies
[3–5] ,which thought to be via several mechanisms, including mechanical damage, [6]compromised vascular supply, [7] and increased translaminar
pressure gradient[8]. The main load–bearing tissue of the eye is the sclera and its deformations due to the IOP changes are transmitted to the optic nerve
head (ONH). ONH cupping in glaucoma is thought to be a combination of the two components – prelaminar and laminar cupping [9]. Clinically,
glaucomatous optic nerve damage is diagnosed by the deepening and extension of the optic cup ,with dimension of the neuro–retinal rim [10]. The
anterior and posterior surface of the LC is well visualized on the OCT, and this may be used in understanding glaucomatous changes [11]. Optical
coherence tomography is a method of using low–coherence interferometry to scan through the layers of the retina with very high axial resolution (3 to
15 Ојm) , for imaging disorders affecting

Optic Neuritis Case Studies
Optic Neuritis
Introduction
Optic neuritis (ON) is a disease related to the eye that causes visual impairment. ON arises due to the inflammation and demyelination of the optic
nerve, affecting interpretation of visual signals causing blurred, grey or dim vision. More often than not, ON is monocular in scope however there
are cases where both eyes are affected. ON has been known to be highly associated with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) however an individual does not have
to have MS to be diagnosed with ON. пѓ 81
Epidemiology and Pathology
Optic Neuritis has been found to persist more commonly in young healthy adults, with females having a higher incidence rate than males. ON is the
most common optic neuropathy in individuals under the age of 50 years ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Acute ON usually involves a singular eye being affected whereby 90% of ON cases take place; the other 10% of cases occurring in both eyes is
found to occur more frequently in children under the age of 15. The Optic Neuritis Treatment Trials (ONTT) identified vision loss and eye pain as
the most common symptoms found in patients with acute unilateral ON. Vision loss was found to occur steadily over a period of a few hours to a
few days, with a peak in between 1–2 weeks, whilst eye pain occurred in 92% of those affected and would worsen through eye movement. These
visual defects however would usually resolve itself with care, with the ONTT presenting 56% of participants being clear after one year and 73%
cleared after 10 (Cleary et al., 1997). In other cases, a patient may become affected with papillitis (intraocular ON) causing hyperemia leading to the
swelling of the optic disc; a point of exit for optic ganglion cells. This area is important for the major blood vessels to supply the retina and thus aid in
interpreting visual signals to be passed through the optic nerve into the brain. пѓ

Section 11 : The Nervous System
Section 11: The Nervous System
Structure and Function
Neurons
I.Neurons: cells of the nervous system, specialized to conduct electric like impulses
II.Axons and dendrites: impulses enter the neuron only through the dendrites and leave only through the axon
III.Synapse: space between the axon of one cell and the dendrites of others
IV.Axons and dendrites in the periphery are covered with myelin, which acts as insulation
Neurotransmitters
I.Neurotransmitters: chemicals that enable messages (nerve impulses) to pass from one cell to another, if chemicals are not produced in the right
amounts, the message pathway becomes confused or blocked
Nerves
I.Some axons and dendrites are long and others short. Axons and dendrites of many ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Certain activities are centered in each lobe.
пѓ In general the right side of the cerebrum interprets for and controls the left side of the body and vice versa.
II.Cerebellum: found beneath the occipital lobe of the cerebrum. It too has an outer layer of gray cell bodies; this portion of the brain coordinates
muscular activities and balance.
III.Brain stem: the midbrain, pons, and medulla are located in the brain stem. They are composed mainly of axons and dendrites. These fibers serve as
connecting pathways between the control centers in the cerebrum and cerebellum and the spinal cord. Control centers are found within the brain stem
for involuntary movements of such vital organs as the:
пѓ Heart
пѓ Blood vessels
пѓ Lungs
пѓ Stomach
пѓ Intestines
The Spinal Cord
I.The spinal cord extends from the medulla to the second lumbar vertebra in the spinal canal, which is above the small of the back, a distance of about
17 inches. Nerves entering and leaving the spinal cord carry impulses to and from the control centers.

The Meninges
I.There are three membranes called meninges, they surround both the brain and the spinal cord, they are the dura mater, the arachnoid mate, and the
pia mater
пѓ The dura mater is the tough outer covering
пѓ The arachnoid mater is the middle, loosely structured layer
Cerebrospinal Fluid
I.Ventricles are cavities within the cerebrum that are lined with highly vascular tissue.
II.

Essay about The Percept of Pain
The Percept of Pain: Where does it come from?
In class we have discussed the concept of pain, concluding that a conflict between what the brain anticipates occurring and what actually occurs has the
potential to cause the perception of pain. Furthermore, it was suggested that genetics might have a role in the experience of pain, particularly when
applied to the discussion of phantom limb pain. However, I found these inferences a bit unsatisfying and walked away with more questions than
answers. Where does chronic pain come into the picture? Why is a stimulus that is painful for one person not for another? And the question that
puzzled me the most: how, from a neurobiological perspective, can an individual experience pain in her arm if ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Likewise, there is the possibility that the nervous system's influence can change aspects of pain.
What is happening during a painful experience? Two classes of pain have been delineated: nociceptive pain and neuropathic pain. The latter division
involves only direct injury to nerves in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Tissues containing specialized sensory receptors, called
nociceptors, are activated by noxious stimuli and have been discovered to exist in almost all multicellular animals on Earth, as well as in some
bacteria (2). Nociceptors are most abundant in superficial areas of the skin, joint capsules, inside the periostea of bones, and around vessel walls (3).
Although nociceptors are involved with pain perception, stimulation of a nociceptor does not invariably result in a painful response. Unlike other
sensory receptors, nociceptors become increasingly sensitive with continued stimulation. Damaged tissue releases prostaglandins and leukotrienes,
chemicals that sensitize nociceptors (4). These nociceptors respond to stimuli that would not normally be interpreted as painful (this is sometimes
called allodonia). For example, sunburn pain is exacerbated by a gentle touch or breeze due to the hyperactivity of the nociceptors. Aspirin and similar
drugs reduce sensitization by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins (5).
Three types of nociceptors have been classified: A delta (I and II),

Glaucoma
"Glaucoma is a condition that causes damage to your eye's optic nerve and gets worse over time". (WebMD) Glaucoma is interlinked with the
pressure in the eye. No one knows the exact cause of the glaucoma. Doctors think the main cause of the glaucoma is the pressure in the eye. Some
people with the normal eye pressure also suffer with glaucoma. There are different kinds of glaucoma such as open angle glaucoma, Angle closure
glaucoma, Normal tension glaucoma, Congenital and infantile glaucoma, and secondary glaucoma's. Beta–adrenergic blockers and prostaglandins are
the most frequently used topical medications at present.
Open Angle Glaucoma Is a very common type of glaucoma in 90% patients who suffer with glaucoma. "Open–angle" means that ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
(Nei. nih. Gov)
Pseudoexfoliation glaucoma it is a systemic disorder. High amount of proteinaceous substance produced in the ocular tissues. Depending on the cause
of these secondary glaucoma's, treatment includes medicines, laser surgery, or conventional or other glaucoma surgery. In glaucoma medications,
plenty of choices are available to treat glaucoma, including eye drops, laser procedures and eye surgery all these help to reduce the eye pressure and to
protect the optic

Glaucoma Tests: The only way to know if a person has glaucoma is for them to be tested by a eye care professional. A reason why people should see
a eye Doctor every one to two years. There are five different kinds of tests to help diagnose glaucoma. It is important to diagnose glaucoma right that is
why there are many tests. These tests are a tonometry, ophthalmoscopy, perimetry, gonioscopy, or pachymetry test. The purpose of tonometry test is to
measure the pressure within the eye. Drops are placed in the eye to numb it while a machine called the tonometer applies a small amount of pressure to
the eye. According to Glaucoma Research Foundation, "The range for normal pressure is 12–22 mm Hg ("mm Hg" refers to millimeters of mercury, a
scale used to record eye pressure). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By using laser treatment it can delay the use of daily eye drops. Laser treatment is use to clear or open up the drainage canals that are lowering the
movement of fluid in the eye. By clearing it up the eye pressure is lowered stoping the damage being caused to the optic nerve. Yet the effect of laser
treatment is not permeant and the patient will eventually need to use eye drops. It is popular belief that if a person has glaucoma they can smoke a
lot of medical marijuana. It maybe true that smoking marijuana can lower eye pressure but only for a short period of time. The effectiveness of
marijuana is only about three to four hours. With the lack of evidence it is not a recommended form of glaucoma treatment. (Terri Pickering) With
there being no cure for glaucoma people with need to continue treatment for the rest of their lives. There is many different roads to take when a person
starts treatment. Many of them has their risks but having a overall healthier life can have its benefits for glaucoma. A healthier life is something
everyone should strive for having glaucoma or

Description Of The Barn Owls Essay
Outline I.Introduction II.Barn Owls a.The Barn Owl is an extremely specialized nocturnal marauder with exceptional preying skills. b.They are also
notorious for their advanced sound–localization capabilities. c.The visual system in the Barn Owl shows anatomical, purposeful, and physiological
specializations. d.Front Facing Eyes with high–quality optics which create an abnormally large binocular field of observation which is a sign for
increased ethological importance for the use of stereo vision e.Barn Owls have coupled modification in both eyes and an enlarged Wulst. i.With this
comes a high level of binocular interaction and selectivity for binocular inconsistency. f.Owls have global stereopsis and use disparity, the
inconsistency, as a depth cue with hyperacute exactness. g.Barn Owls are able to make out illusionary contours. h.Owls have very limited potential in
moving its eyes relative to its head. i.The eyes nor the ears move separately from the head in owls. i.The image quality in the eyes of the Barn Owl is
exceptional. j.III.Vernier Acuity a.Vernier acuity is the capability to identify tiny spatial offsets in paired lines, dots, or objects. b.Currently, humans
can determine the relative positional alteration of spatially non–aligned features with meticulousness that corresponds to a small percentage of the eye's
resolving power. c.Does the Barn Owl display hyperacuity in a Vernier task? i.In the experiment, a simple one–up and one–down

Glaucoma is not about one eye dieses it effects on both eye, it's very risky and its effects on eye really badly. When you have glaucoma you need to
look for those kind effects going on. You can lose your eye vision then you won't be able to see. So many people in United States they all lost their
vision because of Glaucoma. It's very important to get your check up done on your regularly appointment and have your doctor measure your
intraocular pressure. If you have glaucoma in one eye and that can cause so much it can affect your other eye too and you will affect someone else too.
Sometime people get caught if they have glaucoma to someone else in their family.
Risk factor– the risk factors are when Glaucoma destroy your vision before you

Optic Nerve Construction
There are many structures in the eye, some of which include; the retina, rods and cones, the macula, the central fovea, the cranial nerve, the optic
chiasm and the lateral geniculate nucleus. The retina is a layer at the back of the eye containing cells that are sensitive to light, it triggers impulses
through the optic nerve. Rods and cones are specialized receptors which sense light and color. The macula is an area about the diameter of a pencil
head and is close to 100 times more sensitive to small visual features than the rest of the retina. The central fovea is an area of the retina in the center of
the macula that has an extremely high resolution. The cranial nerve is responsible for nerve impulses that travel along the optic nerve ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bergman like the evolutionists, used other scientist's studies and claims to make his argument sound. Bergman also included the counterargument,
otherwise known as the evolutionists view of the retina, which helps the reader see both sides of the story. Bergman's argument is valid because even
though the eye may be different from what evolutionists think the ideal eye would look like, it still functions at the highest rate possible and can not
be redesigned to make it faster or more efficient then the original God given

Why Do I Choose The Optic Nerve?
In my junior year, I was assigned a group project by my Physiology teacher. We had desks that were grouped together to form a group of 5
(including me). We had to chose a subject that was medical related and my group chose the Optic Nerve. This was an interesting subject for me
because I was really curious about how amazing eyes are. They allow us to view the world that we live in. While doing research, I stumbled upon
diseases of the eye that really captured my attention. This work challenged me because it's very hard to research about a subject you don't know
much about. Where do you begin or what do you search for? I took this assignment one at a time and successfully found the correct questions to look
up. I have pride in this assignment because it was really difficult and I did not know where to look for the answers to my questions. This presentation
shows how much effort and material I have learned and was required to master in order to present the information... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
I learned that I am very responsible when it come down to group presentations. Especially ones that I have a big interest in. I also found out what
my beliefs in completing a group assignment is. My belief is that if everyone does their part and contributes equal amounts, there is no way that
the assignment can get a low grade. As for my community / peers, I learned that choosing the right people is a very big key. Not only because you
know everyone will do their part, but also because you know that everyone will actually care about what they do. As a writer, this improved my skills
because although i know the information, the people that I am introducing it to don't. Therefore, I had to make sure I wrote all my information is such
a way that will make someone who is new to the information, clearly understand it. It was a challenge because every medical term had to be fully
explained therefore people can understand what is going

Formalin-Prepared Optic Nerves : Case Study
ll Formalin– prepared optic nerves (ON) was mainly used as the materials and sources of information in the study. To identify the human ON areas
where demyelination has occurred, Jennings and Caroll used luxol fast blue (LFB) and hamatoxylin and eosin. Cat ON, on the other hand, were stained
with toluidine to distinguish the myelin sheaths in preparation for electron microscopy processing. After this, immunohistochemistry was effectually
conducted in order to differentially mark the neuroglia. The digital images formed were then examined and evaluated to quantify the data. Results
revealed the presence of oligodendroglial cells in MSON lesions, which further confirms the link between remyelination as a result or consequence of...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Subpial cortical demyelination (SCD) has been recently found to manifest among 90% of progressive MS patients and is even present to people with
early MS. In order to determine whether recurring incidents of inflammatory SCD can significantly change the pattern of oligodendroglial
repopulation and lead to demyelinated cortical lesions, the study compared NogoA+ and Olig2+ oligodendrocyte cells. The presence and activities of
these cells in patients with early cases and mature stages of MS are examined and carefully analyzed. Results demonstrated a considerable decrease in
the NogoA+ and Olig2+ cells for individuals with chronic MS, but those in the early stages of MS showed a different result. Moreover, during the
demyelination phase, repeated stimulation of SCD in the experimental rats stemmed to a transitory loss of NogoA+ but did not have a similar effect on
the Olig2+ cells. This was followed by the complete repopulation and remyelination of the oligodendroglial cells, notwithstanding the four preceding
periods of demyelination. These results indicate successful remyelination in subpial cortical lesions among the rats even after repeated SCD, an
indication only apparent to early MS but not to chronic cases. Furthermore, the data obtained demonstrated that the four cycles of continuous
demyelination and remyelination process did not effectively sustain an independent remyelination that has been observed in chronic MS lesions. The
results of the

Optic Nerve Research Paper
OPTIC NERVE
WHAT IS THE OPTIC NERVE?
It is the second pair of many cranial nerves that connects the eyes to the brain. The optic nerve is responsible for transmitting visual information from
the retina to the vision centers of the brain by using electrical impulses. These impulses are dispatched through the optic nerve to the brain, which
interprets them as images. Some alternative names that this nerve is called is the second cranial nerve or cranial nerve II.
WHAT IS IT MADE OF?
Each optic nerve is made up of ganglionic cells or nerve cells and it consists of over one million nerve fibers. It is one of two nerves that does not
connect with the brainstem.
WHAT IS THE ORIGIN?
The optic nerve is found in the eye and begins at the optic disk, which is a structure that is located at the back of the eye. The optic disk forms from
the convergence of ganglion cell output fibers called axons as they move out of the eye. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some disorders that affect the optic nerve are:
Glaucoma, which is a group of diseases that is one on the leading causes of blindness in the United States. Glaucoma usually happens when the fluid
pressure inside the eyes slowly rises and damages the optic nerve.
Optic neuritis is an inflammation of the optic nerve that can lead to infections and immune–related illnesses.
Optic nerve hypoplasia is the underdevelopment of the optic nerve resulting in little to no vision in the affected eye.
Tumors, that can apply a pressure on the optic nerve causing various forms of visual loss.
Damage to an optic nerve or damage to its pathways to the brain results in loss of vision. At a structure in the brain called the optic chiasm, each
optic nerve splits, and half of its fibers cross over to the other side. Damage to the optic nerve pathway causes certain parts of vision

The Human Nervous System Essay
The Human Nervous System
The nervous system is the most complex part of the body, as they govern our thoughts, feelings, and bodily functions. It is an important factor in
science because it can lead to new discoveries for cures or diseases. The studies of the nervous system helped lower death rates from heart disease,
stroke, accidents, etc. The nervous system is a network of neurons (nerve cells that sends information to the brain to be analyzed.
Neurons live both in and outside the central nervous system. Understanding how the neurons work is vital to understanding the nervous system.
The neuron has two important structures called the dendrite and axon, also called nerve fibers. The dendrites are like tentacles that sprout ... Show more
The impulse is then sent to another neuron, and the process repeats until the nerves are at rest. The effect of the signals depends on what the target
is. If the target of the signal is a muscle cell, the effect might be a muscle contraction. The speed of the electrical impulse depends on the size of the
nerve fiber. In small nerves, the rate it transmits impulses is from a half to two meters a second. The larger the diameter of the nerve fiber, the higher
rate of conducting impulses. There is less electrical resistance in thick fibers. When nerve impulse jumps from one node (gaps in nerve fibers) to the
next, it is called saltatory conduction. Saltatory conduction conducts faster because it contains an insulator that prevents leakage of currents. The rate
of conduction is 2 to 120 meters a second. Not all nerves conduct impulse electrochemically. Some impulses jump from nerve to nerve, bypassing the
synapse. Unlike other cells, once neurons are lost, they can't be regenerated. Fortunately, there are about 10 billion neurons and they have other cells to
aid them in carrying messages to other nerves. But if nerves are severed, the nerve fibers can regenerate if the two ends are reattached precisely.
However, restored functions may produce different actions because the nerves might not be connected to the right channel.
There are three main parts of the nervous system: the central, peripheral, and autonomic

Duplicity Theory Research Paper
Duplicity theory is the idea that there are two different types of receptors processing two different types of vision. The two types of vision is color
vision and black and white. Respectively each type of vision functions differently in different amounts of light however, the way in which it is
processed by corresponding cells and structures gives us the complexity of our visual processing system. The structures involved are the retina in the eye
, the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN), and the Visual Cortex (VC) located in the brain; each structure allows us to view the three dimensional colored
world that surrounds us.
Visual processing starts with the eye where light is bent and refracted so that the most important cells can capture it. Those cells are located in our
retina which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This type of convergence shown is called Center Surround Antagonistic (CSA) because three receptors converge onto one ganglion cell that can be
deterred by the horizontal cells that make up the system. Parasol ganglion cells process black and white light information. Midget ganglion cells
process colored light information. While we might think that colored light and the corresponding cells would dominate our vision this is only due to
the high concentration in our fovea where most of the light entering our eye is directed to. Rods and parasol ganglion cells are most abundant in our
retinal surface although it seems contradicting. After the light information coming into our eye is processed and converged through the layers in our
retinal it is sent through the ganglion axon bundle that forms our optic nerve and crosses at the optic chiasm. The translated information crosses over
each other so that sensory information from the left visual field is processed in the same area and vice versa for the right visual

The 2000 Meter Row Case Study
The 2000–Meter Row: A Case in Homeostasis
Adapted from the National Center for Case Study Teaching in Science* by Nathan Strong
At the start 1. Recall that Jim's heart and respiratory rate are increased, he was sweating and that his mouth was dry before the raise began. Explain
what is happening to his autonomic nervous system (including which division is the most active) and specify exactly how those ANS responses are
creating the symptoms noted. What changes do you think are occurring in the digestive and urinary systems at this time? (8 points)
In his autonomic nervous system, the sympathetic division was the most active before and during the race because it is what prepares your body for
extra somatic activity. It activated ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Now, pick one of those muscles and trace their control from the appropriate brain structure all the way to the NMJ. Be sure to include all intermediate
structures, synapses, plexuses and nerves.
(8 points)
Movement of the deltoid begins in the cerebrum of the brain, but more specifically: in the frontal lobe, the premotor cortex is relaying instructions to
the primary motor cortex. The primary motor cortex contains the upper motor neurons whose axons will travel down the pyramids of the medulla
oblongata and synapse on lower motor neurons in the anterior gray horns of spinal cord segments C5–C6. From there, the ventral rami of spinal nerves
C5–C6 form the superior trunk of the brachial plexus, which splits into two divisions. We will follow the posterior division that supplies to extensor
muscles. This posterior division then runs into the posterior cord from which the axillary nerve is derived. The axillary nerve's motor end innervates
the deltoid through its neuromuscular junction.
4. Rowing full speed is putting maximum demands on Jim's muscles. What metabolic process is providing most of the energy for Jim's muscles at this
point and why do Jim's muscles feel like they are burning? (5 points)
As Jim's muscles are at maximum demand, his mitochondria are unable to produce the needed ATP through aerobic respiration because oxygen is
unable to diffuse fast enough into his muscle fibers. At this time anaerobic

Glaucoma is the name given to a group of eye diseases that causes damage to the optic nerve fibers and can lead to progressive vision loss or
blindness if left untreated. The damage is primarily a result of the buildup of intraocular pressure, which results when an imbalance occurs in the
production and drainage of aqueous humour. However, someglaucoma is not distinguished by high intraocular pressure, but as optic nerve damage. In
the human eye the ciliary body constantly creates aqueous humour to provide sustenance for surrounding tissues. To maintain a healthy balance as new
fluid is produced, older fluid must leave the eye through the meshwork drainage system along the periphery of the iris. If too much aqueous humour is
produced or the drainage system is not working properly, consequently intraocular pressure builds, causing optic nerve fiber damage and deterioration
of vision.
The main treatment for glaucoma is topical eye drops, but in cases where a patient is on maximum eye drops and intraocular pressure is not
controlled, or the side effects are too extensive or the age and ability of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In general, laser treatment involves creating either a very small burn or opening in the eye tissue (depending on the strength of the beam) to drain
the aqueous humour and release the intraocular pressure. Initially, freezing drops are put into the eye and chin and forehead are placed onto a
special microscope called a slit lamp. A special lens is that helps prevent blinking and guides the highly fixed beam of light is then placed in front of
the eye. This is then followed by one of several possible laser treatments, chosen depending on the type of glaucoma present: Laser Trabeculoplasty –
Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty (SLT) and Argon Laser Trabeculoplasty (ALT); Laser Peripheral Iridotomy (LPI); and Diode Laser

Receptor Cell Essay
THE RETINA: RECEPTOR CELLS
The receptor cells are the RODS and CONES. Each consists of: * A process consisting of outer and inner segments. * An external fiber connecting the
process with the soma. * A soma or body containing the nucleus. * An inner fiber that resembles an axon and synapses with a bipolar cell.
Rods are extremely sensitive to light and can react to a single photon. The light is absorbed by the pigment rhodopsin and the energy acquired results
in decrease in cGMP which in turn causes the closing of Na+ channels. This hyperpolarizes the cell causing a release of synaptic vesicles.
Rhodopsin which can only detect variation in intensity of light resulting in gray level visio
Horizontal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Meyer's loop fibers carry information from the lower retina, and thus from the upper part of the visual field to the lower bank of the calcarine
fissure.
THE VISUAL CORTEX
The information received by the primary visual cortex is illlustrated in A below: It is inverted and reversed, and the center has high resolution which
becomes progressively worse toward the periphery. In addition, there are fewer cones at the periphery, so the image contains less color at the periphery.
The visual cortex reconstructs the image with constant color and resolution.
INFLAMMATION OF THEOPTIC NERVE
Because nearly ВЅ of the fibers in the optic nerve are from the fovea, inflammation of the nerve will affect color perception and resolution in the central
vision in the ipsilateral eye.
LESION OF THE OPTIC NERVE
A lesion that destroys the optic nerve will destroy all input from that retina, leading to monocular visual loss (blindness in that eye).
LESION OF THE OPTIC CHIASM
A lesion of the optic chiasm will destroy the fibers from the medial halves of both retinas where they cross. Remember that the medial half of the
retina receives the image from the lateral half of the visual field. Thus a lesion of the optic chiasm will result in loss of the lateral halves of the visual

fields, sometimes called "tunnel vision" (bitemporal hemianopia).
LESION OF THE OPTIC TRACT
A lesion of the

Glaucoma Case Study
Glaucoma is an optic neuropathy that can cause visual dysfunction. The first line treatment for open angle glaucoma is prostaglandin analogs or
beta–adrenergic antagonists. These agents decrease intraocular pressure. Lumigan, a prostaglandin analog that works by increasing the outflow of
aqueous humor through the trabecular meshwork and uveoscleral routes.1 Cosopt is a combination product that contains dorzolamide and timolol. Its
mechanism of action is by inhibiting carbonic anhydrase II which lowers bicarbonate ion formation. This leads to a decrease of sodium and fluid
transport therefore decreasing aqueous humor secretion.2 The beta– blocker effect of timolol on intraocular pressure is unknown. These agents may
also be used for ocular hypertension.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This data was consistent throughout all visits until the third month visit where the reduction was a 1.8 mmHg difference ( Lumigan –6.8, Cosopt –5.0,
pв‰¤0.001)3. The only statistical significant mean intraocular pressure reduction at the 10 AM visit was during week 1 (Lumigan–6.9 mmHg,
Cosopt –5.1 mmHg, pв‰¤0.001)3. Lumigan and Cosopot were not able to control intraocular pressure throughout the day. More patients in the
Lumigan group reached their target intraocular pressure of less than or equal to 13–16 mmHg by the third month 8 AM visit than the Cosopt group
(pв‰¤0.008)3. Lumigan was shown to be statistically superior to Cosopt in the differences of intraocular pressure during the final visit's
measurements at 8 AM, 4 PM, and 8 PM (P= 0.004, P=0.038, P= 0.002)3. Conjunctival hyperemia occurred more in the Lumigan group (P=0.009)3.
Statistically significant side effects in the Cosopt group were ocular burning (P=0.004), ocular stinging (P= 0.025), and taste perversion (P=

Parry-Romberg Syndrome Case Study
Parry–Romberg syndrome is a rare neurocutaneous syndrome characterized by progressive shrinkage and degeneration of the tissues beneath the skin,
usually on only one side of the face but occasionally extending to other parts of the body. Parry–Romberg syndrome is also known as progressive
hemifacial atrophy. Normally on the left side. Usually more common in females than males. The Parry–Romberg syndrome was first described in 1825
by Caleb Hillier Parry. Diagnosis made on the basis of history and physical examination with people who had facial asymmetry. For the patient who
reported the neurological symptoms such as seizures or migraine, Magnetic Resonance Imaging scan is the imaging modality of choice. Patient with
seizure disorder is... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Individuals that are affected should talk to their physician and medical team about specific case and associated symptoms. Initial facial changes
usually involve the tissues above the upper jaw or between the nose and the upper corner of the lip and subsequently progress to the angle of the
mouth, areas around the eye, the brow, the ear, and the neck. The deterioration may also affect the tongue, the soft and fleshy part of the roof of the
mouth, and the gums. The condition is normally on the left side of the face and not so often on the right. Degree of atrophy can widely range from
mild to barely changes to significant asymmetry. The eye and cheek of the affected side may become sunken and facial hair may turn white and fall
out. In addition, the skin overlying affected areas may become darkly pigmented with, in some cases, areas of hyperpigmentation and patches of
unpigmented skin. Parry–Romberg syndrome is also accompanied by neurological abnormalities including seizures and episodes of severe facial pain.
Neurological abnormalities are common. 45 percent of people with Parry–Romberg syndrome are afflicted with trigeminal neuralgia and migraine.

Visual Information Processing Paper
Visual Information Processing Paper
Laura Nancy Vargas
PSYCH/64
December 2, 2013
Holly Berry Perception Paper
Humans have a unique and wonderful device in how one sees. The eye and brain work together to turn the world into visual data one's brain can
understand and use. There are some eye conditions that inhibit the sight or the recognition of the shapes one sees. Research continues to overcome
these conditions as well as to further understand the biochemical reaction that gives humans the sight and understanding one has of visual data.
Included in the paper are some of the latest research methods.
Describe Visual Information Processing The way a human eye andbrain works together to produce visual data understandable to the ... Show more
According to current research there are about 800,000 ganglion cells in the human optic nerve (J.R. Anderson, 2009,pg. 35). The ganglion cells are
where the first encoding of the visual information happens. Encoding is the process of recognizing the information and changing it into something
one's brains can understand and store. Each ganglion cell is dedicated to encoding information from a specific part of the retina. The optic nerve goes
then to the visual cortex and the information enters the brain cells. There are two types of cells that are subcortical, or below the cortex; the lateral
geniculate nucleus and the superior colliculus. The lateral geniculate nucleus is responsible for understanding details and recognizing objects. The
superior colliculus is responsible for understanding where objects are located spatially. This collection of cells working together is called the
"what–where" distinction. The division of labor continues, as the information is further processes. The "what" information travels to the temporal
cortex, the "where" information travels to the parietal regions of the brain.
The brain identifies what it sees in a series of steps. The brain makes a feature map of the eye breaking the visual field into sections. Information
collected in a particular section of the visual field will always be sent to the

Multiple Sclerosis Research Paper
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
INTRODUCTION
The word sclerosis comes from the Greek 'skleros' meaning hard. In multiple sclerosis, hard areas called 'plaques' (also known as lesions or scars)
develop around the damaged nerves. 'Multiple' refers to the many different areas of the central nervous system that may have damaged myelin.1
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurological disease that involves the central nervous system (CNS), the nerves that comprise the brain and spinal cord. It
has two major features2:
Destruction of myelin, a fatty insulation covering the nerve fibers, is the main characteristic of MS. The end results of this process, called
demyelination, are multiple patches of hard, scarred tissue called plaques or lesions. Sclerosis comes from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the present study, 180 community dwelling adults with MS completed a postal survey that included demographic measures, MS disease measures,
and several standardized measures of pain, including pain intensity, variability, location, and pain–related interference. Some 66% of the sample
reported pain, 25% of whom reported severe pain. Persons with pain reported an average of 6.6 distinct pain sites. Using the Brief Pain Inventory
Interference Scale, the average level of overall pain interference was 3.33 (0–10 scale) in the group reporting pain. The highest levels of pain
interference were reported for sleep, recreational activities, and work in and outside the home. Persons with pain were more likely to report greater
MS disease severity, poorer psychological functioning, and poorer health than persons with MS but not pain. Persons with pain were also less likely to
be employed. These findings are consistent with previous research that shows that pain is common in MS, that it is severe in a substantial subset of
these individuals and has the potential to negatively impact physical and psychosocial functioning over and above the effects of MS

Parkinson's Disease Affects The Nervous System And Neurons
It is estimated that in one cubic millimeter of brain tissue, there are one billion connections between neurons. A neuron is the fundamental unit of the
nervous system. A neuron's basic purpose is to receive incoming information, and, based upon that information, send a signal to other neurons, muscles,
or glands. A disease that affects thenervous system and neurons is Parkinson's Disease. Parkinson's Disease affects a person's muscular coordination
and is caused by the death of cells in one of the movement control centers of the brain.
"The nervous system coordinates behavior and helps maintain the internal stability of animals" (World of Health). The brain is one part of the nervous
system. It is divided into three parts: the forebrain, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They receive information and send signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands by using electrical signals called nerve impulses. When a nerve
impulse reaches the end of a neuron, it triggers the release of a chemical, or neurotransmitter. The neurotransmitter travels rapidly across the short gap
between cells (synapse) and acts to signal the adjacent cell. First, the neuron receives information from the external environment, or from other
neurons. Then, it integrates, or processes, the information from all of its inputs and determines whether or not to send an output signal. Next, it
sends the signal along its length at full speed. The distance may be up to several meters (a giraffe or whale, for instance) with rates up to 328 feet per
second. Finally, the neuron converts the electrical signal to a chemical one and transmits it to another neuron or an effecter, such as a muscle or gland.
"Neurons have many different shapes and sizes. However, a typical neuron in a vertebrate (such as a human) consists of four major regions: a cell
body, dendrites, and axon, and synaptic terminals" (Biology). A single neuron can have up to 10,000 dendrites connecting to other

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