Group Therapy Essay

Group Therapy Essay
There is a need for many types of group counseling in this civilization that we live in ranging from
task/ work groups, psychoeducational groups, counseling groups and psychotherapy groups. Groups
can defined by the collection of two or more individuals who meet face– to– face or virtually in an
interactive, interdependent way, with the awareness that each belongs to the group and for the
purpose of achieving mutually agreed– upon goals (Gladding, 2012). As a High School counselor,
the development of our children and their self concepts of themselves and their attitudes towards
school and life are detrimental in ensuring a great future for our country.
Group Description Gladding (2012) explains that, psychotherapy groups with our youth inspires the
premises of the idea that education is a treatment not only because of the knowledge learned or what
we can teach our children through experiences of our own but also because of the perceptions
towards school, peers and life that can be changed. Psychoeducational groups are currently being
used for inside and outside group settings which include hospitals , mental health agencies,
correctional institutes, social service agencies and some universities because the method is so
versatile. These groups can be formed and taught through discussion groups guided group
interactions, recovery groups, support groups, orientation groups, educational groups and student–
centered learning groups which focus on using educational methods to
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Erikson Reflection On Child Development
Before studying Child Development at Glendale Community College I had never heard of Erik
Erikson. I was first introduced to his theory about the formation of identit in Child Development 135
and it immediately captured my attention because I could reflect on my own experience about my
identity (ies) in various environments. I have always wondered if we are what we are given or if we
are what we choose to become. Finding one's self is a life process and it seems impossible to explore
every phase of our own identity. In my opinion, Erik Erikson offers a reflexion on social relations'
influences to understand oneself and others. This quest for identity is also related to the social and
contextual changes that stem from the demands imposed by society. Erik Erikson's psychosocial
stages has a phase of "crisis" and the definition he provides opens new perspectives in studying
children's personalities. The term "crisis" refers to a process marked by ruptures and conflicts.
Through these ruptures and conflicts, there is also a period of quest for an identity of its own (refers
to the question "who am I?"), implied by a necessary adaptation to a new context, changes on the
cognitive (access to formal thought) and social (interactions with various environments) levels.
I focused my research on Erikson's eight psychosocial stages of human development with the
reading of Connecting Life Span Development with the Sociology of the Life Course: A New
Direction written by Chris Gilleard

Identity Formation Research Paper
Identity Formation Through the lens of identity formation a person develops a clear idea of who
they are. During this process, young people discover who they are in different settings, and they
wear their culture, ethnicity, gender and sexual identity as cement in the formation of identity.
According to Cote' and Levine lack of cultural references interferes with identity formation (2014).
James Marcia defined identity as "as an existential position, to an inner organization of needs
abilities, and self–perceptions as well as to a sociopolitical stance" (1980). Identity are the unique
talents, desire, experiences, and beliefs. The more one understands their uniqueness in comparison
to others, the better they can understand themselves.
Additionally, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Identity disequilibrium" can be initiated by events and/or psychological issues. As emphasis, when
Tashi subjugated herself to the initiation ritual even though this linked her culturally, this was a
regression to the trauma her sister death had created. Olivia description of Tashi after the ritual only
exemplifies this point. Olivia says "Tashi's soul was dealt a moral blow." (Walker, 2008, pg. 65). The
exploring and experiment phase represents a major degree of exploring but low forms of
commitment according to Marcia (Stephens, Frasier, Marcia, 1992). The exploring and trying on of
new selves can be arduous (Anthis, 2011). When Adam rescued Tashi from the freedom fighters
camp, Tashi re–examined her options. Mainly, she felt life would end in Africa, and she was married
to the leader ideas, and his version of African traditions. Levinson stated identity issues can arise in
adulthood (1977). For Tashi, remembering the repressed memory of her sister's death and
understanding the brutality of what happened to her and other women like her created a frenzy of
madness and a desire for

Marcia's Identity Formation Statuses
The one thing that I learned in this course that caught my attention pertains to Marcia's "identity
formation statuses" beginning with "identity diffusion" the adolescent that simply doesn't care where
they're headed in life and are not exploring any options displaying low commitment and low
exploration. Then secondly "foreclosure" the adolescent has made a choice on who they want to
become in time based on the values of others (e.g. becoming a police officer because their
grandfather and father were both police officers) this displays high commitment, but low exploring.
Thirdly the "moratorium" status exploring the different options one has its the opposite of
"foreclosure" where the person displays low commitment, but high exploration. Then

Erikson's Psychological Theory of Identity
Erikson's psychological theory of identity is based on a psychosocial model, taking into account the
social environment including peers and family group. According to Erikson, individuals form a core
identity in part via membership in a community. Erikson understood that psychosocial development
was a process, involving a series of stages. Progress through these stages usually entails a normative
conflict or crisis that pits individual needs with social norms or demands. Erikson identified eight
stages of psychosocial development. These stages generally follow the chronological age
development of the individual from birth to death. Each stage is defined by its normative crisis. The
first stage occurs during the first year of life, and involves the normative crisis of trust versus
mistrust. Outcome of this stage is either the ability to trust or mistrust other people. The second
stage of psychosocial development is defined by the conflict between autonomy and doubt. It lasts
from age one to age three. Possible outcomes include self–control or self–doubt. The third stage
lasts from between age three and age six. It focuses on the conflict between initiative and guilt.
Positive resolution of the crisis leads to a sense of purpose; whereas insufficient conflict resolution
leads to low self–esteem. The fourth stage lasts between the ages of six and eleven. Its normative
crisis is between industry and inferiority. Outcomes include competence or helplessness. During
adolescence,

The Current Financial Crisis Essay
Frederic Mishkin makes the point in the text, The Economics of Money Banking, and Financial
Markets (2010) that "Banks and other financial institutions are what make financial markets work.
Without them, financial markets would not be able to move funds from people who save to people
who have productive investment opportunities." (p.7). The movement of funds between savers and
those with productive investment opportunities is the means of creating growth. When people lose
confidence in the economy this activity freezes or weakens, consequently, asset prices decline,
unemployment rises and companies default as was the case of Lehman Brothers in 2008. The
freezing of the flow of money is a financial crisis. Today, the global flow of ... Show more content
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Europe and China are major economies that impact the world.
Europe's challenges with the Euro are complicated. The United States congress had trouble agreeing
to enact legislature to raise its debt ceiling in order to meet its obligations and maintain its credit
ratings. In Europe, separate countries need to agree to come together with a combined political will
to stabilize countries and banks in financial trouble. Without the power to print money individually,
each country under the single currency must come together under combined policies. Today, Europe
seems willing to reach combined policy decisions to avoid an economic disaster. Ultimately, if this
happens, the Euro will have a stronger future just as the United States gained a stronger political and
financial system from policies created as a result of the Great Depression. If Europe fails to come to
agreement on combined policies to solve the European Debt Crisis the world will realize the
financial risks. Direct exposure is already being seen in the financial institutions. MF Global
recently filed for bankruptcy. Exposure to European bonds brought down a $41B firm just 3 weeks
after a European bank failure. Repo–to–maturity contacts. Falling bond values created the need for
more collateral in this type of financial instrument. Firms with similar investments could see greater
risk if interest rates rise and bond values fall.
Company earnings have been the bright light

Identity vs. Role Confusion Essay
In today's Western society, self–identity and social roles are important dimensions that are at times
challenging to face. Social roles have always been a fundamental part of society and yet as time
goes on, it seems to be increasingly difficult to understand. As discussed in class, in the medieval
period, people were assigned roles based on family status. In modern days, however, societal roles
have expanded and opportunities are endless, which raises the question: Is there more uncertainty
about identity in modern society? In entering adolescence, people heavily contemplate their ego
identity. In the early 1900s, theorist Erik Erikson believed in eight stages of ego development from
birth to death. For the purpose of this paper I have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Exploring different aspects of yourself in the different areas of life has never been so pertinent. As
previously mentioned, there has undoubtedly been a shift of roles when comparing the past to the
present. Traditionally speaking, men and women's roles have been that of providers and nurturers
respectively. Although through time, these traditional mentalities have transformed, allowing for
more possibilities. Even though men's roles have altered, women have emancipated themselves from
a very narrow view of appropriate social norms and can now enjoy the freedom to choose from an
array of roles. The quest for self–identity is very significant in this time of my life, which is the
reason I have chosen this topic for my project. I am a definite opportunist and I seize every occasion
if the possibility of learning something new arises. Although it is very exciting to experience
moratorium, it is also at times stressful and daunting having to continuously explore different roles
and opportunities. Along with my peers, I am attempting to resolve many existential dilemmas such
as "What career path should I follow?" or "What roles apply to me?" These questions give rise to the
feeling of identity uncertainty and role confusion. Coming from an art background, I felt most
comfortable expressing myself through sketch. Therefore, I chose to convey my internal struggles
through a drawing of a ballerina who is surrounded by my inner thoughts. The

Piecing Together the ‘Here’ and ‘There’: Identity Crises...
Identity is at the core of Piri Thomas's Down These Mean Streets, Paule Marshall's Brown Girl,
Brownstones, and Rhina Espiallat's Where Horizons Go. All of these Diasporic literary works deals
with the manner in which the characters negotiate their relationships between their current locations
and their ancestral homelands. In each work the protagonists struggle to unionize there two parts of
his/her identity, to bring together the 'here' (where they are now) and 'there' (their ancestral
homeland). Salina, the protagonist of Brown Girl, Brown Stones, goes back and forth throughout the
novel in a struggle to resolve her identity (her American–ness and her Barbadian roots). From the
loving descriptions of her family's brownstone house in Brooklyn Salina expresses her love for
Brooklyn as her home. To Salina the house is a living, breathing thing. It is not just a house; the
personification of the brownstones house almost makes it seem as though Salina viewed it as a
member of her family. Additionally, there are many instances where Selina is clearly acting resistant
to recognizing her ancestral homeland of Barbados. One instance where this resistance is shown is
when, early in the novel when the protagonist is still very young, Selina shakes the silver bangles on
her wrist, "which had come from 'home' and which every Barbadian–American girl wore from
birth[,] . . . sounding her defiance" (Marshall 5). This act is very clearly symbolic of her resisting her
ancestral roots.

Self Reliance By Ralph Waldo Emerson Analysis
Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote "Self–Reliance", a piece that comments on what people should focus
on in their lives, and becoming self–reliant. Self–reliance is the idea of doing things for yourself,
focusing on yourself rather than what you're doing for societal reasons. This is an interesting way to
look at one's self identity. When looking at life through a self–reliant individualist view, one can find
different perspectives or take a ways from different literary pieces or when analyzing an individual's
actions or motivations. When looking at, "Rip Van Winkle", "William Wilson", "Ministers Black
Veil" and "Wakefield" we can gather a different take away when looking at how the main characters
go through different identity crises and how it correlated to self–reliant individualism, in the ways it
all affected the main character and others in the stories. When looking at these four stories, the main
characters go through identity crisis's, that affect themselves as well as other characters who slowly
begin thinking about their own self–identity. In "Rip Van Winkle", the readers learn about a man
who goes out into the woods to go hunting, he meets a man by the name of Hudson, who he drinks
with along with a few other people, and he eventually goes to sleep under a tree. He awakes, and
twenty years has passed since he left for hunting, and feel asleep. The main character comes to the
realization that all this time has passed, his wife has died, which he seemed to be indifferent to, and
his son and daughter are grown now. He realizes that his whole world, the small and quant town, his
family/friends, have all moved on without him and he's left in his old ways. The town and society
itself have changed in big ways, for example, the small inn is now a large hotel named Yankee, and
the Revolutionary War has already happened, so the once small Dutch town is a growing town under
George Washington, where all the people who inhabit it are described as active and concerned
citizens, who are more focused on material possessions and change rather than the desire for
stability. Rip Van Winkle is welcomed back and accepted, even though he is seen as a quirky man
who is almost blissfully ignorant, while being completely harmless

Differences, Or The Rudiments Of Non Identity
differences, or the rudiments of non–identity (Strawson 36). Identity is not a special type of
relationship of the substantial essence, and knowledge is, in the Locke 's point of view, knowledge
about the type of relationship and the essence, since we are talking about identity, forms,
mechanisms of its maintenance. However, the specificity of the "identity" categories as forms of
knowledge is not absolute; it has almost all the features which are inherent to other forms of
knowledge such as concepts, the fact of a scientific theory, a scientific picture of the objective
world, etc. Locke believes that "when therefore we demand whether anything be the SAME or no, it
refers always to something that existed such a time in such a place, which it was certain, at that
instant, was the same with itself, and no other" (Locke 2). As it is seen, the identity in the
philosophy for a long time was not problematize as a separate issue, and appeared as a fundamental
characteristic of being. Or rather, identity appeared as a prerequisite for understanding the holistic
unity of the world, as well as a guide in the quest for knowledge of the Absolute Idea, God,
universal structures, and their identity. Locke strongly believed that identity is to be connected with
consciousness of a person, or a man. Thus, it is important to analyze the following passage from the
Locke 's book,
"For it is by the consciousness it has of its present thoughts and actions, that it is SELF TO ITSELF
now, and so

Immersion Stage Of Racial Identity Development
We got into an interesting discussion about the Tatum article. What are your thoughts on the stages
and where do you see yourself in these charts? Think critically and not only in the Black/White
binary.
I think that the stages of "racial identity development" are incredibly interesting because openly
acknowledging them has the potential to make people extremely uncomfortable. Yet, I also
experience mixed–feelings towards them because they fail to account for identities that fall outside
of the racial binary.
For example, as a biracial woman, it is nearly impossible to entirely limit myself to one of these
charts. Last year, as a freshman taking courses such as African American Studies and Race &
Literary Texts, my naïve bubble was popped and I was thrown into a world wherein social
constructions and racialization were inescapable realities. As a result, I began to limit myself to the
types of shows I watched, the music I listened to, the viewpoints I held, and the parties I attended–
all of which exclusively involved people of color. In hindsight, I now recognize this time as my
experience in the "Immersion stage" of Black identity development (Tatum, 1992, p. 11). Yet, the
privilege I experience as a result of being half–white also allowed for my ignorance of these
oppressive realities, so it can be argued that I was additionally experiencing Helms' Pseudo–
Independent stage (Tatum, 1992, p. 16). At this point in time, I would like to see myself at the

The International Monetary Fund ( Imf )
In the last chapter we looked at how incompetent and politically driven economic policy making
drove Europe into prolonged recession and high unemployment. The financial crises and fear of a
meltdown slowed world economic growth considerably. In October 2010, the International
Monetary Fund (IMF) projected 4.6 percent growth for the global economy in 2013; it ended up
being just 3 percent. This difference may not seem like much, but in terms of lost output it is more
than $800 billion, and it is not only in the rich countries. This meant that tens of millions of people
worldwide were pushed into poverty and unemployment, including in developing countries –
despite the fact that the big policy mistakes were being made in Europe. To most of the people who
write about these issues, and most of the media, there was not much that could have been done
differently, that would have assured a speedy and robust recovery. But they are wrong.
One of the more common justifications for the slow recovery and prolonged unemployment that has
followed the Great Recession – to varying degrees in both the United States and Europe – is that this
is an inevitable result of recessions brought about by financial crises. This argument seems to have
been given added weight by economists Carmen Reinhart and Kenneth Rogoff.
While there is some debate over whether recessions caused by financial crises really do have more
prolonged recovery periods, such a historical relationship – if it exists –

Analysis Of Ben Bernanke 's Global Saving Glut ' View Of...
Introduction This essay will discuss the Ben Bernanke's "global saving glut" view of global
imbalances, the causes related to it, the possible policies applicable and its extent of reliability in
comparison to other views, such as the Borio and Disyatat's "excess elasticity" one.
To well address this concept, the current account and concepts related to it will be explained with
the big deficits and surpluses issues that have arisen since 1990s.
Then Bernanke's thoughts and the extent to which his view can be connected to the economic crisis
will be presented using both economic theory and other economists' ideas.
The current account and the "global saving glut"
The current account is one of the components of the Balance of Payment together with the capital
and financial account and the reserve assets account. This represents the difference between a
country's savings and its investment and it is defined as the sum of the payments of goods and
services bought from foreigners, net income from abroad and net current transfers. When the current
account is in deficit, it means that the country's net sales abroad value is negative, while it is in
surplus when this value is positive. The current account must balance, so surplus of one nation
means deficits of another.
There are different approaches to determine the current account. In this essay it is worth to explain
the "saving–investment balance approach" since Bernanke's "saving glut" idea is based on it. The
identity for

Erikson's Eight Psychosocial Stages Of Human Development
Discussions about identity most often than not begins with Erikson's formulation of the eight
psychosocial stages of human development. Each success that is achieved is caused due to the
completion or overcoming of a task or crisis. When a child grows into adolescence, he/she arrives at
the fifth stage of human development. Identity versus role confusion is examined and experienced as
the young adult either overcomes the task by developing an identity or by facing a crisis of
confusion. At this point, the teenager is dealing with a "unified and consistent sense of self that
integrates pubertal changes into a mature sexual identity, assumes adult social and occupational
roles, and established personal values and attitudes" The adolescent is ... Show more content on
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Because adolescence continues as long as society allows, the search for identity characterized by the
moratorium status may continue into young adulthood. In my opinion, if TCKs fall in the
moratorium status, it's not a negative result. Creating an identity for yourself when you are at that
age is struggle enough when you are situated in one culture for all of your existence; therefore it is
understandable that most TCKs find themselves taking longer in their identity crises than most
teenagers. The moratorium status allows TCKs to struggle through their crises without any need for
commitment. This may be seen as unhealthy but it is justifiable considering their confusion in
regards to their identity. The fourth status is diffusion, when adolescents avoid the challenge and
refuse to make a commitment. Most TCKs tend to fall in the last category. These developmental
tasks like making a commitment and handling a crisis tend to be interrupted due certain factors in
their lives. Due to these interruptions we see both early maturity and delayed adolescence in TCKs
which negatively affect their the development of their

Research Paper On Erikson Life Stages
3. Psychological System
During adolescence, individuals explore and establish a sense of their own identity, which involves
thinking about what they want in life, what kind of person they want to be, and who they really are
(Erikson, 1968). Although identity development is a lifelong process, the concept of their identity is
mainly formed and crystalized during adolescence. Individuals often find themselves trying to
become independent, but also worrying about the responsibilities that come with the independence;
adolescents think about their values, the directions they choose to pursue in life, such as "vocation,
interpersonal relationships, community involvement, ethnic–group membership, and expression of
one's sexual orientation, as well ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Erikson's Identity and the Life Cycle, he says the "Identity Versus Identity Diffusion"
psychosocial stage is characterized by adolescents' "search for a new sense of continuity and
sameness [but] some adolescents have to refight many of the crises of earlier years" (Erikson, 1959,
p. 94). When adolescents encounter role confusion or identity diffusion, they often encounter a
dilemma "based on a strong previous doubt of one's ethnic and sexual identity," which can lead to
"delinquent and outright psychotic incidents" (Erikson, 1959, p. 97). Erikson describes it as "the
inability to settle on an occupational identity" and in order "to keep themselves together, they
temporarily over identify, to the point of apparent complete loss of identity" (Erikson, 1959, p. 97).
In order for adolescents to establish a coherent sense of identity, the previous crises must be
resolved and they must have a healthy sense of trust, autonomy, initiative, and industry (Steinberg &
Belsky, 1991). James Marcia (1980) in Blackwell Handbook of Adolescent Psychology further
explored Erikson's theory and expanded it with four different states of identity formation; suicidal
adolescents who are unable to form an identity may be stuck at identity diffusion or identity
moratorium. In identity diffusion, adolescents suffer from severe lack of decision making and have
no direction whereas adolescents are indecisive and have different identity options, but do not fully
commit in identity moratorium. As a result, adolescents, unable to form an identity or struggle to
form one, may turn to suicidal thoughts and ultimately commit suicide. Adolescents who suffer from
role confusion or identity

Tajfel And Turner's Social Identity Theory
Tajfel & Turner, (1979) the proponents of social identity theory helped in the understanding of
intergroup relations. The emphasis the complex "interweaving of an individual or interpersonal
behavior with contextual social processes of intergroup conflict" (p.276). Social identity theory, thus
emphasizes intergroup relations (the relationship an individual has with his group and between an
outgroup) and categorical distinction (what sets an individual apart from another outgroup).
Korostelina describes this as "the processes of identification with other group members" (p.23).
Personal identities are consequently reflected in an individual's social identity. For instance, an
individual with an Islamic conviction cannot be found in a church ... Show more content on
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Korostelina opines salience to be the "most important component of identity" (p.71). Social
categories and their dominance "reinforces identification choice" (p.71). Korostelina further argues
"the asymmetrical mix of different influences on a salient identity leads to development and change
within an individual's structure of identities" (p.72). Korostelina argues the relevance of social
identity on group values, goals similar to Bar–Tal's socio–psychological infrastructure, subsumes
individual's identity under the rule of the social affiliation. Hence, "group norms define which
actions are important for members" (p.74). Because social identity sets the tone for an individual's
action, the idea of what is good or bad becomes relative to the group's culture. Korostelina in
addressing the multidimensionality of identity and conflict argues "conflict and violence between
groups can lead to the transformation from multiple identities with multimodal meaning to a single
identity with prevailing threat narratives" (p.76). To argue that conflict and violence inform the
formation of a single social identity to perpetuate any form of conflict is valid. Cameron, (2004)
stresses on the centrality of identity "the contextual factors, such as the salience of a particular social
categorization, play a strong role in bringing the relevant identity to the cognitive foreground" (p.
242). A process he refers to as shifting

James Baldwin's John Go Tell It On The Mountain
Every individual struggles with his/her religion. Every individual is born into families, races,
culture, and have very little awareness of the individuality of being a young child. Most People
Struggle with their identity in the 1920's. Separate individuals from their families and care takers
appear to be more important until they are able to recognize themselves. This essay will illustrate
how important group and individual identity is, but how sometimes it is not enough in determining
the outcome of an individual's actions or the path of an individual's life. Certainly without a sense of
individual and group identity, individuals lose their sense of self–esteem and cannot survive. The
result of this loss can be depression, hatred, violence ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although John struggles with the questions of life like any adolescent, it is his sense of and desire
for self–esteem and his ability to build relationships that motivates and buffers him against "the
negative emotions that occur when self–verification is allow to continued interaction and in
structural arrangements during periods of disruption and change" (Cast). Being the oldest can be
tough and in my family we believe that the good people always get to the hardest time, even though
john values are deeply ingrained and he views himself as a sinner. Me and my sister have one mom
and two different Fathers, the youngest occur to be the most spoiled children. In example, my mom
would pay closer attention to my little sister and pay me none, and she goes to church every Sunday
and to sing in the choir and still struggles with her religion. Growing up without a father a child's
life can be rough, because my mom had to make decision for my dad absences. Gabriel Grimes
would preach every Sunday, but he does not practice what he preaches, fumbles and struggles with
his religion. Gabriel grimes is not john real father, and john holds him at a distance. In the black
community church is just like a theater our African American tradition are people that go to church
lost and dress to

The Joy Luck Club Identity
The process of identity formation embodied in the characters of Amy Tan's The Joy Luck Club
illustrates the key concepts found within postcolonialism.
Subaltern designates the lower or colonized classes placed deeply in the shadows outside of the
hegemonic power structure of the ruling class as they have little access to their own voice. Likewise,
in The Joy Luck Club, the Chinese mothers who are at the boundaries of society, are dependent upon
western intellectuals to speak for them as they do not adopt the dominant point of view or
vocabulary as expressive with their own identity. In particular, Lindo Jong states "It's hard to keep
your Chinese face in America. At the beginning, before I even arrived, I had to hide my true self. I
paid ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To illustrate, all mothers in The Joy Luck Club were born and raised in China. They were instructed
to follow the Chinese path and expectations of their parents, rooting the culture deeply in their mind.
Although the mothers were capable of holding their traditional values, as they became American
citizens, they've interacted and mixed with the American culture, causing new forms of identity and
experience. For instance, at the end of the novel, Lindo Jong is competent to use her two faces,
Chinese and American, to accommodate her potential to convey a thought or feeling in words in
multiple situations. Her display of the two faces blur the borderline of having one cultural identity
over the other, allowing her to move between worlds. As a matter of fact, the daughters deal with
hybrid identity as their mothers still preserve, practice, and teach them Chinese culture at home,
regardless of living in an American society. Despite this, their way of thinking is influenced by
American culture as they receive American education, form relationships with American people, and
are introduced to American media. This failure in full assimilation into American culture, allowed
them to inhabit a double consciousness that is Chinese in its particulars but universally American.
For example, Waverly Jong, a model of success, possesses greater critical thinking when playing
chess using Chinese and American strategies. In conclusion, this hybrid characteristic is built in the
story as both the first and second generation have discovered how to acknowledge and appreciate
both their oriental origin and their existence in a white dominant

Erikson Identity Crisis
Erik Erikson is a figure in psychology who examined many factors about the personality. One of his
theories revolves around identity crises, which he believed countless people have gone through
during their lives in order to solidify their identity. Since his findings on this topic in the 1970s,
others have done studies on identity crises and how they affect development as well. The concept of
an identity crisis is quite important in discovering how the ego grows and identity develops, and it
has been referenced many times in popular culture. Being that it is so relevant to everyone's lives as
Erikson believes, I picked this as a topic for this paper in order to understand the concept more. In
this paper, I define Erikson's idea of identity crisis and then compare it to three other works which
revolve around the subject. Then I compare each article to Erikson, my personal experience, and
occasionally to each other in order to demonstrate how Erikson's ideas on identity crisis are valid in
a modern setting.
Identity crisis can be defined as a mental state where an individual is "easily upset by a sudden or
intense stimulus" where "their egos seems to have lost any shook–absorbing capacity" (Frager,
2013, p. 165). Furthermore, he states that these individual's "egos seemed to have lost any shock–
absorbing capacity" and their "sensory systems [are] in a constant 'startled' state" (Frager, 2013, p.
165). He coined this term while treating soldiers at Mount Zion Veterans

The Financial Crisis And 2008 Is A Big International Crisis
In every country, they always have a chance to have a financial crisis, it depends on the government
and banks, which means Australia might go to have a financial crisis in the further year. Banks can
reduce the likelihood of having a financial crisis in countries. Many possible ways to have a
financial crisis and 2008 is a big international crisis. Australia financial system helped the
government to reduce the damage from the 2008 international crisis, many countries except
Australia have a serious problem and impact after the crisis. Australia financial crisis can cause by
banking and houses, it can avoid one crisis, but may not evade the second, so they should find a
solution to avoid the crisis come.
The financial crisis, the value of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, every bank trying to avoid this situation (Ellis, 2015). A speculative bubble is also called
stock exchange, people generate income from buying stocks. Many people who guess the price of a
stock and hoping to have a higher price after. When all people keep buying the same stock, the price
is getting higher and higher, if they all want to sell at the same time, the price will fall. Therefore,
the price of a stock is more than the current price including dividends and interest, that means the
stock are having exhibited a bubble. Finally the international crisis, a speculative attack or cannot
pay the country debts, they will force to devalue its currency and either, these countries will affect
other countries with their trading, therefore, create financial crises in their country and might affect
the whole world. (Sociable, 2014) In 2007 to 2008, there a huge international crisis and its affect so
many countries at one time.
In 2008, there is an international crisis started in USA. It affects almost the whole world. The
American enterprise institute, Peter Wallison had found in a research that said in United States
government, they still believe in the idea of the 2008 financial crisis was caused by insufficient
regulation of the private sector (Opinion Journal: What Caused the Financial Crisis?, 2015). There
are some countries in Europe have not been in crisis because they were not have held by the United

Financial Crisis Across The World Since Currency Essay
There has been financial crisis across the world since currency came about. It started with the barter
system which allowed people to trade goods and services but this sometimes proved to be more
difficult than beneficial. Then around 600 B.C., coins and currency came about. Since then currency
went from being precious metals to paper money. With the development of currency, came
international trade. "Banks and the ruling classes started buying currencies from other nations and
created the first currency market. The stability of a particular monarchy or government affected the
value of the country 's currency and the ability for that country to trade on an increasingly
international market. The competition between countries often led to currency wars, where
competing countries would try to affect the value of the competitor 's currency by driving it up and
making the enemy 's goods too expensive, by driving it down and reducing the enemy 's buying
power (and ability to pay for a war), or by eliminating the currency completely" (Beattie, 2007).
Money gets its value by being a medium of exchange, a unit of measurement and a storehouse for
wealth. Money allows people to trade goods and services indirectly and understand the price of
goods.
We can see the evidence of financial crisis throughout time with the "credit crisis of 2007–2008"
and the "Russian Crisis of 1998" and its global impact. Although Russia was experiencing economic
growth in 1997 "...the country's fixed exchange

Tribulations of the Self (Sociology) Essay
<center>What constitutes the 'tribulations of the self' in contemporary society, according to
Anthony Giddens? Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer.</center> This essay
will seek an explanation of what constitutes the 'tribulations of the self' according to Anthony
Giddens (1991). In the first part of this paper, I discuss some central ways language has been viewed
focusing the review on social constructivist writings as well as those stemming from the study of
human development. In the second part of this paper, I discuss data that leads to the reconsideration
of aspects of the language – selfhood interface. I conclude by suggesting some future avenues of
research. First the essay will outline the various ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Among other things there is awarness of high consequence risks and the notion that 'things go
wrong' (Giddens, 1991. P182) are going to cause anxiety in every day life. The next tribulation
Giddens examines is 'ontological security, anxiety, and the sequestration of experience' (1991. p
183). Ontology is the science of being therefor ontological security is the security of being, the
maintenance of identity and the self. This would cause anxiety and result in the withdrawal from
certain experiences/ activities to maintain the ontology. The latter describing the sequestration of
experience. One of the main threats to this is the notion of globalisation and everyone
being caught up in it. Losing a sense of place and identity due to the change in lifestyle and other
aspects feel beyond our control. This involves exposure to crisis situations. Giddens (1991,
p 184) says that: 'a "crisis" exists whenever activities concerned with important goals in life of
an individual or a collectivity suddenly appear inadequate. Crises in this sense become a "normal"
part of life, but by definition can not be routinised' Giddens (1991, p 184) states that it is the
'crisis prone nature of late modernity' that is causing may of the tribulations of the self and this
creates a general uneasiness. As a result many will withdraw from society in order to

The Story Of Lisamarie By Eden Robinson
Lisamarie is one of the main characters in Eden Robinson's novel. She is a young woman with
supernatural gifts. Her brother Jimmy goes missing at sea under unclear circumstances. The
disappearance of her brother rekindles her past memories, making her reflect on certain profound
happenings in her life (Bridgeman 2). Lisa wakes up and finds her parents preparing to go and
search for Jimmy who is missing. She decides to remain behind at first but later decides to join
them. Unfortunately, she could not find a flight that will take her quickly to her parents. Lisa decides
to take the family's motorboat to sail along the Pacific Ocean coast and get there. At that point, we
know that Lisamarie searches for her brother Jimmy over the course of Monkey Beach. The
question is this; Is Jimmy the only one she searches for? The answer is no, she also searches for
herself. Although she goes on a journey to look for her missing brother, she also seeks to come to
terms with herself. She experiences a struggle between supernatural realm and a physical plane
which correlates between mainstream society and cultural identity.
The mission of Lisa's journey is to understand her brother's disappearance and also to find herself in
the midst of an identity crises that she experiences throughout the story. The story is composed of
various flashbacks, starting from Lisa's childhood when she experienced her first encounter with the
spirit world. She possesses certain supernatural abilities, including the ability to converse with other
worldly beings like the sea and trees. While her grandmother tells Lisa that she has inherited a
special gift from her nation's culture, she soon realizes that her gift is recognized as pathological
within the greater western society (Andrews 38). The dichotomy threatens her sense of identity
which gradually leads her to a wrong path of drugs and violence as she struggles to understand and
even control her visions. Therefore, these abilities become a source of contention. She experiences a
sense of non–conformity with the larger western culture and struggles to form a coherent identity
which is complicated by her contacts with monsters and ghosts. Lisa's ignorance of Haisla ways as
well as her desire lead

The Return Of Depression Economics
2008 Economics Noble Prize winner and Princeton University professor, Paul Krugman, translates
the roots of modern and prior financial crisis economics. In his book, The Return of Depression
Economics and The Crisis of 2008, Krugman first educates the reader of historical and foreign
financial crises which allows for a deeper understanding of the modern financial system. The
context provided from the historical analysis proves to be a crucial prospective in such a way that
the rest of Krugman's narrative about modern finance continually relates back to the historical
analysis. From there, Krugman analyzes and updates his prior studies done on the Asian financial
crisis. He then applies his knowledge from historical events to the modern day financial struggles
and argues his opinion about how and why our financial world operates the way it does. Krugman
explains his perspective that the world believed that depression economics was no longer a problem,
however the Asian crisis, Japan 's liquidity trap and the Latin American crisis having acted as
warning signals to modern market struggles. Thus he says that this subject needs further
examination and more resources should be poured into it. For Krugman, Depression Economics is
still a relevant problem and should be further studied.
On top of simply translating past and present financial systems, Krugman dissects the
interconnection between economics and politics. Starting with the rise of socialism, many
governments took on

The Global Financial Crisis Of Broward College
Research Paper: The Global Financial Crisis
Michelle Beira
Broward College
There have been few financial crises in the United States. The Global Financial Crisis of 2008 to
2009 was the most recent and before that was The Great Depression of the 1930s. The Global
Financial Crisis actually began in 2007 when prices of homes tanked. It not only affected the U.S.
but it also affected economies overseas. The entire investment banking industry, some of the biggest
insurance companies, enterprises government used for mortgage lending, top mortgage lenders, the
largest savings and loan companies, and two of the largest commercial banks were many of the
financial sectors affected by the crisis. "Banks stopped making loans, share prices plunged
throughout the world and most of the world plummeted into a recession" (The Financial Crisis of
2008: Year In Review 2008," 2009, para. 1). Globalization of financial markets began after the
Depression and World War II. After the Great Depression and World War II there was much physical
and economic ruin in Europe, Asia and parts of Africa which allowed the U.S. to become a leader in
the world financial system. Top world leaders like France, Germany, Britain and Japan were
economically and financially unstable. The U.S. was the only stable capitalist country which means
it was capable of determining the terms of a new world economic order ("The 2008 World
Economic Crisis: Global Shifts and Faultlines," 2009, para. 34). The first task in

Mental Illness And Self Identity
This issue is relevant because mental illness and self identity are starting to become a popular topic
in our society. People are starting to realize that even though it may be a difficult subject to speak
and learn about, it is important and should be addressed in our society. This issue is important
because it helps people embrace who they are and learn about the issues instead of hating on
themselves for being different and not knowing the real facts about the issue. If we do not learn how
to treat mental illness and accept ourselves, we will never move forward in society and learn how to
help others and ourselves with these topics. By learning more about these topics we can help our
society grow, by discovering new ways to help people with these problems. We could decrease
major issues in our society like mass shootings, and teen suicide. With this topic we can make our
society more aware and inclusive of those with these issues.
Currently, mental health is a major topic in our society with mass shootings and major crises with
our government because everyone says that the shooters were not in a good mental state, which
made them do these terrible things. Self identity is also a current issue among many young people
who do not know who they are and are still figuring it out. Teens who are not yet proud of their
individualism blend into society and become a "brick in the wall" instead of an individual who
values their unique qualities and culture. Today, these ideas are

Psy/405 Klein vs. Erikson Debate Essay
Klein vs. Erikson Debate
Jamie Salas, Jessica Borrero, Melondy Moore, Reshunna Robbins, Roxanne Luck, Shayna Parks
6/29/15
PSY–405
Patti Toler
Roxanne – In this debate we are going to argue the applications of Melanie Klein's Objection
Relations Theory and Erik Erikson's Post–Freudian Theory in regards to their describing of
individual personality characteristics along with interpersonal relations.
Team Klein will begin the debate:
Jessica – On the positive aspects of Klein's object theory on individual personality characteristics is
how an infant's experience can shape their future personality. One is the object of the breast, which
later perceives total control and this drives ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Team Klein final conclusion:
Reshunna – In conclusion, it can be humbly said that Klein's object relation theory in an extension
of psychoanalytic theory that attempts to confirm Freud's concepts in a sense. Not unlike Freud's
theories, Klein's theory is unable to be neither confirmed nor falsified through experimental
research. However, one cannot deny that the theory is conclusively valuable because it can be
considered a beneficial manual to action, and possesses the internal consistency that the major drive
of human beings is indeed the point that they want to and are driven to relate. So while there are
both pros and cons, the theory respectfully holds it ground.
Team Erikson will debate their position:
Jaime – The positive aspects of Erikson's theory on individual personal characteristics is that it
expanded on Freud's theory of infantile development by adding to it other stages that we go through
which affect our personality, those being adolescence where we are confronted with our "identity
crises" which he named, young adult, adulthood and old age (Feist, Feist, & Roberts, 2013). Now in

order to move on from stage to stage we need to accept the change and grow from it. These changes
are affected by our environment and the connections and social associations we make with those
around us. In the early stages we learn trusting and mistrusting as well as learning to play or work
with others. This emphasizes how

Referee Report On Economic Globalization, Financial...
ECON3303 Applied Macroeconomics – Assignment
Referee report for Growing up to stability? Financial globalization, financial development and
financial crises.
By Daniel Silla 21482511 Word count: 1500
General comment
This paper explores the concept of financial stability, recognising that some countries have learnt to
achieve this state over time, while others have not. The study uses empirical evidence in conjunction
with several nation–based case studies to account for potential causes of this discrepancy. The
interplay between financial development, financial globalization and financial crises is established,
and it is suggested that financial development is encouraged by financial globalization and capital
flows, and is hindered by financial crises. In the long run, however, it is argued that a country is able
to 'learn' from these instances and avoid recurrences by achieving political stability, defining
property rights well and adopting democracy, along with other institutional features. The research
question is interesting and has the potential to unlock valuable insights, in the sense that policy
makers are able to reflect on the performance of their own economy and use the study's outcomes to
'grow up' to financial stability, if needed. However, from the outset, several key terms were ill–
defined and ultimately the conclusions presented are tangential and fail to adequately answer the
outlined goal of the research. Thus, it is for this reason that this

Strategic Performance Of The Ciputra Group
Mr. Ciputra has led the Ciputra group to great heights with his courage, vision and expertise . The
company survived many fatal blows like the Asian economic crisis , the political crisis , the ever
growing competition , the debt among many others . But even after facing all this the company
bounced back with even more energy and enthusiasm . The strategic performance of the Ciputra
group can be analysed not just with its profit figures but with many other intangible performance
criterias like customer satisfaction , brand popularity , reputation , risk taking ability , ethical
practices and many more . Strategically the company has seen many ups and downs but one thing
that has made it a success through all adversities is its strategic business planning . After going
through the case study , following can be summarised about its strategic performance : Strategies
which are worth appreciation include : 1. Ciputras proactive approach and vision which gave him a
forehand as compared to other competitors . He never felt afraid of problems and was open to large
scale and complicated projects . He saw ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During the political and economical crises , the company was badly and highly affected. The
company faced debts , declined income , declined demand for property and so on . Most of the
company's projects had to be put on hold . However the company worked on its problems. The
company renegotiated its debts , worked towards delivering the people who had pre–paid and those
who had not pre–paid were delivered in other forms like pieces of land . They gave bond holders
equity in the company and also gave them an exit option by listing their company , Ciputra Surya on
the stock exchange . Thus it is seen that through out the problems faced the Ciputra group never
thought of running away and leaving behind its investors . Instead they showed honesty and made
every possible effort to make up for the losses made by the customers . This helped build trust in
customers

Costs Of Globalization And Localization
Globalization and localization are two conflicting trends in international politics today.
Globalization is the spread of peoples, activities, norms, ideas, goods, services, and currencies from
one area of the world to another. (Rosenau 15) Localization is the narrowing of horizons and the
confinement of peoples, activities, norms, ideas, goods, services, and currencies to a particular
geographic area. (Rosenau 16) Globalization and localization affect the world's countries in three
main areas, politics, economics, and culture. Both globalization and localization have many benefits,
as well as many costs.
Globalization is a predominant force in the world today. The development of the Internet and other
far–reaching communication media ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Participation in global organizations also undermines political autonomy of countries.
At the same time that globalization of the world is increasing, there are also strong localization
sentiments. Many things can be gained by the emphasis of local distinctiveness in politics, culture,
and economy. Politically, localization gives governmental autonomy to nations. Countries can spend
all their time and effort on programs and policies that emphasize their priorities. Economically, the
activities of producers and consumers are constricted to the country, which provides support for
domestic businesses and full consumption of the goods they produce. Culturally, localization gives
nations a rich sense of heritage and strengthens traditional customs and ideas. (Rosenau 17)
Localization serves to strengthen individual countries.
While there are benefits to localization, there are also costs. Localization decreases international
trade and investment which decreases the amount and variety of goods and services available to
people. Localization also prevents new customs and ideas from entering a country that could enrich
their culture. Without participation in international political organizations, a country is without allies
and support in times of military or economic crisis.
Globalization and localization can best be understood by examining current events. One of the most
prevalent examples of globalization today is evident in the first

Financial Crisis Across The World Since Currency Essay
There has been a financial crisis across the world since currency came about. It started with the
barter system which allowed people to trade goods and services, but this sometimes proved to be
more difficult than beneficial. Then around 600 B.C., coins and currency came about. Since then
currency went from being precious metals to paper money. With the development of currency, came
international trade. "Banks and the ruling classes started buying currencies from other nations and
created the first currency market. The stability of a particular monarchy or government affected the
value of the country 's currency and the ability for that country to trade on an increasingly
international market. The competition between countries often led to currency wars, where
competing countries would try to affect the value of the competitor 's currency by driving it up and
making the enemy 's goods too expensive, by driving it down and reducing the enemy 's buying
power (and ability to pay for a war), or by eliminating the currency completely" (Beattie, 2007).
Money gets its value by being a medium of exchange, a unit of measurement and a storehouse for
wealth. Money allows people to trade goods and services indirectly and understand the price of
goods. We can see the evidence of financial crisis throughout time with the "credit crisis of 2007–
2008" and the "Russian Crisis of 1998" and its global impact. Although Russia was experiencing
economic growth in 1997 "...the country's fixed

The Self Esteem Of Adolescent Females Through Delving Into...
The thoughts and feelings we hold about ourselves involves self–esteem (Myers, Willse, &Villalba,
2011). Challenging boundaries, discovering our beliefs and values, and exploring who we are as
people starts in adolescence (Arnett, 2013). Usually personality and self–esteem conflict is often
challenged at an increased rate in females in the midst of this period of transition (McNeely &
Blanchard, 2010). By definition we are designing a group proposal to develop and expand the self–
esteem in adolescent females through delving into and reconnoitering the numerous facets of one's
identity and educating and incorporating new abilities in the course of development. This proposal
will deliver contextual material of group counseling and self–esteem. A framework of the
prospective group program and analysis of the details of the group will also be discussed. How the
group will be conducted in an ethical manner will be discussed as well as closing reports.
The Presenting Issue
A couple years after adolescents reach their teen years, they will have encountered various life
events that have affected their self–esteem both negatively and positively. There are two components
that incorporate self–esteem such as effectiveness or capability and self–worth (Young, 2009). As
stated by Young (2009), effectiveness is related to an individual's confidence that they can
accomplish several activities in varying circumstances, and self–dignity, is more a world–wide
experiential feeling that one is

How The Garcia Lost Their Accents By Julia Alvarez
Who am I? Who are we? Where do I belong? What is self identity? These are a few questions that
people will ask themselves within their lifetime. Self identity is the way in which one person
identifies themselves within a social environment. In How the Garcia Lost Their Accents by Julia
Alvarez, we are able to see four girls who move from the Dominican Republic to the United States
where they begin to lose their heritage and values of being Spanish women, and create new lives.
When moving to a new country one recreates their identity through language, they endure the
struggle of not fitting in, and they also become isolated from society. Four girls moving from their
home, language became a vital role in their lives, in the United States. Having being exposed to both
English and Spanish language it shows how both cultures are shown through their identity and the
way in which they express themselves. The Garcia girls had an ideal picture of what an American
mother would be, when they were not satisfied in the way Laura, their mother, acted or handle the
her role as an "American" mother. The girls would blatantly called their mother "Mom" instead of
"Mami". According to Dastgoshadeh and Kaveh, students of Islamic Azad University, "Language is
not only an instrument for communication but also related to a set of behavioral norms and cultural
values of which one's self identity is constructed. After learning a new language one's perception of
his or her competence,

Essay On Asian Currency Crisis
Syndicate group assignment
What were the origins of the Asian currency crisis?
The Asian currency crisis was a period of financial crisis started in Thailand in July 1997. Many
Asian countries experienced a financial crisis are a large drop in the value of its currency and a large
drop in its traded equity prices. Before the crisis happened, many Asian countries produced a
dramatic reduction in poverty and rapid economic growth. Behind the boom, there are lots of
imbalances: large current account deficit was financed increasingly by short–term inflow; the real
exchange rate had appreciated to an unsustainable level; and export growth had slowed obviously.
Based on a literature review, a great ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It can be present any time two parties come into agreement with one another. In a contract, each
party may have the opportunity to gain from acting contrary to the principles laid out by the
agreement. For example, a salesperson may not try his or her best to sell the owner's goods if the
salesperson is paid a flat salary without commissions for the sales. Because the salesperson's income
stays the same regardless of how much the business owner's profit from his or her work. This kind
of risk is recognized as the moral hazard. Moral hazard can be reduced by the placing of
responsibilities on both parties of a contract. In the salesperson's example, the owner can pay a wage
comprised of both flat salary and commissions to improve the incentive of the salesperson.
From the mini–case, it is showed that moral hazard was at the center of the Asian currency crisis. In
the crisis, moral hazard was created by overprotecting the investors, which included government
guarantees, industrial policy, and crony capitalism accorded to industrial firms and banks. Deposit
insurance and other government guarantees for banks were the major source of moral hazard. For
example, in Korea many large firms took

Tribulations Of The Self (sociology) Essay
What constitutes the 'tribulations of the self' in contemporary society, according to Anthony
Giddens? Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer.This essay will seek an explanation of what
constitutes the 'tribulations of the self' according to Anthony Giddens (1991). In the first part of this
paper, I discuss some central ways language has been viewed focusing the review on social
constructivist writings as well as those stemming from the study of human development.
In the second part of this paper, I discuss data that leads to the reconsideration of aspects of the
language – selfhood interface. I conclude by suggesting some future avenues of research.First the
essay will outline the various tribulations that Giddens describes in ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This would cause anxiety and result in the withdrawal from certain experiences/ activities to
maintain the ontology.
The latter describing the sequestration of experience.One of the main threats to this is the notion of
globalisation and everyone being caught up in it. Losing a sense of place and identity due to the
change in lifestyle and other aspects feel beyond our control. This involves exposure to crisis
situations. Giddens (1991, p 184) says that:'a "crisis" exists whenever activities
concerned with important goals in life of an individual or a collectivity suddenly appear inadequate.
Crises in this sense become a "normal" part of life, but by definition can not be
routinised'Giddens (1991, p 184) states that it is the 'crisis prone nature of late modernity' that is
causing may of the tribulations of the self and this creates a general uneasiness.
As a result many will withdraw from society in order to preserve ontological security and contain
some of the forms of anxiety (Giddens, 1991). Giddens (1991) finds a close link between the
sequestration of experience, trust and the search for intimacy. He argues that trust vested in abstract
systems that help with day to day security is not as valid as trust vested in persons, and that the latter
provides the moral satisfaction. This leads us into Giddens analysis of the pure relationship and the

Moving To The Adult Social World Analysis
The primary issues of adolescence according to Erikson is the search for identity. "Adolescents face
a crises between identity and role confusion. They must balance the desire to try out many possible
selves and the need to select a single self" ( Kail & Cavanaugh. Chapter 9: Moving in to the Adult
Social World. In Essentials of Human Development, p. 236). Erikson used the term "crisis" to
describe a series of internal conflicts that are linked to developmental stages. When an adolescent
achieves their sense of identity, they're prepared to establish intimate relationships, which is the next
developmental challenge. This crisis represents the struggle in finding a balance between developing
their own individual identity while still being accepted ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Otherwise known as the imaginary audience. Teenagers often feel like everyone is watching them
and whatever they do. An adolescents self–absorption is also demonstrated by personal fable. This
characteristic type of thinking is when teenagers' believe that their experiences and feelings are
different and that no one has ever felt or thought as they do. "Whether the excitement of first love,
the despair of a broken relationship, or the confusion of planning for the future, adolescents often
believe that they are the first to experience these feelings and that no one else can understand their
emotions" (Elkind & Bowen, 1979). Their belief in their uniqueness contributes to an illusion of
invulnerability. Teens think that only bad things happen to others and that nothing bad will happen
to them. As teens progress toward achieving their own identity, these characteristic ways of thinking
become less common. Erikson believed that when youth successfully navigate identity crisis, they
emerge with a clear understanding of their individuality and can easily share this "self" with others;
Which means they are healthy and well

The First Stage Of Erik Erikson 's Theory Centers Essay
The first stage of Erik Erikson 's theory centers around the infant 's basic needs being met by the
parents. The infant depends on the parents, especially the mother, for food, sustenance, and comfort.
The child 's relative understanding of world and society come from the parents and their interaction
with the child. If the parents expose the child to warmth, regularity, and dependable affection, the
infant 's view of the world will be one of trust. Should the parents fail to provide a secure
environment and to meet the child 's basic needs a sense of mistrust will result. According to Erik
Erikson, the major developmental task in infancy is to learn whether or not other people, especially
primary caregivers, regularly satisfy basic needs. If caregivers are consistent sources of food,
comfort, and affection, an infant learns trust– that others are dependable and reliable. If they are
neglectful, or perhaps even abusive, the infant instead learns mistrust– that the world is in an
undependable, unpredictable, and possibly a dangerous place.
As the child gains control over eliminative functions and motor abilities, they begin to explore their
surroundings. The parents still provide a strong base of security from which the child can venture
out to assert their will. The parents ' patience and encouragement helps foster autonomy in the child.
Children at this age like to explore the world around them and they are constantly learning about
their environment. Caution must be taken

Racial/Ethnic Divide
While the concept of a singular and limited British identity excludes various racial/ethnic, class, and
gendered groups, this essay will focus on the racial/ethnic divide, which began the political
discourse that led to Margaret Thatcher's "new racism" in the 1980's (Goldberg 1714). The
Conservative party's "essentialist" view of the British identity, looks back towards the age of Empire
and concentrates on the importance of the peoples shared history and virtues (Marwick 28). Their
party platform in 1945 emphasized this, claiming a history of British greatness that, for generations,
has resided "in the character, the ability, and the independence of our people" ("Mr. Churchill's
Declaration"). However in forming an identity so strongly connected ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In order to protect their nation from the supposed threat of Immigrants, a need arose to define and
classify the British cultural identity as rooted in the history of the nation. With the loss of the British
Empire throughout the century, in aligning a British identity to the age of Empire reveals nostalgia
for pure, British identity untainted by foreign influences. With an influx of diverse cultures, came "a
racism typified by notions of a common culture and ethnic difference" (Gillborn 347). As
emphasized by sociologist Robert Miles, "the political discourse employed by the British
government since 1945 has been overtly and covertly racist", however rather than the overt
"reference to the inherent biological inferiority" of certain racial and ethnic groups to exclude them
from national belonging, the concept of a national identity based on a shared culture is used as a
covert tool of exclusion (Miles 36–37). Moving away from the scientific racism of the 19th century,
cultural racism in the 60's and beyond makes way for Conservatives "new racism" based on fear of
Immigrants (Gillborn

Identity Crises
As part of the process of establishing an identity an individual will experience several identity crises
(Marcia, 1980). James Marcia (1980) reported that these crises contribute to the development of a
solid, defined identity – a term which he alludes to as "identity achievement." There are a number of
personality characteristics that tend to fluctuate depending upon the identity status that an individual
occupies. The acquisition, or reduction, of these personality traits can be seen as an indicator of an
individual's ability to overcome and successfully resolve identity crises. The first of these
personality characteristics is anxiety (Marcia, 1980). Teenagers occupying the "identity
achievement" status display lower levels of anxiety and are ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Teenagers without a defined personality are "the most endorsing of authoritarian values" (Marcia,
1980). According to Marcia it is crucial for developing teenagers to learn to be independent and
capable of making their own decisions (Marcia, 1980). Their confidence in their ability to make
decisions and deal with problems directly contributes to their ability to resolve identity crises and
reach "Identity Achievement" (Marcia, 1980). Connecting with the personality trait of autonomy is
the skill of moral reasoning. According to Marcia, "development of moral reasoning seems to
accompany the development of identity." The skill of distinguishing right from wrong is necessary
for teenagers' ability to resolve their own identity crises (Cohen & Cohen, 1995). A teenager's style
of cognition also directly affects their ability to resolve identity crises (Marcia, 1980). Adolescents
who occupy the "Identity Achievement" status and who have therefore resolved their identity crises
have a "future–orientated time perspective" (Marcia, 1980). This suggests that the ability to plan and
think ahead is necessary to overcome an identity crisis (Cohen & Cohen,

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