Bb Ap Essay

Bb Ap Essay
APPROACH 3
Towards a diagnosis of Bb–Ap co–infection and Lyme neuroborreliosis
Currently, the effective diagnosis of Lyme disease is challenging. Usually, a two–steps serological
test approach is recommended, using ELISA and Western Blot, but a high incidence of false–
negative results is observed. Molecular diagnosis based on PCR are not recommended since Bb
DNA may persist in the host long after the bacterial elimination. Consequently, there is an urgent
need to develop a specific diagnostic tool for Lyme disease, including during Bb–Ap co–infection
and Lyme neuroborreliosis.
3.a. Identifying targets of Bb–Ap co–infection
In order to identify possible diagnostic targets, I will take advantage of the in vivo Microbial
Antigen Discovery (InMAD) approach23. This methodology, especially useful vis–à–vis of
pathogens that are present in very small quantities in the blood, is based on the immunization of
mice using filtered serum from infected animals, in order to promote an immune response against
circulating microbial antigens, but not against cell–related antigens. Then, the immunized sera are
tested against bacterial lysates in 2D–western blots and positive spots are identified by mass
spectrometry as potential diagnostic candidates.
3.b. Developing antibodies against Bb–Ap ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the unlikely scenario that this double–transfection might alter viability/virulence of these
microorganisms, I will consider the single–transfection with only bioluminescent genes. The
double–transfection is more challenging and risky, however, it generates completely versatile
microorganisms to be used in a wide range of image–based techniques, consequently, fully
justifying this high–risk/high–reward strategy. Importantly, I used a similar strategy to produce
bioluminescent/fluorescent Trypanosomatids parasites24, underscoring the presumable feasibility of
this experimental
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Enhancement Of Optical And Electrical Studies On Pva Ag...
Enhancement of optical and electrical studies on PVA–Ag nanocomposite films
xxxxxxxxxxx
Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
ABSTRACT
In the present work, PVA–Ag nanocomposite films with thickness 0.18 mm, constant silver content
(0.4 wt. %) and different time of reactions (0.1, 3, 5, 7, 9 h) were prepared by chemical reduction
methods. Surface topology, optical and electrical properties of PVA–Ag nanocomposite were
studied using absorption spectroscopy, electrometer, atomic force microscope (AFM) and
photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy were used to characterize the prepared nanocomposites.
Optical absorption coefficient studies showed a peak at 427 nm for all samples, in addition to the
peak at 200 nm for undoped PVA film. There is observable change in the absorbed intensity at 427
nm with the time of reaction. The refractive index was found increase with increasing the time of
reaction. It was found that the root mean square (RMS) roughness. Frank–poole emission is the
prevailing transport mechanism for all samples. While PL intensity at 427 nm increase as the time of
reaction is increased.
Keywords: UV–Vis spectroscopy, electrical properties, polyvinyl alcohol.
Correspondence to: ( @yahoo.com).
1–Introduction In recent years, polymer nanocomposites have been the subject of intensive research
because of the electrical characteristics of such

Ternary Nannocomposites : An Analysis Of Ag-Cu2o / Rgo
Ternary nanocomposites (NCs) comprising Ag–Cu2O supported on reduced graphene oxide (rGO)
with enhanced stability and visible light photocatalytic activity were synthesized via a facile and
green approach using Benedict's solution and glucose solution at room temperature without the need
of any toxic reagent, surfactant or any special treatment. Besides mild reducing capability to GO,
glucose also induces the functionalization of rGO sheets, preventing the aggregation of the reduced
sheets and providing a site for the stabilization of Cu2O. Further, the reaction time for the synthesis
of Ag–Cu2O/rGO NCs was significantly controlled by varying the concentration of Benedict's and
glucose solution. The photocatalytic efficiency of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, various efforts have been focused on the design and synthesis of Cu2O–based
nanocomposite materials to achieve high photochemical stability and improve the charge separation
ability for high photocatalytic efficiency. In this context, the fabrication of Cu2O materials with
noble metal nanoparticles is an efficient approach to improve the photocatalytic efficiency, as the
schottky barrier developed at the heterojunction interface inhibits the recombination of
photogenerated electrons and holes in photocatalytic reactions. Further, the surface plasmon
resonance (SPR) of noble metal nanoparticles also enhances the photocatalytic efficiency by
increasing the absorption of photons on the surface of the catalyst. However, the use of
stabilizing/capping agents for the synthesis of noble metal–semiconductor nanocomposite materials
decreases the catalytically active surface area by aggregating on its surface and cause lower catalyst
contact with the reactant molecules. Further, surfactants affect the shape, size, and growth of the
deposited metal nanoparticles and prompt the formation of large sized aggregated nanoparticles with
low photochemical stability and reduced catalytic efficiency. In this context, graphene oxide (GO)
was used as an efficient support for Cu2O–based NCs, because of its large surface area, high
electron conductivity, and high optical transparency to achieve enhanced photochemical stability

How To Visualize The Framework Of Organs And Organs Within...
Through the years, viewing and capturing images pertaining to the structures and spaces within the
body originally began with rudimentary techniques that provided low resolution images of large and
pronounced structures. These techniques eventually evolved into the contemporary methods applied
today, producing high resolution images that can present the most infinitesimal markings. Methods
that are commonly used to visualize the framework of organs and organ systems within the body
would be: chest radiography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. The first
method to visualize the contents of the body without invasive maneuvers like dissection was the
radiograph. In 1859; while observing a fluorescent glow produced by a ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Radiographic images are produced through a process that requires, "... an X–ray machine that
produces a small burst of radiation that passes through the body, recording an image on
photographic film or a special detector; various parts of the body absorb the X–rays in varying
degrees" (Chest X–ray, 2016). Depending on how dense the structure impeding the flow of the beam
is; X–rays are absorbed by the denser structures and not reach the film, presenting with the whitened
markings; moreover, X–rays can penetrate thinner structure and reach the film, presenting with
darkness. The varying degrees of absorption are represented through varying shades on the spectrum
of black and white. For example, fat may appear gray, but tissue and organs that are denser will
absorb more X–rays and appear a lighter gray. The ability to differentiate between the structures
through varying opacities can represent abnormalities within the body; for example, fluid and
opaque markings within the normally air–filled lungs. Radiography would eventually develop into
methods that produce more accurate images and efficiently consume energy as newer versions were
released, but greater innovations are accompanied with increased risks for the patient and the
healthcare provider. After the initial discovery of X–rays, "Henri Becquerel discovered natural
radioactivity by

Nanocrystalline Materials Lab Report
Photophysical Properties of Nanocrystalline Materials
Allison Bray, Harsha Rao, David Sanchez
Abstract:
Introduction: Nanoparticles are widely researched because of their size dependent properties that
progressively differ from their bulk formations. Nano, meaning these particles are measured to be
~100 nm or less, are structures where the majority of the atoms are located at the surface of the
particle. This gives nanoparticles a high surface area to volume ratio. In comparison to their bulk
counterparts, when materials are in the nano scale, the physical and chemical properties of these
different materials tend to stray from the norm. These changes allow nanoparticles to be effective in
several fields of science and engineering based research, for example, chemical catalysis. These size
dependent properties will be analyzed through three experiments: (1) absorption and fluorescence
emmission of CdSe nanocrystals, (2) Plasmon resonance of metal nanocrystals, and (3) Raman
scattering and surface enhanced Raman scattering.
Nanoparticle orbitals embody valence bands(bonding) and conduction bands(anti–bonding), where
the space between these two bands is known as the Bohr Exciton Radius. Depending on the number
of molecules in the nanocrystal, this will determine the distance between the valence and conduction
bands. As the size of the nanocrystal decreases the band gap inherently increases. This development
is due to the process of when the nanocrystal decreases in size

Advantages Of Fiber Optic Biosensors
PH4604 Topics in Applied Physics:
Bioimaging and Sensing
Chin Zong Yang
U1340544E
Fiber Optic Biosensors
Abstract:
This paper studies the clinical use of fiber optic biosensors, its advantages over traditional means of
detection and limitations of this new technology. An in–depth study of its history, how the
technology works, and comparisons with older methods of bio–sensing will also be made.
Introduction:
A biosensor is a device or method that allows a certain specific biological material to be detected.
Common forms of detection are Fluorescence techniques, Raman Scattering, Plasmon Resonance,
Near–infrared Spectroscopy and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. These detection methods each
have distinct advantages and disadvantages, and can adapt to a variety of different applications for
different situations. However, traditional methods of biosensing usually requires the molecule to be
labeled with an analyte, which must be chemically bound the molecule that is to be detected,
making such methods slow, cumbersome and sometimes even toxic to the body. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Besides being used in biosensing, fiber optics has been used in various telecommunication and
high–speed networks around the world, replacing or supplementing traditional copper wires. This is
due to the rapid advancement of relatively new technologies from fiber optics: the laser and the low
cost of fiber optics production. Fiber optic biosensors also have excellent light permeability, easy
and cheap to manufacture, able to illuminate the target with light and also able to transmit the light
that is emitted by the target after

What Is The Elements Of Silver ( Ag?
Silver (Ag) is in group 11 of the periodic table. Its 47 electrons are arranged in the configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s1, One of the few groups in the d–block is group 11 which has a completely consistent
set of electron configurations.[5] silver nanoparticles can have optical absorption (absorption
spectra) properties with an absorption peak in the visible region. However, in the noble metal
nanoparticles, this absorption come from the excitation of the collective modes of motion of the
electron cloud (plasmon excitation) at the particle surface (not derive from transitions between
quantized energy states) under the influence of an electrical field. At a certain frequency of incident
light this resonance takes place and results in an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Different metals produce different light–interactions and therefore colours. The two mechanisms
(scattering and absorption) are responsible for occurring the extinction of light by metal
nanoparticles, but absorption is by far the dominant factor for small size nanoparticles (25 nm for
gold)
1.3 Metal–Polymer Nanocomposites
The metals of nanoscopic range doping into dielectric matrices represents a solution to manipulation
and stabilization problems. For functional applications of nanoparticles, polymers are interesting as
an embedding phase since they may have electrical and thermal insulator or conductor and a variety
of properties. They can be mechanically hard (plastic), or soft (rubbery) and may have a
hydrophobic or hydrophilic nature. Finally, polymer doping with the metal nanoparticles is the
easiest and most convenient way for stabilization and handling the nanostructured metals[5]. This
has fuelled investigation into the preparation of metal–polymer nanocomposites.
The thin polymer films or powders are the most commonly form which these composites take them,
as this is normally the simplest structure to prepare, and also good for exploiting the desired
properties. In general, the techniques of preparation can be classified into two as ex–situ and in–situ
methods[5]. In the ex–situ process, at first the metal nanoparticles are synthesized, and their

Gold Nanorods Essay
In the ever–advancing field of nanotechnology and materials science there has been a buzz in the air
in recent years over Gold Nanorods (GNRs). Their unique structure and ease of synthesis provides a
range of optical properties that can be readily manipulated. These properties can be utilised in
various applications such as surface functionalisation, photothermal therapy to manage tumours and
cancer cells. In this review, we will look at the current research that analyses the toxicity of GNRs
and what effects the surface chemistry and synthesis have on this. We will also discuss what effect
the size and shape of GNRs have on biological systems, reinforcing why they are making such a
statement in the world of science.
Gold ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Gold nanorod (GNR) synthesis requires the surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)
[7], this process produces a high yield of GNRs with surface plasmon resonances in the infra–red as
well as visible light range. CTAB is the agent that drives anisotropic growth as well as provides the
stabilization needed to form the bilayers on the GNRs [8]. Quite a significant amount of CTAB is
used in this synthesis and after the synthesis there is still an amount of CTAB remaining on the
surface of the GNRs [9]. The excess CTAB on the surface has both a lack of stability in biological
systems and presents a significant amount of cytotoxicity [3, 10, 11]. In the literature it has
presented that GNR solutions that are CTAB–capped at a certain concentration present a substantial
amount of cytotoxicity at around 70% loss of cell viability [10]. In this paper published by Wiley,
with over 600 citations was an extraordinary paper. It was well constructed and no faults could be
found with it. With that amount of citations, it has clearly influenced the further investigation of the
cytotoxicity of GNRs. Now we have identified that CTAB is the problem, how have researchers
attempted to solve it? You're probably thinking, remove the CTAB, which is a very reasonable
suggestion. Removing the CTAB from the surface of the GNRs and replacing them with other
viable biomolecules is not a simple process. By removing the CTAB from the surface of the GNRs
the first issue

Optical And Electrical Properties Of Pva Ag
ABSTRACT In the present work, PVA–Ag nanocomposite films with thickness 0.18 mm, constant
silver content (0.4 wt. %) and different time of reactions (0.1, 3, 5, 7, 9 h) were prepared by
chemical reduction methods. Surface topology, optical and electrical properties of PVA–Ag
nanocomposite were studied using absorption spectroscopy, electrometer, atomic force microscope
(AFM) and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy were used to characterize the prepared
nanocomposites. Optical absorption coefficient studies showed a peak at 427 nm for all samples, in
addition to the peak at 200 nm for undoped PVA film. There is observable change in the absorbed
intensity at 427 nm with the time of reaction. The refractive index was found increase with
increasing the time of reaction. It was found that the root mean square (RMS) roughness. Frank–
poole emission is the prevailing transport mechanism for all samples. While PL intensity at 427 nm
increase as the time of reaction is increased.
Keywords: UV–Vis spectroscopy, electrical properties, polyvinyl alcohol.
Correspondence to: A.G. El–Shamy (agabedelazim@yahoo.com).
1–Introduction In recent years, polymer nanocomposites have been the subject of intensive research
because of the electrical characteristics of such composites close to the properties of metals,
whereas the optical properties and processing methods are typical for polymer [1–6]. Polyvinyl
alcohol (PVA) is one of the most important and promising polymeric

Essay On Polyphenolics
As shown in Fig. 1, the bonds about 278 and 335 nm were related to the presence of polyphenolics
as the antioxidant for green synthesis of nanoparticles, which assigned to the π → π* transitions
[40]. The addition of the Safflower extract to the HAuCl4 solution was resulted in the Au3+
reduction and visual color change from light yellow to reddish brown is meaning the formation of
Au–NPs. Therefore, this color change is due to Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) excitation the
collective oscillation of free conduction electrons induced by an interacting electromagnetic field.
The strong SPR band was observed near 520 nm. These bands are centered in the ideal wavelength
range reported for Au–NP colloidal solutions [41]. 3.2. XRD
The wide ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
3.3. BET–BJH
The porosity and volumetric characteristics of the materials were evaluated by volumetric analyses.
In both materials (Fig. 4), the "Type IV" N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms with "H1–type"
hysteresis corresponded to condensation and evaporation steps, and were characteristic of periodic
mesoporous materials. The textural properties of SBA–15, NH2–SBA–15 and Fe3O4–SBA–15–
Cya–Cit–Au–NPs have been summarized in Table 1. It is noteworthy that the surface area, pore
volume, and pore size decreased following the modification, confirming that the surface
modification occurred on the inner surface of the silica wall [23]. A considerable decrease in the
BET surface area upon grafting of cyanuric–citric acid and Au nanocrystallites at the surface of the
functionalized SBA–15 material (B) clearly suggests that the cyanuric– citric acid and Au
nanoparticles have been anchored on the inner surface of the mesopores.
3.4. IR
For identification of Fe3O4, SBA–15 and SBA–15–CA–Fe3O4/Au functional groups were studied
FT–IR analysis (Fig. 5). As shown in Fig. 5a, Fe–O bond at 580 cm–1 and 634 cm–1 and –OH bond
at 3398 cm–1 indicate the presence of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. In addition, in Fig. 5b, at around 800
cm–1, 950 cm–1 and 1090 cm–1 were related to the Si–O symmetric stretching, Si–OH and Si–O–
Si asymmetric and symmetric stretching vibration respectively, which confirms

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Raman Spectroscopy
Raman spectroscopy (RS) as a powerful analytical method have widely been employed in
characterization of different kinds of chemical species. Discovery of RS dates back to previous
century which first proposed by C.V. Raman and his colleague K.S. Krishnan. This scattering
technique involves electromagnetic interaction of an incident monochromatic laser beam with
molecules of a matter. Each of different vibrational, rotational and other modes of molecular
motions in target molecule can alter both the frequency (as wavelength shift) and intensity of the
laser beam (called inelastic scattering) which gives a specific fingerprint through which a molecule
can be identified. Typical RS spectra involves a diagram of intensity vs wavelength shift. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Beta2–adrenergic agonist (βAA) drugs including clenbuterol (CB), salbutamol (SB), and terbutaline
(TB) causes a βAA effect and can be illegally used by athletes to increase their performance. For
this reason, WADA regulates (SB, TB) and even prohibits (CB) consumption to control their abuse.
In this regard, Lorenzo et al. investigate the adsorption of βAA drugs (CB, SB and TB) on noble
metal surface with the aim of establishing of SERS as an alternative antidoping test method. Their
results indicates that the Au substrates and also acidic pH are optimal conditions for accurate and
effective detection of these drugs. Beside, their corresponding LOD is calculated based on Langmuir
adsorption and given in table 3. Although the major therapeutic uses of probenecid (p–
(dipropylsulphamyl) benzoic acid (PB) are reduction of renal excretion antibiotics and treatment of
gout, due to its masking effect in urine (especially βAA) and interference in antidoping tests is
banned by WADA. PB for the first time is studied by Lorenzo et al. through spectroscopic specially
SERS technique. They create a detection protocol for PB considering different factor such as metal
reduction method and pH of media and also study adsorption mechanism in detail. They reported
LOD of PB by SERS at concentration as low as 1.2

The Structural Change Of Silver Nannoparticles
Systematic studies on the structural change of silver nanoparticles, which are easy to change shape
and exhibit excellent localized surface plasmon resonance effect, were carried out and the predicted
shape change was compared to the actual nanoparticles. Herein, key information on the alteration of
silver nanoparticles was determined theoretically by a computational method, discrete dipole
approximation (DDA). The galvanic reaction and sulfidation reaction were suggested to improve the
stability of silver nanoprism (AgNP). In addition, the effect of additionally generated spherical
particles, silver nanosphere (AgNS), on the absorbance was studied. Both AgNP and AgNS formed
hollow nanostructure after the galvanic reaction, and these ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The ﬁrst solution for the scattering and absorption properties of a spherical nanoparticle was
provided by Mie et al. [10,11]. Since the initial development of Mie theory, it is now well known
that the strong optical properties of plasmonic nanoparticles result from an induced coherent
oscillation of the free conduction–band electrons within the plasmonic nanoparticle. Thus, in our
previous studies [12,13], bimetallic Au/Ag nanoframes with excellent LSPR feature were prepared
via the galvanic replacement reaction and sulfidation and successfully used as the spectator for
Co2+ ion. However, there is no theoretical interpretation of color changes with structural
transformation of Au/Ag nanoframes from Ag nanoprisms. Therefore, herein, we used a theoretical
approach to determine the key information on the alteration of Ag nanoparticles by using a
computational method, discrete dipole approximation (DDA). It is very adaptive to deal with
various particle shapes, not just limited to highly symmetrical geometries. DDA is used to estimate
the optical properties of plasmonic materials responding to external electrical ﬁeld through dipole
moments of discretized dipoles [14–17]. The absorbance of the particles was calculated by the
Discrete Dipole Scattering (DDSCAT ver. 7.3), which was used to design highly stable
nanoparticles with absorbance in the visible

Evolution Of Nanoscale Science And Technology
In the last twenty years Nanoscience and Nanotechnologies have become more significant and have
found a lot of applications in many aspects; the synthesis making nanostructured materials with
helpful and tunable properties is central to the evolution of nanoscale science and technology.
Nanometre scale metal particles exhibit optical, electronic, magnetic and chemical properties which
have wonderful technological and scholar value. Among them silver, copper, and gold nanoparticles
(NP) offer powerful adsorption bands (Localised Surface Plasmon Resonance, LSPR) in the visual
spectrum. The frequency of the LSPR is mightily dependent on various properties of the NP. The
optical properties of metal NP are mightily affected by their composition, shape, size, and
concerning climate, like the closeness of other particles. These nano–particles, in a collective
surround the core, will do a shell. Metal nanoshells have shown formidable troth for systematic
engineering of SPR. These are composite nanoparticles that make of a dielectric core covered with a
few nanometers to a little tens of nanometers of a metal, ordinarily gold or silver. The SPR of these
nanoparticles may be alteration over hundreds of nanometers in wavelength, across the visible and
into the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum by the relative dimensions of the core and
the shell.
Firstly, the fabricated unclosed nanoshell composite SiO2@ Au–Cu was made by chemical methods
for different cases.

Types Of Silver Imolices At C-Nannowires
Fig. 1a shows the UV–vis absorption spectrum of the as–prepared Ag@C–nanowires suspended in
deionized water, exhibiting a main peak at 386 nm and a shoulder peak at 360 nm, corresponding to
the optical finger print of silver nanowires. The absorption peak at 360 nm is attributed to the
longitudinal plasmon mode of silver nanowires and is similar to that of the bulk silver, and the
absorption peak at 386 nm is attributed to the transverse plasmon mode of silver nanowires. These
two absorption peaks suggest that pure Ag@C–nanowires were successfully synthesized, and the
Ag@C–nanowires had a sheath thickness of ~10 nm, consistent with our electron microscopic
studies shown in Fig. 2c. Fig. 1b shows the typical X–ray diffraction (XRD) pattern ... Show more
1c). A few functional groups such as C–O, C=C, and –OH were present on the surface of Ag@C–
nanowires and would be useful for linking other organic molecules with diverse functions and thus
can provide good compatibility between the Ag@C–nanowires and the PVDF matrix. Raman
spectroscopy and X–ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used for further confirming the
surface composition of the Ag@C–nanowires. Fig. 1d shows the Raman spectrum of the as–
prepared Ag@C–nanowires, in which the two strong peaks at 1378 and 1597 cm–1 can be attributed
to the in–plane vibrations of disordered amorphous carbon and crystalline graphite, respectively,
indicating the formation of a carbonized layer. This carbon–based layer might have originated from
polymerization, aromatization, and carbonization of glucose, based on previous studies
demonstrating that the hydrothermal process enables glucose to carbonize in the temperature rage
140–160 °C. Besides the two peaks corresponding to amorphous and graphic carbon, the curve
showed one broad peak at 2935 cm–1, attributed to the asymmetric stretching vibration of –CH– in
the skeletal chain of glucose. A minor peak at 230 cm–1 attributed to the Ag–O stretching
vibrations, confirming the coordination of glucose molecule to the Ag surface through nonbonding
electrons of the oxygen atom in the carbonyl functionality. These results unambiguously show that
glucose is carbonized and closely

The Complex And Interesting Optical Properties Essay
The complex and interesting optical properties can be shown clearly on Nanostructured metals the
collective oscillations of the conduction electrons termed plasmons lead to most striking
phenomenon encountered in these structures are resonances . Plasmon modes exist in a number of
geometries and in various metals – most importantly in noble metals such as gold, copper and silver.
Under certain circumstances plasmons are excited by light, which leads to strong light scattering
and absorption and an enhancement of the local electromagnetic field. In 1989, based upon
calculations, Neeves and Birnboim proposed that a composite spherical particle with a dielectric
core and a metallic shell could produce SPR modes with a much larger range of wavelengths. The
first nanoshells were made by Zhou et al. In the 1990's. They used a Au2S core surrounded by a
gold shell. Variations of these shells made it possible to shift the standard gold colloid plasmon
resonance peak from ~520 nm up to ~900 nm. There was a limit however, of less than 40 nm on the
size of nanoshell that they could achieve due to the chemistry of their synthesis reactions. The
process also produced large amounts of gold colloid as a secondary product which gave an
additional absorption peak at ~520 nm. Halas and coworkers synthesized a new type of gold
nanoshell that overcame many of the limitations of the Au2S core type nanoshell. The new method
replaced the Au2S core with a silica core and made it possible to exert

Proposed Plan Of Graduate Study : Ricardo Romo
Proposed Plan of Graduate Study. Ricardo Romo The project selected for my graduate study links
local electric field maps, photocatalysis, and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). The main
goal of this project is to distinguish respective contributions of plasmonic heating and hot electron
transfer in nanoantenna (NA)–transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD) heterostructures to
decreasing the chemical reaction energy of sustainable Hydrogen (H2) photocatalysis. Enhancement
in photocatalysis of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) has been attributed to both plasmonic
heating as well as to electron charge transfer effects. My research group recently showed that
electrochemical reduction of NA directly to TMD edges enhances hot ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
I will: (i) introduce modifications that account for hot electron transfer from nanoantenna to TMD;
(ii) couple these calculations with simulation of HER photocatalysis; and (iii) use finite element
analysis to determine local heating from plasmonic phonon dissipation. I will compare simulations
with data from EELS, optical spectroscopy, infrared thermometry and voltammetry to distinguish
effects of plasmonic heating and hot electron transfer on enhancement of H2 photocatalysis.
The physicochemically bonded NA will be characterize by using optical and scanning transmission
electron spectroscopy (STEM), X–ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy
and Raman spectroscopy. This will improve understanding of photoinduced doping of TMDs by
metal nanoantennae, which could benefit emerging catalytic applications. The bonding of the metal
nanoantennae and the TMD together is a key determinant for transporting and accessing electrons,
which can be characterized via EELS. This research will lay a foundation for future researchers to
move forward with alternative energy through photocatalytic H2 dissociation and set the stage for
my long–career goal of attaining a professorship with a keen interest of desalination energy. Metal
NA can assist with the capture of thermal energy using the

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Spectroscopy
It has been the main topic of this thesis to establish the link between state–of–the–art theoretical
tools and typical spectroscopies in order to contribute to the understanding of complex many–body
compounds. The synergy between theory and experiment was given a special attention. The main
spectroscopy studied theoretically by the works in this thesis is photoemission and its variants. In
particular, we worked out the effects of correlations in many–body systems as manifested in
spectroscopic quantities.
In our works [E1] and [E2], the coupling of the electronic degrees of freedom – the photoelectron
properties, in particular – to the nuclear motion was studied in depth. The novel aspects hereby were
how to extract the information of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The advantages of the NEGF formalism and the underlying powerful machinery of the MBPT
inspired us to develop the formal NEGF theory of photoemission further with our work [E3]. We
elucidated the connection of the formal concepts of the FPA to the standard MBPT, allowing for a
practical implementation of the theory. The main advances were achieved by the extension of the
theoretical description of DPE, which we advocate as a very useful sensor for the many facets of
correlations in many–body systems. The effective electron–electron interaction in more complex
systems comprises, besides the Coulomb repulsion, fluctuation–mediated effects due to the
dynamical environment. As an important example, we focused on dynamical screening mediated by
charge–density fluctuations. We have chosen the buckminster fullerene as a concrete system for its
pronounced plasmon resonances and generally rich physics. In our work [E4] we rigorously
categorised the collective modes, based on full–fledged ab initio calculations, with the help of the
NMF. The obtained model for DD response function – whose accuracy is corroborated by
comparing to EELS data – was then employed to characterise the dynamically screened interaction
in the C60 molecule. With these tools at hand, we were able to elucidate the role of electronic
correlations mediated by the density oscillations in DPE in our joint theoretical and experimental
work [E5]. The distinct feature of the experiment – the significant narrowing of the coincidence
spectrum – is in agreement with our ab initio description and so endorses the plasmon–assisted DPE
due to as a novel aspect of releasing two correlated electrons from complex

The Burning Of Petroleum Based Fuels
Can you see the light? As the burning of petroleum–based fuels, natural gases, and coal continues,
smog will continue to cover the sky. Pollution from said burning occurs as greenhouse gases and
chemicals. Specifically, petroleum–based fuels, natural gases, and coal release energy when heat
breaks the bonds between hydrogens and carbons, generating energy and releasing carbon dioxide
and water as byproducts. This energy often originates from stored energy preserved in organisms
that eventually died and lingered in the crust. The byproduct carbon dioxide is the most dominant of
the greenhouse gases, which are gases that absorb and release thermal energy from the Sun. These
gases trap thermal energy in the atmosphere while releasing a small amount into space. Global
warming occurs due to the trapping of this heat. Their covering of the sky and Sun reduces the
amount of sunlight that can reach the Earth. In addition, these energy sources are also bulky and
inefficient. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration (2014), producing even one
kilowatt–hour of energy (one kilowatt of electricity expended in one hour), 0.08 gallons of
petroleum–based fuel, 1000 cubic feet of natural gases, and 1.09 pounds of coal ("How much coal,
natural gas, or petroleum is used to generate a kilowatt–hour 1 of electricity?"). Despite the
availability of alternative energy sources, most people prefer these "dirty" energy sources.
Solar power shows promise as a potential alternative.

Properties Of Nannoparticles Enhanced Composites
Introduction: This work is more focused on exceptional optical properties of metal NPs to promote
efficient models to govern the complex properties of nanoparticles enhanced composites. It contains
matrix design along with electrical and optical characteristics. To eliminate the inadequacy to
portray the film particles distribution and to gauge the dielectric properties of NPs–doped films, a
novel alteration proved to be more amenable as well as need low processing temperature compared
to the traditional glass methods. Basically, the general process involves the formation of metal NPs
from a soluble salt form via various methods like annealing and photochemical reactions [11],
however, suffer a couple of constraints like size and shape, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Samples acquired from Si(substrate) and Si(glass) went through hot annealing upto 500C with a
gradient of 200C. Numerous characterisation methods were performed to analyse the Au–doped
film [12]. Results: Electron microscopy image in fig.2 implied the conduction (e–) of Au spheroidal
aggregation depicts the association of surface plasmin resonance(SPR)[12] with the band shown by
a tapered absorption peak around 520nm, following the surface functionalization concentration of
Au particles was 61.410–3M owing to have an absorption coefficient of about 3995M–1cm–1 at
wavelength 522nm [12]. Absorption spectra displays (Fig.3.) the SPR band rising from Au–NPs in
TiO2–Au films as well undoped films is observable in each temperature variant films by solid and
dotted line respectively. The upright stippled line indicates an escalated refractive index of sol–gel
results in a change to red with the insertion of Au–particles in Titanium dioxide lattice at 522nm.
There is no indication of this association with just undoped films with Au–particles. Though, the
optical intrusion of hardened sample results in a wide absorption belt around 800nm at 100 C
transformed to blue around 375nm at 500C. Doping concentration did not transform SPR peak
locus, due to the small volume fraction of Au, since the peak is much affected by the annealing
temperatures (refer. Fig.4). Absorption spectra illustrate the linear behaviour of Au volume with
absorption peak except the one annealed at 100C

The Effect Of Food Processing On Molecular Structure Of...
Short–term research program and goals:
1. The first objective is to study the effect of food processing on molecular structure of processed
food. This objective will be achieved through applying detailed molecular structure characterization
studies on food processed under different processing parameters. This objective is aiming
fundamental knowledge on processing effect on food structure with relating food structure to their
functionality.
2. The second objective of this research is to apply and validate a new process techniques for the
production of food–protein/fiber based nutraceuticals such as microwave treatments as a processing
or pre–processing technique to alter the molecular structure of proteins and fibers thereby enhancing
their digestibility and yielding proteins, fibers or hydrolysates, with novel functionality,
nutraceutical benefits and reduced allergenicity. This objective is aiming to determine the range of
conditions under which to obtain the optimum product properties with improved activities as
functional ingredients in food industry inheriting nurtaceutical properties. In this regard, my
previous investigations revealed that microwave is a promising technique that could lead to novel
functional ingredients[4, 5].
3. The third goal is to study the effect of food processing on the allergenicity of the produced by–
products in order to achieve by–products with reduced allergenicity to overcome the limitation of
their recycling applications due to their

Electronic State Transition From Bulk Metal / Semiconductor
1.Introduction: Figure (a) :Size quantization effect. Electronic state transition from bulk
metal/semiconductor to small cluster. "Nanocrystalline particles represent a state of matter in the
transition region between bulk solid and single molecule. As a consequence, their physical and
chemical properties gradually change from solid state to molecular behaviour with decreasing
particle size. The reasons for this behaviour can be summarised as two basic phenomena: First
owing to their small dimensions, the surface–to–volume ratio increases, and the number of surface
atoms may be similar to or higher than those located in the crystalline lattice core, and the surface
properties are no longer negligible. When no other molecules are adsorbed onto the nanocrystallites,
the surface atoms are highly unsaturated and their electronic contribution to the behaviour of the
particles is totally different from that of the inner atoms. These effects may be even more marked
when the surface atoms are ligated.This leads to different electronic transport and catalytic
properties of the nanocrystalline particles. The second phenomenon, which occurs in metal and
semiconductor nanoparticles, is totally an electronic effect. The band structure gradually evolves
with increasing particle size i.e, molecular orbital convert into delocalised band states.The above
figure depicts the size quantization effect responsible for the transition between a bulk metal or
semiconductor, and cluster

Surface Segregation And Formation Of Silver Nanoparticles...
Surface Segregation and Formation of Silver Nanoparticles Created
In situ in Polyvinyl alcohol Films.
1– Introduction.
Preparation, characterization, and physical properties of a nanostructured materials of silver
(nanoparticles and nanocomposites) have been the subject of various researcher in many scientific
laboratories during the past years for many studies and it has been also established that size,
stability, color, shape, and properties depend on the method of preparation (radiation,
photochemical, electrochemical, and chemical) as well as experimental factors such as [reactants],
[stabilizer and/or capping agents], temperature, order of mixing of reactants, presence of stabilizers
and capping agents and even on the addition rate of reducing agents [1–12].
The properties of such nanocomposites can further be improved through various treatments like,
annealing, UV–irradiation and Gamma irradiation is one of the extensively used tools to alter the
structural, optical properties [13, 14], Many of reports were used gamma irradiation to synthesis the
Ag nanoparticles in PVA [15,16], and the other literature were prepared Ag–PVA nanocomposite
films and then irradiated with gamma at doses (25, 50, 75, 100 KGy) [17]. According to this
literature the absorption peak intensity at 427 nm for silver nanoparticles is increased with
increasing the gamma doses, until the higher doses 100 KGy, its decrease and the reason for this
behaviour at higher doses the

The Effect Of Ionizing Radiation And Microgravity On Human...
Previous Research and Scholarly Productivity Ricardo Romo Previous Undergraduate Research. As
an undergraduate at Southern Arkansas University I assisted in various research projects. I explored
the effects of gamma rays on HUVEC (Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cell) cells, assembly of
a Cartesian robot, and theoretically calculated thermal convections for my dorm. As a Research
Experience for Undergraduates (REU) student at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
(Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute.) under Dr. Abdel Bachri, I conducted a NASA–sponsored
study on subjecting cells to radiation in near–zero–gravity conditions. Gamma rays have detrimental
health effects, such as genomic instabilities, on astronauts in ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
He handed over an honors project where I theoretically calculated the heat convection from window
panes around the dorm buildings. These calculations showed that energy was being wasted due to
the convection around the window glass. To mitigate the heat waste, we ordered new window seals
and more power/heat–efficient light bulbs.
Previous/current Graduate Research. Entering graduate school I expanded my interest with the
electricomagnetic spectrum in the nanoscale by researching topics such as: computational
simulations of nanoantenna (NA), desalination via dielectric breakdown, and hydrogen evolution
reactions (HER). Metallic gold (Au) nanoantenna onto two–dimensional (2–D) transition metal
dichalcogenides (TMDs) exhibit extraordinary optical properties that allow nanoscale energy
modulation. A localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) emerges when incident electromagnetic
energy excites the conduction electrons, causing them to oscillate coherently on the surface of the
NA at a resonant wavelength. The LSPR energy is dissipated into the environment via re–radiation,
electron–phonon (lattice vibration) and subsequent phonon–phonon coupling, causing a rise in local
thermal energy, and hot electron transfer. Therefore projects such as dimers, nanorods and prisms
have become of my interest for they have an electric near field that enhances the surface plasmon
resonance to 2–dimensional materials for (TMDs). Conversations with my advisor are ideal when it
comes to

Chemistry Article Analysis Paper
Chemistry 1 Article Analysis Project Article Number __ Title, author, source, date of article: "Rice
Researchers Demo Water–Splitting Technology," Boyd, Jade, Rice University News & Media, 4
September 2015 Who: Isabell Thormann, an assistant professor at Rice University, and a group of
graduate students–Shah Mohammad Bahauddin, Chloe Doiron, and Hossein Robatjazi–have
designed the project described below. What: In this project, plasmonic nanoparticles are used to
create hot electrons from solar energy, as they provide the best chances of capturing the electrons'
energy. The hot electrons' role is to break down water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. Where:
The experiment is being conducted at Rice University. When: This article was published in early
September 2015, so it is assumed that the experiment has recently begun and is still being worked
on. Why: The overall objective of the experiment is to improve the way in which electricity is
converted from solar energy, while also attempting to lower the expenses of the process. If this
project is successful, then the hydrogen and oxygen molecules derived from the water can be used
to generate fuel cells. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When exposed to sunlight, the the top layer of plasmonic nanoparticle discs produces hot electrons.
After this step is complete, it is vital that the hot electrons are alienated from the electron holes, in
order to preserve their energy. The middle layer of aluminum plays its part, as it causes for the
electron holes to gravitate toward it. The bottom layer of nickel oxide traps the hot electrons, while
allowing for the electron holes to pass through. If the device is immersed in water, the molecules
can then be broken down into simpler

Conclusion Of Bioiosensors
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Architectural Highlights
a. Nanomaterials
i. Gold ii. Carbon
b. Detection Methods
1. Fluorescence
2. Surface Plasmon Resonance
3. Piezoelectricity
3. Applications
a. Glucose Concentrations
b. Alzhemier's Disease
c. Escherichia coli (E.coli)
d. HIV viral load measurement
e. Cancer
4. Conclusion
Introduction
In recent years, the use of bionanosensors in medical diagnostics has seen a favorable rise in
research due to a growing need for reliable, early–detection methods of diseases and viruses.
Bionanosensors have proven their integration in smart–phone applications that further breach the
boundaries between reliable, accurate, and readily–available tools for point–of–care diagnostics and
treatment. Biosensors are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In research for detecting a prostate specific antigen (PSA) for diagnosing prostate cancer, gold
electrodes were used for a lab–on–a–chip–based biosensor device prototype as seen in Fig. 1 [6]
[10]. The device shown is operated wirelessly using MiContTM software. [10]. Fig. 1b outlines the
various internal components of the biosensor device as well as the LCD display for the end user. A
schematic of the biochip is shown in Fig. 1c and the measurable size of the chip is displayed against
a ruler in Fig. 1d. Figure 1 Fully integrated and automated MiSens biosensor device (A, B) and its
biochip (C, D). Note. Image reprinted with permission from [10], Uludag Y, Narter F, Sağlam E,
Köktürk G, Gök MY, Akgün M, Barut S, Budak S, An integrated lab–on–a–chip–based
electrochemical biosensor for rapid and sensitive detection of cancer biomarkers, (2010), © Anal
Bioanal Chem 408(27):7775–7783.
Gold nanoparticles provide the capability of stable molecular immobilization without affecting
bioactivities. As a result, the use of gold electrodes has been used in the successful detection of the
rfbe gene E.coli 0157:H7 [4].

Nanomaterials – Carbon
Carbon nanomaterials such as graphene and methylene have been utilized because of their ability to
enhance electrochemical biosensor performance and increase conductivity and stability of prepared
immunosensors [6]. An immunosensor was created by coupling graphene nanosheets and gold

Disadvantages Of Pharmaparticles As A Drug Delivery System
INTRODUCTION Drug delivery Systems Drug delivery systems (DDS) have been developed in
order to control pharmacological parameters such as bioavailability, biodistribution and
pharmacokinetics of the administered substances. Bioavailability is defined as the percentage of an
administered dose of therapeutic agent that becomes available in the systemic circulation in its
active form. Drug delivery systems can enhance bioavailability by increasing in–vivohalf–lives of
fragile pharmaceuticals e.g. protection of proteins from enzymatic degradation or by changing their
chemical characteristics – e.g. improving solubility of hydrophobic moieties. Biodistribution is
defined as the percentage of an administered drug that becomes deposited into specific organs
throughout the body at specific time points. Drug delivery systems can alter the biodistribution of a
drug by active targeting of specific cell types, passive targeting (accumulation in certain tissues),
retention at the injection site or by helping to cross biological barriers. ... Show more content on
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They control and sustain release of the drug during the transportation and at the site of localization,
altering organ distribution of the drug and subsequent clearance of the drug soas to achieve increase
in drug therapeutic efficacy and reduction in side effects. Controlled release and particle degradation
characteristics can be readily modulated by the choice of matrix constituents.Drug loading is
relatively high and drugs can be incorporated into the systems without any chemical reaction; this is
an important factor forpreserving the drug activity. Site–specific targeting can be achieved by
attaching targeting ligands to surface of particlesor use of magnetic

##tical Properties Of The Polymer And Inorganic...
For centuries, the polymer/inorganic nanocomposite is one of the most important class of functional
materials due to its useful optical properties (including light absorption (UV and visible),
photoluminescence, and refractive index) and its applications. The size and spatial distribution of
inorganic particles in the polymer matrix are the two strongest parameters that the optical properties
of these PINC composites depend on them[12]. polymer/inorganic nanocomposites that consist of
polymer and inorganic UV–absorbers have been interested application in many fields [318,319]. For
example, Fig. 25 shows that at the swift heavy ions (SHI) irradiation fluence of 1x1011 ions/cm2
the PVA–Ag nanocomposites have a pronounced UV–blocking effect. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
3 UV–Vis absorption spectra of silver nano–particles prepared in PVA with various amounts of
reducing agent. FIG. 4 TEM images and size distributions of silver nanoparticles in PVA; a) for
sample with 2 ml, b) 5 ml, and c) 15 ml reducing agent. FIG. 8 Nonlinear refractive index as a
function of particle size of silver/PVA nanocomposites. [N. Faraji, W. Mahmood Mat Yunus, A.
Kharazmi, E. Saion, M. Shahmiri, N. Tamchek, J. Europ. Opt. Soc. Rap. Public. 7, 12040 (2012))]
Sadjadi et al.[ ] reported the broad absorption band at λmax = 458 nm. This characteristic peak is
due to the (SPR) oscillation of conduction band electrons of Ag. AL–Thabaiti et al.[ ], reported the
PVA/Ag (nacre–like) nanocomposite films were built during the reduction of Ag+ ions in to Ag0 by
tyrosine. Also, investigated the surface plasmon resonance band at 425 to 475 nm due to the
formation of Ag nanoparticles. On the other, recorded a broad SRP absorption band centered at 450
nm in presence of shape–directing CTAB. Then, studied the effect of both the PVA and CTAB on
the formation of the Ag nanopaerticles and they found the PVA, is better capping and protecting
agent than CTAB, is very effective to inhibit the agglomeration of particles. Also, they found that
there is no effect on the position and nature of the surface plasmon resonance band with the
increasing concentrations of the PVA. Badr et al. [ ], studied the effect of Ag concentration (1.14,
2.1, 3.2, 3.6, 4.2, 4.8, and 5.4

Cocaine-Binding Aptamer Essay
The cocaine–binding aptamer exhibits a target–induced conformational change. However, the
conformation usually exists an equilibrium between the fold and unfold structures, resulting in a
high background signal and limited sensitivity.213 In order to decrease background signal, cocaine–
binding aptamers have been split into two212 or three fragments.237, 238 The resulted fragments,
named split aptamer, were found to retain good specificity for their targets. Most importantly, the
fragments do not interact with one another in the absence of cocaine. Stojanovic's group reported
cocaine fluorescence detection with the first split aptamer.212 In the presence of cocaine, two
aptamer fragments were brought together by the formation of a target–induced ... Show more
Willner's group reported fluorescence detection of cocaine by labeling of the aptamer fragments
with semiconductor quantum dots/dyes or pyrene units.240 They found the formations of the
aptamer–substrate complexes resulted in fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) or pyrene
excimer emission. They also developed sensor platforms to perform cocaine detection using
different modified aptamers.241 Specifically, several transducers were demonstrated by using Pt
nanoparticles for electrocatalytic reduction of H2O2, CdS nanoparticles in the presence of triethanol
amine for photoelectrochemical detection, and AuNPs modified Au substrate for surface plasmon

The Complex And Interesting Optical Properties
1. Introduction
The complex and interesting optical properties can be shown clearly on Nanostructured metals the
collective oscillations of the conduction electrons termed plasmons lead to most striking
phenomenon encountered in these structures are resonances . Plasmon modes exist in a number of
geometries and in various metals – most importantly in noble metals such as gold, copper and silver.
Under certain circumstances plasmons are excited by light, which leads to strong light scattering
and absorption and an enhancement of the local electromagnetic field. In 1989, based upon
calculations, Neeves and Birnboim proposed that a composite spherical particle with a dielectric
core and a metallic shell could produce SPR modes with a much ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The interest in plasmon modes dates back to the beginning of the 20th century, but recent advances
in structuring, manipulating and observing on the nanometer scale have revitalized this field even
though these technological advances were at first driven by the increasing demand for a
semiconductor based integrated electronic components, optical applications are now receiving
increasing attention. Guiding light in an integrated optical system and interfacing with electronic
components remain important challenges for research and development today. Nanostructures
metals are believed to be one of the key ingredients of such future optoelectronic devices.
1.1 Plasma
Plasma is a distinct phase of matter, separate from the traditional solids, liquids, and gases. It is a
collection of charged particles that respond strongly and collectively to electromagnetic fields,
taking the form of gas–like clouds or ion beams. Since the particles in plasma are electrically
charged (generally by being stripped of electrons), it is frequently described as an "ionized gas."[1]
so that the electrons and ions are separately free. When does this ionization occur? When the
temperature is hot enough.

Photon-Induced Near-Electron Microscopy Essay
Photon–induced near–field electron microscopy (PINEM), a key UEM technique, is based on the
photon–electron interaction [83]. The basic principle of PINEM can be explained as follows: in free
space, an electron cannot absorb a quantum of electromagnetic energy because of the lack of
energy–momentum conservation. However, in the presence of the nanostructure, the inelastic
coupling between the free electrons and photons takes place [138, 139] due to the deceleration of
the scattered photons and the stratification of the energy–momentum conservation condition. The
coupling leads to gain/loss of photon quanta by electrons in the electron packet, which can be
resolved in the electron energy spectrum [83, 140–142] This spectrum consists of ... Show more
[143]. The author imaged the photo–induced surface plasmonic standing wave on a metallic
nanowire (Ag nanowire) (Fig. 13b). Also, he demonstrated the control of the spatial interference of
the excitation plasmonic field. Also, the cross–correlation images of the excited surface plasmon
were obtained by control the relative delay between the driver laser pulse and the electron pulse.
Worth notes, the enhancement of the temporal resolution in UEM to tens of femtoseconds [19]
might allow eventually to image the plasmonic dynamics and its evolving in time and space.
On the other hand, the indirect PINEM imagining (spectral mapping) enabled the envisage of
excited surface plasmon on a subparticle scale [144]. This has been done by focusing the electron
beam onto a single nanoparticle and record PINEM spectra at each spot on the particle surface then
scan across the vicinity of the particle. This was repeated at different relative delay between the
electron and optical pulse to obtain series of spectral mapping image as shown in Fig. 13c. PINEM
has been also used to study the coherent quantum control of the free electron population state as
demonstrated by Feist et al. [148]. This has been done by controlling the photo–induced Rabi
oscillations in the populations of electron momentum states via changing the intensity of the optical
driving field (Fig. 13d).
This work was conducted on a conical gold tip, the interaction of the electron and

Essay On Metal Nanoparticles
In recent years Nano sized materials play the significant role in science and technology due to their
unique shape, size, peculiar properties and potential applications. Metal nanoparticles, which
possess considerable electronic, chemical and optical [1, 2] properties, are different from those of
the bulk materials. Among the several metal nano particles gold (Au) nanoparticles have attracted
rigorous consideration for their numerous applications in catalytic , sensing, imaging, diagnostics
[3–6], tunable surface Plasmon resonance, surface enhanced Raman scattering, electrical, magnetic,
thermal conductivity chemical and bio stability and anti–bacterial activity [7–13]. Besides, Gold
nano particles have widely been used as the platform ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is exuded from the bark of cochlospermum gossypium (bixaceae family) and it is largely collected
by tribes. The primary structure of gum kondagogu is made up of sugars such as galactose,
aabinose, mannose, glucose, gluconic acid, rhamnose and galactoronic acid with sugar linkage of
(1→2) β–D–Gal p, (1→4) β–D–Glc p, (1→6) β–D–Gal p, 4–O–Me–α–D–Glc p, (1→2) α–L–Rha
(29). Gum kondagogu is an acidic gum with major functional groups and identified in the gum is
acetyl, hydroxyl, carboxylic acid and carbonyl groups.
Gold has usually been regarded to be inactive as a catalyst. But gold in the form of nanoparticles
shows excellent catalytic activity towards several chemical reactions (30). Nitro phenols are
environmental poisons due to their toxicity (31) and inhibitory nature. In addition, Nitro phenols
have highly solubility and stability in water (32). Due to this reason the reduction of 4–NP in to 4–
AP is prominent. Sodium borohydride is a strong reducing agent, but, it has no ability to reduce the
nitro phenol. NaBH4 is not effective in this reaction except provided with some catalyst to reduce
the kinetic barrier of the reaction. A variety of catalysts were used in the past and, recently, pt (33),
Ag (34) nanoparticles have been used for the same purpose. In this study the green synthesis of gold
nano particles made by gum kondagogu is a core subject. This gum acts as a reducing and
stabilizing agent. We studied the synthesis of AuNPs and their

Nanotechnology For Enhanced Solar Conversion
Egbo Kingsley O. PhD in Nanostructures for Enhanced Solar Conversion Research Proposal
Abstract The possibilities of employing a nanoscale metal topography that will employ surface
plasmon excitation phenomena towards improving the light absorption efficiency of organic solar
cells will be investigated. This goal is achievable by analytically designing and producing optically
active nanostructures which are used to excite surface plasmons at the wavelengths range dictated
by the sun in order to support the confinement of light beyond the diffraction limit, thus leading to
high weighted enhancements over a wider range of the solar spectrum. This can be achieved by
employing nanostructured materials with unique properties tailored for the materials characteristics
of II–VI nanorod systems across the solar spectrum capable of creating significant enhancements
while preventing unwanted thermal losses. Also external quantum efficiency measurements on the
nanostructured cells will be made, this is expected to demonstrate a substantial photon absorption
enhancement across the solar spectrum. Finally, key insights into light absorption and trapping
mechanisms in these plasmon enhanced cells through a combination of three–dimensional finite–
difference time–domain simulations, optical absorption, and external quantum efficiency
measurements will be obtained Introduction The increasing population of the world is making
demands on the availability of energy supply and research has

Optical, Morphological And Photoluminescence Spectroscopic...
Optical, morphological and photoluminescence spectroscopic studies of PVA/AgNO3films after γ
irradiation xxxxxxxxx
Abstract
In this paper, PVA–AgNO3 films were prepared by casting method. Then irradiated with different
gamma doses (25, 50, 75, 100, 125 KGy). UV–visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope,
EDX and photoluminescence spectroscope were used to characterize the prepared films. UV–visible
absorption spectra showed a peak at 200 nm for PVA. And a peak at 427 nm for the surface plasmon
resonance of silver nanoparticles. This peak increases with gamma doses until 125 KGy, its decrease
for front surface. And increase continuously with gamma doses on the back surface. SEM images
and EDX spectra showed that the silver appear on the front surface as silver atoms, and with
increasing the gamma doses is disappeared and then appear at the back surface at the highest doses
(125 KGy) as a nanorods.. While PL intensity decrease for front surface and increase for back
surface as the γ doses is increased.
Keywords: UV–Vis spectroscopy, SEM, EDX, PL spectroscopy.
1– Introduction.
Preparation, characterization, and physical properties of a nanostructure materials of silver
(nanoparticles and nanocomposites) have been the subject of various researcher in many scientific
laboratories during the past years for many studies and it has been also established that size,
stability, color, shape, and properties

The Pros And Cons Of Solar Cells
Near infrared (NIR) light has attracted much attention owing to its widespread applications in
energy conversion, (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) 1–3 (–– removed HTML ––)
(–– removed HTML ––) sensing, (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) 4 (–– removed
HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) and bio–therapy. (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML
––) 5–7 (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) In particular, to solve the energy problem
all over the world, efficient utilization of natural energy is strongly required. Si solar cells (SCs) are
the most widespread energy conversion devices used to harvest solar energy. However, Si SCs do
not respond to NIR light of over 1200 nm in wavelength in the solar spectrum owing to their ...
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On the other hand, it has been found that spherical NPs of highly Sn–doped In (–– removed HTML
––) 2 (–– removed HTML ––) O (–– removed HTML ––) 3 (–– removed HTML ––) (ITO), which is
a degenerated semiconductor with a carrier density of approximately 10 (–– removed HTML ––) 21
(–– removed HTML ––) cm (–– removed HTML ––) −3 (–– removed HTML ––) , exhibit LSPR in
the NIR range of 1500–2000 nm. (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) 13 (–– removed
HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) NPs of other degenerated semiconductors, such as Ga– and Al–
doped ZnO (GZO and AZO), with high carrier densities are predicted to be light absorptive
materials by LSPR in the NIR range. (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) 14 (––
removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) However, there still remains a gap between the Si
absorption edge and the LSPR absorption range of NPs of these materials. (–– removed HTML ––)
(–– removed HTML ––) Vanadium dioxide (VO (–– removed HTML ––) 2 (–– removed HTML ––)
) is unique in having metal–insulator transition at 69 °C, is a candidate material to fill the gap in the
absorption range mentioned above, and attracts much attention from the both points of various
applications (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) 15–20 (–– removed HTML ––) (––
removed HTML ––) and a mechanism of the phase transition. In particular, LSPR in the NIR range
of 1000–2000 nm has been reported for VO (–– removed HTML ––) 2 (–– removed HTML ––) NPs
in the

Catalysis In Chemistry
Catalysis is one of the most important phenomena both in nature and chemistry.
Photochemistry, which means chemical changes induced by absorption of light, constitutes the basis
of human life. Plasmonic nanoparticles are characterized by their well–known surface catalytic
properties and strong light–matter interactions.[2] Plasmonic nanoparticles are potentially useful in
a number of critical technologies, including solar–to–chemical[1][3][4] and solar–to–electrical
energy conversion[5], molecular characterization, imaging, lasing, and cancer tissue targeting[6].
These nanoparticles are characterized by their strong interaction with resonant photons through an
excitation of surface plasmon resonance (SPR). SPR can be described as the ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
These are complementarily used in the synthesis of conjugated acetylenes. [8]
Figure 1.2: General Reaction Scheme
The term Sonogashira reaction however, is nowadays a blanket description applied to the
palladium(0)–catalysed coupling of a sp2 (or even sp3) halide or triflate with a terminal alkyne,
regardless of whether copper salts are present. The obtained products from the Sonogashira reaction
have found applicability in the most diverse areas of chemistry, such as dyes, sensors, electronics,
polymers, guesthost constructs, natural products and heterocycle synthesis. [9]
1.2 My Research work
My current objective is to understand and develop methods for thermal reactions involving
iodobenzene (IB) and phenyl acetylene (PA) as reactants and a cross coupled product Di–phenyl
acetylene with copper metal nanostructures
(spheres–assumed in this work) as catalyst (100–200nm),base and solvents such as potassium
carbonate, cesium carbonate and Dimethylformamide (DMF), ethanol respectively. There could be
many other reactions but predominantly two side reactions which can form homocoupling products
1,1'–biphenyl(BP) and 2–phenyl ethynyl benzene(DPDA) in the order of the reactnats mentioned.
Copper is very selective for cross coupling product if both the reactants are available and favors
homocoupling if either of them

Burkholderia Pseudomallei Research Paper
Introduction: Burkholderia pseudomallei is a natural Gram–negative bacillus which is a soil
dwelling bacterium and the reason for melioidosis. The clinical signs of melioidosis are wide and
incorporate dispersed infection with organ abscesses, extreme sepsis, and gentle contamination of
the skin and delicate tissue. Most patients have danger components for contamination, which
incorporate diabetes, overwhelming liquor use, and perpetual pneumonic alternately kidney ailment.
The most astounding number of reported cases happens in endemic districts of Thailand and
Australia. In 2006, melioidosis and tuberculosis death rates in northeast Thailand and Australia were
increased. The primary problem for controlling this disease is detection of bacteria B.pseudomallei
which take 3–7 days to detect and it is not accurate. In addition it is resistant to empiric antibiotic
reagents. The detection is done by using serum and urine samples. To control this disease we need
accurate and fast detection technique. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But culturing of this gold standard is imperfect and it takes long time to identify the presence of
bacteria in those samples. In addition, due to lack of experience many of them misidentify the
bacteria. Capsular polysaccharide (CPS) is a polymer of 1, 3–linked 2–0–acetyl–60deoxy–β–D–
mammo–heptopyranose residues, which is produced by Burkholderia pseudomallei. This capsular
polysaccharide is considered as the virulence factor. By using In vivo Microbial Antigen Discovery
(inMAD) identified many potential B.pseudomallei diagnostic biomarkers. From this result, CPS
considered as the targeting molecule for detection of Melioidosis. Antigen–capture ELISA was used
to determine the presence of CPS in melioidosis patient by using the CPS–specific monoclonal
antibody (mAb

The Physics Of Splicing And Splicing
3. Conclusions
Compared to the molecular methods, the optics–based method offers several advantages such as the
kinetic study of splicing and splicing inhibition, study of cis–trans alternative splicing, and rapid
measurement of RNA splic–ing. The kinetics of pre–mRNA splicing and the effect of isoginkgetin
on the splicing kinetics of the pre–mRNA at the single molecule level were analyzed. Because of
their high temporal resolution and the ability to follow the splicing of individual pre–mRNA
molecules, the optics–based methods provide the evidences about the relative stabilities of weakly
stabilized RNA molecules and their lifetimes. This observation attributed to the formation of mRNA
molecules that are the results of the splicing of pre–mRNA. The kinetics and course of monitoring
of pre–mRNA splicing was directly reached by 10 min, and are not able to be monitored by the
conventional assay. The appearance of scattering intensity and SERS spectra indicates the success in
monitoring RNA splicing; and the RNA splicing inhibition assay confirms that the optics–based
methods can be used in study of RNA splicing inhi–bition. Moreover, the optics–based methods are
able to detect alternative splicing, the RNA splicing for multi exon–intron pre–mRNA, generation of
microRNA from intron of RNA processing events (e. g., maturation of microRNAs), and the siRNA
maturation from the processing of host mRNAs, which are hot topics for the re–search of cancer,
molecular immunology, and

Essay On Diode
In recent years, serious innovative work has been conducted on organic light– emitting diodes
(OLEDs) for the acknowledgement of high–efficiency colour showcases, backdrop illumination and
illumination applications. Notwithstanding, a low light outcoupling productivity still firmly restricts
the general proficiency on the grounds that exclusive a little part of light can leave the multilayer
structure because of the extensive contrast in the refractive list between air (n = 1.0), glass (n =1.5)
and natural layers (n =1.7 –2.0). In a normal advanced OLED, just around 20% of the light is
discharged straightforwardly into an air and generally, a similar sum is coupled to the glass substrate
(1). The rest of the power is lost because of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The worldwide general lighting market surpasses $90 billion in size, and general lighting is the
place around one–6th of the aggregate power is expended. Accomplishment in the general lighting
market brings the most money related advantages as well as will have the best effect on the
environment. To succeed in the general lighting market, OLED lighting must be focused on
execution and cost to the current and forthcoming lighting advancements, including the since quite a
while ago settled brilliant lights, fluorescent lights, smaller fluorescent lights (CFLs), and the up and
coming LEDs. Would OLEDs be able to address the difficulty. ()
The science of a wide sea and the wheel of science in progress continues and never stand so we find
every day what is new in different scientific fields and there is no doubt that nanotechnology has
become the subject of modern science and the focus of interest and has become at the forefront of
the most important areas in physics, chemistry, biology and others.
1.2 –Fundamentals of plasmonic
Plasmonic can be utilized as a part of nanophotonic applications with a specific end goal to enhance
gadget execution because of the communication between electromagnetic field and conduction
electrons. The examination of plasmonic was begun since 1800s. Michael Faraday contemplated the
shading change of colloidal gold arrangement and found that the

Cancer Celll Imaging and Photothermal Therapy in the...
Researches showed that cancer is the most feared disease in the world and the most fearful word to
say. Honestly, how could it not be? Dying a painful death, suffering with chemotherapy or having
any part of your body taken off. It is not the way we want to go!
This fear led so many scientists to figure out methods and ways to examine the cancer cells and cure
it. In this report focuses on the most recent developments in the chemical synthesis of metal
Nanorods, more specifically the gold Nanorods and silver nanorods, their properties and by
extension some of their applications. It also studies into details a few nanotechniques and how they
are applicable to various situations. One application is Cancer Cell Imaging and Photothermal ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since the antibodies with the PSS–capped nanorods in the same solution, for sure bound with it
using electrostatic physisorption interaction mechanism. After that, Nonmalignant and tow
malignant cell were cultured then rinsed followed with immersing into the anti–EGFR–conjugated
nanorods solution. The light scattering images were stored by using a microscope with highly
numerical dark–field condenser, which gives a narrow beam of white light from tungsten lamp W.
"The scattered light can be neglected due to the enhanced absorption and scattering from gold
nanoparticles." Then, the sample was exposed to the red light (800 nm) where the tissue has a low
absorption at this wavelength at different power densities. Malignant cells piled up the dye, while
the living cell remained clear.
The gold nanoparticles have one absorption band at 520, whereas the Plasmon have two; strong–
long wavelength and weak–short wavelength. This means that the band shifted from the visible to
NIR region which causes increasing in rod's aspect ratios.
Nowadays, much attention has been devoted to the use of Ag in treatment of cancer. As well as gold,
silver is known as a good electrode material with high electrical conductivity and has the ability to
self–assemble. Furthermore, for Ag nanoparticles on a conducting surface, we can expect some
biocompatibility different from Au nanoparticles and the excitation of surface enhanced Raman
scattering.

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