Antimicrobial Resistance

Antimicrobial Resistance
Measuring public attitudes to antimicrobial use and resistance
After many years of fruitful usage, antimicrobials are becoming less effective as a treatment for
serious infections, due to the growing public health threat posed by antimicrobial resistance
worldwide1. Inappropriate use of antibiotics amongst the public (e.g. antibiotic self–medication,
treatment non–adherence, and irrational expectations for an antibiotic prescription) has played a key
role in facilitating this evolving global crisis2. Psych–social factors such as knowledge, beliefs, and
attitudes towards antibiotic use and resistance have been found to be closely related to this
misuse3,4. The ability to reliably and accurately measure and identify the public's knowledge, ...
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It will also provide information about how the constructs of interest have previously been defined in
the literature.
 Study 2: Qualitative work to develop a comprehensive set of preliminary items for a
questionnaire measuring public knowledge, attitudes and behaviours antibiotic use and resistance
To develop a preliminary set of questionnaire items as exhaustive as possible, data will be
triangulated from several data sources:
– Semi–structured interviews will be conducted with members of the public from a range of
contrasting backgrounds, during which they will be asked to list what they know and feel about the
use of antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance. Key theories of health behaviour, such as the theory
of planned behaviour11 will be used as a theoretical basis during the development of the topic guide,
in order to ensure the topics raised comprehensively cover established predictors of behaviour.
These interviews will be analysed using thematic analysis, to identify recurrent themes
– Items pertaining to the instruments identified in Study 1 will be assessed on their relevance to the
present instrument. As many of these instruments are likely to have been designed for highly
specified populations, such as healthcare professionals and very specific patient groups, many items
will likely need to be adapted for more general use in the community.
– Further items will be developed through a content analysis of current antibiotic–related public
health campaign
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The Question Of Antibiotic Resistance
Introduction The question of antibiotic resistance is a growing phenomenon in contemporary society
and modern medicine; it pertains to pathogenic organisms and is one of the most eminent issues of
public health in the twenty–first century. Though resistant genes are ancient, its increasing
prevalence poses a threat. It demands a greater need for antibiotic therapies. New resistance
mechanisms may spread globally and limit our ability to treat disease and lead to a giant hole in the
pillars of modern medicine. The immense increase in antibiotic resistance can be attributed to many
factors. Along with spontaneous gene mutation, natural selection, and cell–to–cell gene transfer,
humans play a huge part in the worsening of the epidemic. The Union of Concerned Scientists
estimated in 2001 that more that seventy percent of the antibiotics used in the United States are
given to food animals without disease to increase growth and decrease probability of mortality;
medicine is used ensure and maximize profit. The misuse of antibiotics leads to an increase in
resistance in that it exposes bacteria to antibiotics when this exposure is not necessary. Additionally,
culturally–ingrained practices of using antibiotics sans prescription, sharing antibiotics with others,
and over–prescription and dispensing antibiotics either incorrectly or needlessly due to the
commercialization of medicine in combination with patients' exaggeration of disease symptoms all
contribute to the excessive use

Fluoroquinolone Resistance To Antibiotic Resistance
As previously discussed, antibiotics often work by targeting critical functions of the bacterial cell.
This means that antibiotics have specific targets, which is a boon because it means non–microbial
life will not be affected by the antibiotics. However, because of this specificity, bacteria can develop
ways of protecting themselves from antibiotics, leading to the rise of antibiotic resistance Like any
other organism, bacterium are subject to evolutionary pressure. Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is
rarely the result of a single mutation leading to full resistance, but rather the result of a series of
mutations that incrementally increased antibiotic resistance. For example, in the case of
fluoroquinolone resistance, resistance started with a mutation in the efflux pump, granting
Streptococcus pneumoniae the ability to survive certain treatment regimens (13). This became an
issue when people started to misuse their antibiotics. In this particular example, because patients did
not follow their prescription regimens, they only killed the bacteria not resistant to fluoroquinolone.
This selective pressure drove bacteria to further develop fluoroquinolone resistance, meaning that
the initial infection remained untreated, and would now require a ... Show more content on
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The misuse of antibiotics means that bacteria that have minor resistances survive when patients do
not follow their prescription regimens, and then they are able to flourish and spread this resistance to
other bacteria (14). This is a result of miseducation among the public about when antibiotics should
be taken. In the United States, for instance, 9% of people who take antibiotics are either taking
antibiotics that they or someone they knew had leftover (15). This is a danger because taking
antibiotics when they are not needed removes the body's natural flora that helps prevent infection
and allows for antibiotic resistant bacteria to

The Problem of Antibiotic Resistance
ANTIBIOTIC
Antibiotics are a term refers to substances produced by microorganisms that can harm and inhibit or
destroy other microorganisms, specifically bacteria (15). Antibiotics can be produced naturally or
unnaturally via pharmaceutical industries using large–scale processes of fermentation. The
antibiotics discovery has been of great significance due to in many clinical settings the antibiotics
generally are the best way to destroy bacteria which cause infections in humans and animals. In
1910, The Salvarsan use in the treatment of syphilis was the first application of antibiotics (15). In
1930, the antibiotics application was continued with sulphonamides. In addition, the first use of
penicillin was in 1941 in the bacterial ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
coli), Vibrio cholerae, Klebsiella species, Shigella species, Salmonella species and Campylobacter
species (6). In these enteric pathogens, antimicrobial resistance is of importance in developed
countries where diarrhoeal diseases are causing of illness and death, but are also of particular
interest in developing nations, because they are reservoirs for the resistance transmission. 2 ‫المرجع‬
Several previous studies found that there is relationship between the antibiotic resistance in the
environment and the effluents from urbanization areas (6), agricultural and industrial land use
patterns (34) wastewater treatment plants (11), industrial pollution (23) flood water runoff (35).,
heavy metal pollution (23), flood water runoff (35). 2 ‫(المرجع‬
SOURCES OF ANTIBIOTICS RESISTANCE IN THE ENVIRONMENT
Agriculture
A long time ago to now, Antibiotics have been used to control and treat plants diseases associated
with bacterial infections. The antibiotics particularly gentamicin, tetracycline, streptomycin and
oxolinic acid were applied in many ways such as spraying and crop dusting (25). This generates
pressure for the selection of antibiotics resistant bacteria in the environment and contributes in direct
inputs of antibiotics into the environment. The resistance can be transferred disease–causing bacteria
through the transfer of horizontal gene, indicating that treated crops may have indirect effects on
public health ‫المرجع‬.
Manure

Example Of Nonviolent Resistance
Nonviolence resistance has been used to achieve many goals in the past, whether it is a political
goal, a social goal, or an economic goal. According to Clausewitz, war is the continuation of politics
by other means, and the reason why nonviolence resistance can be considered a type of warfare is
because the goal is to get what they desired. A well–known example of this was the Civil Right's
Movement, whose goal was to end segregation and discrimination against African Americans. This
movement encompassed three broad categories created by Gene Sharp: nonviolent protests and
persuasion, noncooperation (economic and political), and nonviolent intervention. A few groups that
were involved in this movement and that displayed these categories were the National Association
for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), the Southern Christian Leadership Conference
(SCLC), and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). Despite being nonviolent
called nonviolent, though, there are some occasions where violence is present. However, because it
is called a nonviolent resistance it can be confusing for others to even consider this as a type of
warfare. The NAACP, SCLC, and the SNCC all displayed nonviolent protests and persuasion. The
NAACP however was more focused on legal strategies and actions, such as going through court
cases and creating lawsuits to confront the civil rights issues that African Americans were faced with
during that time. They used legal action instead

Antimicrobial Drug Resistance
Introduction
Antimicrobial drug resistance (AMDR) is a clinical phenomena, it means that the ability of specific
microorganism to acquire resistance property against certain antibiotic which it was susceptible
before (Meyers, 1987; Russell, 1997). AMDR process is the natural consequence of pathogen
adaptation to antimicrobials used in medicine, animal food, agriculture and household activities
(Gould & Meer 2005, p. 617).
Antibiotic medication history is successful in human health. Antibiotic are using to killing the
bacteria which can be cause illness and diseases. Antibiotic medication saved many people life from
critical situation by combating bacteria. However, some bacteria have become resistant to
commonly used antibiotics. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In a perfect doctor –patient relationship model, a physician always must consider his present
patient's physical condition, risk of contaminated disease, research, and risk of resistance during
antibiotic prescribing (Leibovici, Shraga & Andreassen, 1993). According to Leibovici, Paul & Ezra
(2012, p. 2), in case of viral infection, pathogens sensitive for narrow spectrum antibiotic, prolong
prophylaxis, physicians do not prescribe broad–spectrum antibiotics. On the other hand, if the cost
effectiveness of a treatment procedure is considered, then it becomes an example of Act
Utilitarianism and contradicts with autonomy (Leibovici, Paul & Ezra, 2012, p. 3). Moreover, drug
resistance also represents the injustice of distribution and consumption among the developed and
developing world. According to PRWeb (2011), the global antibiotic market was USD 24 billion and
may reach to USD 40.3 billion in 2015. It happens to be a result of over consumption of the wealthy
people and under consumption by the poor. The aggressive commercial advertisement of the drug
companies direct to consumers also creating an environment for malpractice (Selgelid, 2007, p–
222–224).
Hence, drug resistance is the neglected issue in Bioethics and an underappreciated topic in medical,
economical and policy issue (Selgelid, 2007, p. 221).
Critical Analysis: We can consider the antibiotic resistant some critical point of view. Doctor,
patients,

Peaceful Resistance
Does peaceful resistance to laws positively or negatively impact a free society? To answer this
question effectively we must analyze both sides of the table, to ensure that the correct decision is
made. First, let us look at the positive impact to a free society. If someone disagrees with how
something is being run, be it because of the fact that it violates a constitutional right or process, then
the process of peaceful resistance is very essential to preserving the functionality of a free society.
As John Cassidy says "he (who) uncovered questionable activities that those in power would rather
have kept secret. That's the valuable role that whistle–blowers play in a free society..." This explains
why these whistle–blowers are so important ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If an individual has access to the inner workings of the government and said individual does not
agree with the process of the government due to it violating their own personal morals, and decides
to distribute such information to rally support for their actions as well as against the government,
which in doing so leads to the threat of even deaths of government operatives, start protests against
the government, to change the process and to ensure it aligns with their moral code, can cause a very
negative impact on the free society. As Jeffrey Toobin says "The American government, and its
democracy, are flawed institutions. But our system offers legal options to disgruntled government
employees and contractors. They can take advantage of federal whistle–blower laws; they can bring
their complaints to Congress; they can try to protest within the institutions where they work." This
emphasizes the importance of some secrets remain just that, secrets. If said secrets were common
knowledge then they could be utilized to preform unconstitutional acts, even put lives of innocents
in danger, for some effect or personal gain.This would remove the process of government and cause
a form of free society to be ineffective and

Resistance By Bachrach Debor The Resistance
Resistance is seen in many parts of daily life. For example, take a baby that will not eat its food and
hits the food away when the food is brought to close to the babies mouth. Or a dog that refuses to go
on a walk after a person has put on the dog's leash. One of the most important aspects of resistance
is refusing. This is because it shows what a person believes in and what a person will do to achieve
their beliefs. In genocide, few people resist the group in power because most victims are too afraid
to show what they believe in because of the repercussions. Those who do resist the group in power
strongly believe that what the group in power is doing is wrong. People who resist genocide make a
difference in the outcome of the genocide by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Throughout the book The Faces of Resistance, author Stuart Kallen gives examples of people who
resisted the Holocaust. He does so by going into depth of their situations and in what ways they
resisted the Nazis. One of the examples was a man named Raoul Wallenberg who saved 100,000
lives at the cost of his own life. Wallenberg gave Jews passports bearing the Swedish seal.
Wallenberg set up hospitals, nurseries, and soup kitchens. When Nazis began death marches
Wallenberg issued thousands of Swedish safe passes. He followed groups of Nazis that were
carrying Jews. Wallenberg also protested for the release of Jews from German and Hungarian
custody. Wallenberg began offering bribes and he stood between Jews and their captors saying that
they should take him instead. He also forged papers and driver's licenses (Kallen). As seen here,
Raoull Wallenberg took every possible step to ensure he could save as many Jews as possible from
captivity. In any genocide, if more people are brave enough to risk their own lives to save the
victims of the genocide, then there would not be nearly as many casualties. In conclusion, if more
people were willing to risk their lives for victims of the genocide then there would not be nearly as
many deaths in the outcome of the

Passive Resistance
Rather than simply influencing society, peaceful resistance is a mark of freedom itself. Therefore, its
impacts are neither positive nor negative, but an inherent quality of a free society. However, laws
themselves may influence the people they govern either positively or negatively; reactions to these
laws then reflect any perceived intentions such as helping or hindering society. The qualities of
positivity or negativity rely on individual sentiments which then join in likeness and form factions.
These factions then view each other as either progressing or stunting the growth of society. Thomas
Jefferson distinguished between honest rebels and dishonest rebels (Mirkin); while people's motives
cannot always be truly known, passive resistance often portrays honest emotions. As citizens
continue to arm themselves with peaceful resistance, their sentiments reveal positive and negative
effects, not the action itself. On January 21, 2017, pro–life supporters gathered in Washington, D. C.
after the Women's March (McMahon). This event marked the 44th annual protest against the
Supreme Court decision on Roe v. Wade (McMahon). The Court's decision struck down a state ban
on abortion unless the mother's life was at risk (McBride). Protestors ... Show more content on
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The Women's March gained support from international voices, similar to beginnings of the BLM
movement. Also, the positive impacts of emotions displayed through civil disobedience outweigh
any negative ones. Citizens in action allow voices of the people to be heard and coincide with
founding American principles such as freedom of speech and liberty. America emerged from those
who fueled wars, both against unfair laws and unjust ideology. Although resistance may indicate
divisions among citizens, it creates the opportunity for conversation and unification. Reactions may
be positive or negative, but peaceful resistance must be encouraged to have a free

Unjust Resistance
Throughout the time of history, resistance, rebellions, and revolutions have played major roles in the
forming of nations. In a society where the people are free, some people might think of their
resistance to laws as positive while others, negative. Resistance of these people is usually against
unjust laws. This resistance has played a major role in making the government more just, especially
in the U.S. where the people have a lot of freedom. Sometimes, someone would argue that to
disobey the laws is wrong, but in the case where the laws are unjust it is the people's right and duty
to reform such laws so the society may continue to live in an environment with justice and liberty.
Undoubtedly people in a free society have much power, which

Peaceful Resistance In America
Peaceful resistance is the act of disobeying authority in a non–violent way. Being a free society, we
have a right to voice our opinions. But do we voice these opinions when doing so breaks laws? The
answer is yes. Peaceful resistance to laws positively impacts a free society. First we must decide
what a free society truly is. As Americans, we are at an advantage. Our society is not as strict as
other nations. Nowadays we are not as pressured to conform to gender roles or follow any certain
religion, most women in America don't feel pressured to cover their hair, and we are free to express
our sexuality. And the patriarchy? The mere mention of it offends some people, as it is seen as an
old way of thinking. These are some current views of Americans but we don't have to stay in the
21st century to explore what freedom means. One can look to the constitution to get a definition of
freedom. It clearly declares that we the people have a right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of
happiness. Our founding fathers pictured a free society, the question is if we have achieved this.
What happens when a law interferes with our happiness? Our American values and liberty? Do we
sit idly by or do we raise attention to the injustice that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is an offense to abet in the smuggling of illegal immigrants. By smuggling an immigrant from Iran
(one of the countries affected) into America I am peacefully resisting a law I see as unfair. Although
I am breaking the law there are other factors that must be taken into account. What if the immigrant
is a contributing member to society? What if they want to escape violence? What if they have a
family in America? There are many what ifs but one thing is certain: unless we stand up to what we
think is unfair we will never be able to reap the benefits of what other countries and peaceful
resistance brings to

Introduction Since the beginning of the antibiotic error in the mid 20th century, antimicrobial
resistance has been recognized. The increased use of antimicrobial agents in the recent years has
resulted in the development of resistance to these drugs. Clinical threats have however been
minimized by the availability of newer agents (Bonomo & Tolmasky 2007). The World Health
Organization (WHO) defines antimicrobial resistance as the resistance of a microorganism to an
antimicrobial medicine to which it was previously sensitive (WHO 2012). A variety of resistance
mechanisms have been developed by bacteria to counter the introduction of successive classes of
antibiotics. This has lead to heightened interest in the study of antimicrobial ... Show more content
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Gram–negative bacteria on the other hand secret fewer enzymes into the medium and thus less
extracellular drug inactivation is observed with these organisms. Many gram–positive bacteria
however do produce the enzyme not retain it in the periplasmic space. This way the drug is inactive
after it has diffused across the cell wall but before it binds to its target PBP (Alexey 1999). New
Delhi Metallo–Β–Lactamase (NDM–1) MBLs have been reported to increase in gram–negative
organisms and have been mostly identified in the Pseudomonas spp. MBLs have the ability to
hydrolyze all β–lactams carbapenems included with exception of aztreonam. MBLs share several
common features, including significant carbapenemase activity, absence of activity against
monobactams like aztreonam and resistance to specific β–lactamase inhibitors such as the clavulanic
acid. The presence of carbapenemase activity has been typically most associated with MBLs though
it may occur in either serin or metallo–β–lactamases. Frequently encountered MBL type
carbapenemases are the IMP–type, VIM–type and NDM–1 (Raghunath 2010). According to
Kumarasamy et al. (2010), New Delhi metallo– β–lactamase (NDM–1) a novel MBL was recently
identified from Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. The enzyme was

Types Of Resistance : Mechanisms Of Antibiotic Resistance
Mechanisms of Resistance
Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance
The principle of antibiotic resistance revolve around how antibiotics work. Antibiotics target certain
structures on bacteria such as their cell wall, proteins, and nucleic acids that results in the disruption
and/or inhibition of their growth. These disturbances can sometimes lead to bacterial death. In order
to survive, bacteria have developed countermeasures to fight against the harmful drugs. This was
carried out by targeting the antibiotics themselves. The way antibiotics function is based on their
chemical structure. Because many antibiotics have similar structures, they are also grouped in that
way. Each class (or family) have similarities in their structure and in turn, have similarities in their
target of action. Consequently, these similarities make it easy for the bacteria to construct resistance
to different and multiple classes of antibiotics. Mechanisms that will be discussed all involve
bacteria's ability to prevent antibiotics from reaching its target by means of target alteration, drug
detoxification, impermeability and efflux.
Target Alteration
Target alteration refers to modifications made on the antibiotic molecule. The modification can be
due to point mutations in the genes encoding the target site, enzymes that change binding sites by
acetylation, phosphorylation, adenylation, or replacement/bypass of the original target (1). A good
example of resistance due to point mutation is fluoroquinolone resistance. This drug acts on DNA
gyrase and topoisomerase IV, both of which are vital for bacterial DNA replication. The mutation
lies within the genes that encode for both DNA gyrase and topoisomerase. With its target modified,
fluoroquinolone can no longer inhibit bacterial DNA replication.
Modification can be done chemically by adding certain compounds together or by outright
destroying them. Bacteria employ these actions by producing enzymes that chemically modify
antibiotics by acetylation, phosphorylation, and adenylation (1). This mechanism is seen in both
gram negative and gram positive organisms as with the case of aminoglycoside resistance. This class
of antibiotic is frequently used to treat infections caused by

Antimicrobial Resistance : Antibacterial Resistance
There is no doubt that antimicrobial agents have saved the human kind from a lot infectious
diseases. A few years after the discovery of the first antibiotics, scientists made the observation that
some organisms could still survive the effects of the antimicrobial agents. That was the beginning of
the concern that different microorganisms were getting resistance in their previously harmful agents.
That is known today as antimicrobial resistance. (Sosa et al., 2010) Nowadays, Antimicrobial
Resistance (AMR) is one of the most severe jeopardies to public health worldwide, especially in
some countries such as USA, India and Greece. For instance, in the US, deaths caused by
Methicillin–resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), might be more than ... Show more content on
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Moreover, antibiotic–resistant infections are very difficult to treat and most of the times the
treatment is really costly. (Cdc.gov.,2015) The main causes of the problem are two pharmacological
issues: (a) wide–spectrum antibiotics and (b) compliance. Wide–spectrum antibiotics are widely
used to treat infections, either those caused by several different species or those for which diagnosis
is too difficult or takes too much time. Of course, wide spectrum promises a wide range of clinical
uses and sales but consequently contributes to resistance as it applies selective pressure. Compliance
is another issue that has many aftermaths upon antimicrobial resistance. Patients often either miss
drug doses, both by mistake and deliberately, or decide to stop the treatment prematurely when they
feel better. In both cases, pathogens which are exposed to subinhibitory concentrations of
antibiotics, survive and that consequently results in the greater chances of acquiring resistance.
(Sosa et at., 2010) AMR has a great impact to humans globally. Studies have shown that patients'
mortality and length of hospital stay are increased with resistant versus non–resistant pathogens.
(Goff, 2011) In addition, healthcare costs are also dramatically higher for patients with
antimicrobial–resistant infections. Patients infected with antimicrobial–resistant pathogens have
higher costs, approximately US $6,000–30,000, than do patients

Antibiotic Resistance
Introduction
This article is about the determination of Antibiotic resistance that relies on the fitness effects of
resistance elements in the absence of antibiotics. Angst and Hall tentatively developed rifampicin–
resistant and delicate Escherichia coli in drug–free environment, before measuring the impacts of
new resistance components on fitness in antibiotic free conditions. Streptomycin resistance changes
had little fitness impacts in rifampicin–resistant genotypes that had adjusts to antibiotic free
environment , contrasted with the same genotypes without acclimatization. They watched a
comparative impact when resistance was encoded by a plasmid. Antibiotic sensitive microorganisms
that acclimated to the same conditions indicated ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Resistant microorganisms obtain extra helpful changes throughout advancement without antibiotic s
that don't modify resistance straightforwardly however may change the fitness impacts of new
resistance transformations (Angst and Hall, 2013). It is critical that researchers study this theme on
the grounds that fitness impacts of resistance transformations frequently fluctuate relying upon the
vicinity of other resistance changes on the same genome. Furthermore, it is likewise essential to
study this issue so as to minimize the development of microbes into antibiotic resistant superbugs
that could conceivably make a worldwide health crisis.
Methods
The researchers' theory is that antibiotic resistance goes through extra valuable transformations
throughout development without antibiotic s that don't adjust resistance specifically however may
change the fitness impacts of new resistance changes. They saw that later work prescribes: fitness
impacts of resistance transformations regularly differ relying upon the vicinity of other resistance
changes on the same genome, yet they also realized that, resistance evolution will frequently be
joined by the obsession of fixation of additional mutations that don't argue resistance however
expand fitnes. One experiment that they did to test their hypothesis was to tentatively advance

Peaceful Resistance
Does peaceful resistance to laws positively or negatively impact a free society? I think that any type
of resistance negatively impacts a free society. In today's day and age, anything that goes against, or
challenges the social norm, causes a negative effect in society; whether you break the rules or not.
Negative and peaceful resistance both causes trouble. Peaceful resistance to laws has a positive
impact on free societies. Whether laws are broken or not, anything that challenges social norms are
met with anger and frustration. The natural reaction to growth is discomfort, and peaceful resistance
pushes societies to fight through growing pains to realize a more just society. If we look back to
when Martin Luther King Jr. was alive, he is a prime example of peaceful resistance positively
impacting a free society. In 1963, the Supreme Court convicted Martin Luther King Jr. for protesting
without a permit. King broke the law, but in a peaceful way. He submitted to arrest, and was held at
a Birmingham jail, along with other members of the protest. Another example was Rosa Parks.
When she peacefully refused to give up her seat, she was sent to jail. She broke the law, but the way
it was handled was unacceptable and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some of these men resisted peacefully, and some fought back, but it doesn't matter. At the end of the
day, they were all shot and killed, with no consequence to officers. It is unfair to live in a "free
society" and have to fear for your life due to the very same people who promised to serve and
protect. A lot of media attention has been brought to this situation, and public figures are taking a
stance against it. For example, Colin Kaepernick stopped standing during the pledge of allegiance.
Honestly, I don't blame him because there is no "liberty and justice for all." He is getting a lot of
hate and backlash, even from his own

Examples Of Peaceful Resistance
AI believe that peaceful resistance to laws positively impacts a free society because it allows people
to say how they feel, and they do not have to go to extreme measures to feel like they are being
heard. A lot of violence that goes on in other countries occurs because the people just want to be
heard by their government and want to have a say. Peaceful resistance has been around since before
Mahatma Gandhi's time, however he strongly believed in it. He believed in peaceful resistance
because he thought that the government would listen more and be more open to change if the people
were not attacking their soldiers and killing others. By using the tactic of peaceful resistance, one is
opening up the fight to those who are young, old, or disabled and otherwise ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
By the people being allowed to peacefully resist government programs or decisions, the people still
feel like they have a say in how the country is run like it was many years ago. Peaceful resistance all
shows others that you do not need to be strong or own a weapon to feel heard. On December 1,
1955, Rosa Parks made a perfect example of how a peaceful resistance does make a difference. Rosa
Parks refused to give up her seat at the front of the bus for a white man, so she got arrested. Even
though she got arrested for refusing, she showed all the other black people and white people on that
bus that she was not afraid to go to jail for what she believed in. She was not afraid to stand up to
two white men who ordered her to move to the back of the bus. Rosa Parks was very well known
after that day because she used her freedom of speech to say what she wanted and to sit where she
wanted to sit. She did not give in and let the two superior white men bully her into moving to the
back. Peaceful resistance was just starting with Rosa Parks, and it continued for many years and still
goes on to this

Antibiotic Resistance Essay
Nicholas J. Ciotti
Nova Southeastern University
Biology 1510
Professor A. Hirons
March 28, 2011
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is when microorganisms, such as bacteria, are able to survive an exposure to
antibiotics and these bacteria are now resistant to the effects of these antibiotics. Antibiotic
resistance in bacteria has been an issue since antibiotics were discovered. The fact that bacteria can
become resistant to our medical treatments such as antibiotics is a natural evolutionary process, but
there are certain human contributions that definitely speed up the process. For example, one of the
main contributions that will be discussed is the problem of over prescription of the antibiotic drugs.
The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Human Contributors to Resistance What are the real reasons behind the problem of bacterial
resistance to antibiotics? There is not really any clear–cut answer to this question but there are some
known factors that do contribute to the problem. Some of these include the overuse of antibiotics in
livestock, international travel that can spread resistant bacteria, and the biggest single factor across
the globe appears to be the very problem of misuse that Fleming warned of in 1945. Over
prescription unnecessarily is still quite common today, and this is a primary contributor to the
generation of bacterial resistance (Stivers, 2007). One environment where bacteria are regularly
exposed to antibiotics is in large livestock operations, where producers very often treat their cows
and other animals with drugs to prevent epidemics in the unsanitary and overcrowded conditions,
which are common in the livestock industry. The simple reason for this is that in the short term it is
cheaper to drug up the animals with antibiotics than to keep a clean living environment for them.
Another big reason for these producers to drug up the animals is the fact that feeding antibiotics to
the livestock makes for larger animals. The problem occurs when bacteria in these animals survive
the bombardment of antibiotics, and some always do, the

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a problem so serious that "it threatens the achievements of
modern medicine",3 and has developed faster than new antimicrobial agents coming to the market
despite preventive efforts such as prudent use of available antibiotics,5 exemplifying the urgent need
for additional research in this field. Antimicrobial resistance is common among organisms
responsible for widespread and life–threatening disorders such as sepsis, bacteremia, pneumonia,
urinary tract infections, bone and respiratory disorders. Over the past few years, antimicrobial
resistance has significantly increased among gram–negatives such as Escherichia coli6,7 (E. coli),
Klebsiella pneumoniae8 (K. pneumoniae) and gram–positives such as Enterococcus ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, a contrary evidence in Italy found the proportion of vancomycin resistance in E. faecium
isolates decreased from 24.1% in 2003 to 4.3% in 2009, and remained between 4–6% until 2013,16
signifying the changing resistance patterns in Enterococcus. Besides vancomycin resistance, the
occurrence of resistance in enterococci to comparatively newer antibiotics such as daptomycin17
and tigecycline,18 as well as developing resistance to well–established therapies, is a substantial
public health concern.13,19 The trend of increasing resistance of E. faecium to ampicillin, which is
presently a first–line therapy for VRE, has also been recently reported.20,21 As antibiotic resistance
changes, Enterococcus infections are becoming difficult to treat, potentially leading to the
administration of inappropriate empiric therapies. A comprehensive understanding of Enterococcus
resistance patterns is needed to implement successful policies to control multi–drug resistant spread
among this genus. To our knowledge, Enterococcus antimicrobial resistance trends have not been
evaluated in the United

Peaceful Resistance
Peaceful resistents to laws either positively or negatively impacts a free society. I believe that
peaceful resistant to laws does positively impact a free society just look at Rosa Parks, Thomas
Jefferson and also Daniel Ellsberg they all helped in some type of way by using peaceful resistance
to the laws. In some ways civil disobedience does help the government get better and also some says
that it destroys the civil society. From the article ,"Is it right to break the law" by Charles Frankel it
discuss is it ever right to break the law and in some situations it is but it also depends on how you
handle the situation and what your motives are. It depends on if you are harmimg someone and if
your taking a stand and wanting to change something for the better. I do not believe that is showing
negatively on society ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Civil Disobedience can be a powerful tool for challenging laws. Rosa Parks was one of the greatest
heroes of civil disobedience the law said that in this case black people had to give up their seats for
of course the white people. Yet Parks did not care about the consequences and did what she thought
was going to be a great idea to change the laws of how things were back in the days. Rosa Parks
Influence others to do the same thing as people did not ride the bus and protested while Rosa Parks
was was planning a non–violent campaign for justice and that evolved the boycott the boycott was
influenced by Rosa Parks. Many others believed in resistance to the law such as Henry David when
his original act of civil disobedience, which of course he called that resistance to civil government
and then there was also Abraham Lincoln when he believed that the u.s. war against Mexico was an
unjust. In Alabama civil disobedience applies they're dealing with religious leaders. Civil
disobedience applies everywhere and isn't going away weather its negative or

"Antibiotic Resistance"
I. Abstract
When penicillin was first administered in 1943, it proved to be extraordinary at wiping out nasty
cases of syphilis, tuberculosis, gonorrhea, and meningitis infection. With the threat of these deadly
infections in 'check,' pharmaceutical industries then cut back on their research to discover even more
effective antibiotics. This new–found medical confidence inspired patients to merrily run to the
clinic to get penicillin prescriptions for everything from nausea and diarrhea to running nose and
sneezing, and doctors to happily prescribe the 'miracle drug.'
However, microorganisms are now evolving and developing unprecedented resistance to penicillin
and other once potent drugs, like ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A number of theoretical solutions to the problem will also be presented. The conclusion of the
discussion will focus on which solutions should be used and what we, as bystanders, can do to help
prolong the lifespan of the current antibiotics.
II. Introduction and Background
How do antibiotics work?
The primary function of antibiotics is to help kill pathogens that threaten the health of the
individual. They do this by getting inside of the disease–causing organism and disrupting its vital
processes. There are several ways to disrupt the processes, two major mechanisms will be discussed:
One way is to interfere with cell wall synthesis. Beta–lactams are the class of antibiotics that
perform this function. Among the Beta–lactams are penicillin and cephalosporin ("How do
antibiotics work?" 1997). Another antibiotic mechanism is to interrupt protein synthesis.
Tetracyclines and erythromyocin function in this way ("How do antibiotics work?" 1997). They
belong to a class of antibiotics named aminoglycerides.
Under normal conditions in bacteria, there is an equilibrium between the building (transpeptidation)
and tearing down (autolysis) of cell walls. The building of cell walls in bacteria is catalyzed by the
enzyme transpeptidase. During antibiotic attack on cell wall synthesis, Beta–lactams bind to this
enzyme preventing its full function and causing a weak cell wall to be constructed.

The Development of Antibiotic Resistance
For many years people have wondered why the antibiotics that are used so commonly nowadays are
not as effective as they once were. Just like organisms evolve throughout time, resistance to certain
things can also evolve. This resistance however is not something that happens naturally but rather is
a man–made process which was caused via the misuse, overuse, and/or underuse of antibiotics
(Davies 2010). The author Davies explains that there is no better example of the Darwinian notions
of selection and survival than the spread of antibiotic resistance and how the bacteria have evolved
with traits that make them that way. The more people use antibiotics, especially when not necessary,
the higher the chance of bacteria in the body growing resistant to those antibiotics. Major problems
have arisen such as cells becoming resistant to antibiotics because its selection pressure is reduced
or eliminated. This means that one must counteract this by continually increasing the antibiotic
concentration in proportion to the increased resistance (Rosenthal and Elowitz 2012). To understand
how bacteria became resistant to antibiotics, one must first understand the origin of antibiotics and
its introduction into the body. Once these antibiotics were discovered and first started being used, it
was not long after that that they regrettably were accompanied by the appearance of some resistant
strains as well. The development of antibiotic resistance is persistent especially because

Antibiotics Resistance
Antibiotics are powerful very frequently used potential drugs in fighting bacterial infections
worldwide, [1]. These agents saved millions of lives in the past fifty years in both hospital–based
and outpatient settings. Inadequate measures to control the spreading of infections, overprescribing
as well as inappropriate selection and dosing of antibiotics by healthcare providers, unfettered
access to antimicrobials by public, failure to adhere to clinically desired treatment regimens are
some of the driving force to spread of antibiotics resistance, [2]. In addition, lack of regulations to
promote the rational use of antibiotics in humans, infection prevention and control are some of the
other factors that lead to emergence of resistance to antibiotics, [3].
In under developing and low middle income countries (LMIC), inadequate regulations and high
levels of availability of antibiotics without prescription have led to higher incidence of inappropriate
use ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition, counterfeit or substandard medications including antibiotics have been identified in
many resource–limited regions, particularly in sub–Saharan Africa, [5,6]. Health systems in poor
countries often cannot offer the most optimal therapies required to appropriately deliver rational
antimicrobial medicines, [6]. Ringertz et al study highlighted that prophylactic and irrational
antibiotics use were exacerbating resistance in Ethiopian hospitals, [7]. There is a correlation
between antibiotic use and subsequent resistance [7].The inappropriate prescribing including lack of
education and training for health professional are wide common in low–resource countries, [8]. It
the influence of antibiotic usage behavior of individuals are influenced beyond their knowledge by
their cultural preferences, beliefs and by the health administration system,

Armed Resistance
Armed resistance is apt to be a tragic last resort in the life of the disinherited. Armed resistance has
an appeal because it provides a form of expression, of activity, that releases tension and frees the
oppressed from a disintegrating sense of complete impotency and helplessness. "Why can't we do
something? Something must be done!" is the recurring cry. By "something" is meant action, direct
action, as over against words, subtleties, threats, and innuendoes. It is better to die fighting for
freedom than to rot away in one's chains, the argument runs. (Before I'd be a slave I'd be buried in
my grave, and go home to my God and be free!) My mind goes back to the four lepers men sitting
and debating amongst themselves whether to go into the

Insecticidal Resistance : The Looming Threat Of Resistance
The Looming Threat of Resistance
Departing from MDA chemotherapy, other forms of vector control is the use of long–lasting
insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) with insecticides. MDA and use of
LLINs and IRS techniques are all problematic for similar reasons. First and foremost, use of
insecticides has been closely tied to the development of resistance on the part of the vector. Several
studies have demonstrated increased resistance of Anopheles species to insecticides previously used
for control measures in the region, including organophosphates, carbamates, and pyrethroids
(Benelli, Jeffries, & Walker, 2016). For example, the exposure time required to kill 50% of the An.
gambiae population in an area in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Need for GM Mosquito Interventions
There are two contemporary intervention strategies that have generated a substantial amount of
research in existing literature and utilize the release of genetically modified mosquitoes. The first is
the use of Sterile Insect Technique (SIT), an older control strategy that has been adapted to fit within
the "genomic paradigm." The SIT method capitalizes on a reproductive trait of the female
mosquito–she can only mate once. By releasing sterilized male mosquitoes that can out–compete
non–sterile males, SIT prevents future infected offspring, and population levels can be significantly
decreased in a relatively short period of time (Gentile, Rund, & Madey, 2015). SIT was originally
conducted using ionization, radiological, or other chemical means. These means were often
problematic, however, as they could lead to poor competition against wild males or semi–sterility.
Now, transgenic techniques can be used to sterilize male mosquitos using a process called Release
of Insects with Dominant Lethality (RIDL), which uses a dominant lethal gene associated with a
female–specific promoter. There are four categories of SIT implementations/outcomes based on the
RIDL model. The first is early acting bisex (EBS) in which wild–type females produce no offspring
with released males (Gentile, Rund, & Madey, 2015). Early acting female–killing (EFK) is another
process, in which only male progeny

Antibiotic Resistance To Antibiotics
Antibiotic Resistance The increasing resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a growing problem that
affects individuals on a global status. Antibiotic resistance refers to the ability of bacteria to alter
their genetic material and mutate to avoid destruction by antibiotic medications rendering the drugs
ineffective in fighting infection and disease. This resistance has had tragic effects as numerous of the
resistant infections have resulted in death of the host. Because of the severity of this condition,
organizations and institutions across the globe have been working together to study and examine the
best strategies to combat these resistant bacteria or sometimes referred to as "superbugs". Many
innovations have been proposed and implemented in attempts to rid people of their infections. The
discussion of which approaches are the most effective and cost efficient has been taking place for
decades and is still occurring today along with further investigations of alternatives to antibiotics
altogether. Researchers are also attempting to understand what has caused the problem of antibiotic
resistance and how this problem has developed. Efforts to contest these bacteria are extremely
important and it is now up to the next generation of health care providers, researchers, and educators
to implement the best ways to keep people healthy. There is much speculation about what has
caused the increased resistance of bacteria to antibiotics and how this problem has developed.

The Importance Of Antibiotic Resistance
Introduction
Antibiotic resistance is one of the greatest threats to global health, food security and development
today, it occurs naturally, but the pace of its process speeds up its abuse when given to humans and
animals and it can harm anyone regardless of age and country of residence (Laxminarayan, et
al.2013). According to World Health Organization (WHO), there are 700,000 people death every
year because of antibiotic resistance (WHO,2016). A study by the Public Health Foundation in
England found between 2010 and 2013 that prescription antibiotics increased by 6 percent and
Escherichia coli resistance was recorded by 12 percent for the same period. Antibiotic resistance is
on the rise to dangerous levels around the world, and new ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
2014; Pincock et al. 2012; Wilson et al. 2011). According to Huttner et al (2010), the use of
antibiotics has reduced, with some decreased in indication of resistance as a result of awareness
campaign. In Europe, for example, France had the highest rates of antibiotic consumption, between
2000 and 2007 an awareness campaign with the slogan "Antibiotics are not automatic" resulted in an
average 27 percent decrease in rates of antibiotic prescriptions across all 22 regions of France. The
greatest decreased was in children aged 6 to 15 years (Sabuncu et al. 2009). Moreover, the
relationship between the government and ministry of health and agriculture, especially, is very
essential to the development and implementation of antibiotic resistance policies by build political
commitment and cooperation for combating antibiotic resistance. They need to devote time, money
and resources to limit the expansion of this problem.
Furthermore, in terms of agriculture, in many parts of the world, food animals consume more
antibiotics than humans do, and with even less oversight. For instance, in 2010, China was estimated
to consume the most antibiotics in livestock, followed by the United States, Brazil, Germany, and
India. The pattern is similar for projected antibiotic consumption in livestock in 2030, with Mexico
replacing Germany in the top ﬁve countries. Consumption in

The Treatment Of Antibiotic Resistance
Antibiotic Resistance occurs when bacteria reformat themselves in order to become unaffected by
the drugs or substances created to terminate them. They gain resistance to the drugs which causes
the drugs to be ineffective of use and leading to more harm. Antibiotic Resistance commonly occurs
within patients due to physicians misusing or overusing antibiotics. This creates a common
resistance to patients and resulting in the constant creation for new antibiotics that would treat the
bacteria. The main conflict generally evolves from medical stewardship where physicians have the
responsibility to optimally heal their patients to their best efforts. However this is being neglected by
misuse of antibiotics due to several reasons, including patients' ignorance and fear of malpractice.
The authors in the articles "Just give me the script: the scourge of antibiotic misuse and the threat to
us all" written by Ranjana Srivastava, "Health–ignorant patients one of many problems exacerbating
antibiotic resistance" written by C.L. Doherty, and "Ignorance about antibiotics propelling global
'superbug' crisis" written by Helen Branswell, all emphasizes on the topic by developing Ethos,
Logos and Pathos towards Antibiotic Resistance.
Ranjana Srivastava's article, "Just give me the script: the scourge of antibiotic misuse and the threat
to us all" (2016) asserts that "patients with viral symptoms present with a fixed opinion that they
need antibiotics and doctors, willingly or unwillingly,

Peaceful Resistance Thesis
"Peaceful resistance" is a very controversial issue in this day in age. Many Americans, if asked,
probably have many varying views and opinions on what peaceful resistance is. For some it could
be marching down the streets with signs, while for others its shouting their rights without causing
any violence. Now to me, peaceful resistance is when one or multiples stand for what they deem
right or wrong without causing any harm to others. To me this serves as a positive because not only
does it allow for people to be heard, but also for others to listen. When a peaceful protest takes place
often enough it is shown through the internet, social media, television, news, etc. At some point
everyone will hear about it and based on what they see they ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Resistance can cause tension and division between people, but peaceful resistance is a pathway for
those to express themselves without violence. In all honesty I think the positives trump the negatives
because in the end they are fighting for what they want and what they should rightfully have. Isn't
that what America has been built off of? The fight for what we want and what we know is right,
while proving that is so. And for those who question "What has happened to us? Why is it necessary,
at this moment, in this forum to repeat what should be axiomatic and accepted?" (Civil
Disobedience: A Threat o Our Society) clearly have never faced injustice from those around them or
the government. It's necessary because these people have been treated unfairly and should not let
what their ancestors fought for to go to waste. People need to get out of their own heads and realize
that injustice still exists, inequality still exists, the government has too much say in what happens in
our lives and that is something not many see everyday. For example, my town is very safe and
isolated. I've grown up never having seen violence, social prejudice, or anything unfair, which for a
child is great for protection, but growing up it made me and many around me ignorant to the world
and what really went down around our small bubble. I would watch the news and hear about gun
violence, kidnappings, rallies, and other dangers my mind couldn't fathom. Although I'm happy to

Examples Of Nonviolent Resistance
There are many ways can nonviolent resistance be more powerful than violent retaliation. First,
there are many techniques about nonviolent resistance that are sit–ins, which means the patience to
harm, protest, that means to disagree about something and walk in the street in peaceful way,
boycotts, which means to stop buy something from someone or company, marches, that means to
walk with a group of people for a long way, or speeches, which means to talk in front the people.
For example, black students wanted to sit in a lunch counter and tried to ordered food, but they were
refused, so they left and came back the next day, but they were threated and they got national
attention. In addition, company of bus refused to sit black beside white,

Antibiotics And Antibiotic Resistance
When a bacteria is exposed to antibiotics, they are not always guaranteed to die. This is called
antibiotic resistance. Sometimes antibiotics can only stop the bacteria from multiplying (make it
stagnate), and other times it causes the bacteria to multiply even more. These three results depend on
antibiotic concentration, bacterial mutation, and bacterial genetic exchange. One big factor in the
resistance bacteria show towards antibiotics is antibiotic concentration. Usually, if large amounts of
an antibiotic are attacking a bacteria it will stop the multiplication process and even kill it off, but if
there is small amounts of antibiotic it will allow the bacteria to continue to spread. You can find
many bacteria in a jelly–like biofilm which provides a shield to them. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The bacteria can form the ability to completely remove the antibiotic from its cell.
3. The wall of the bacteria can create a barrier to keep the antibiotic from getting in.
4. The bacteria become accustomed to a new way of handling energy.
Scientists have to keep up with the bacteria's mutations, and it may require them making a new
antibiotic for each one.
The third and final factor in bacterial resistance to antibiotics is bacterial genetic exchange. It is very
common for bacteria to share genetic info between cells even if the bacteria are not the same
species. When this happens, genes and DNA get mixed into different species allowing more
mutations against the antibiotics.
The only way for scientists to know if the bacteria is going to resist their antibiotic is for them to
perform tests. Even if the antibiotic proves to work in their experiment, scientists can never tell
when the bacteria is going to mutate and possibly gain new defenses that can deactivate their
antibiotic. Antibiotic concentration, bacterial mutation, and bacterial genetic exchange are all
responsible for bacterial resistance against antibiotics, and make it very difficult to create antibiotics
against the

Peaceful And Nonviolent Resistance
While peaceful and nonviolent approaches are effective when it comes to changing social attitudes
and initiating social revolutions, these approaches do not always guarantee peaceful change. The
methods of peaceful resistance articulated by Ghandi and MLK, only work within the context of
democratic states with some form of established civil society. Nonviolent resistance in authoritarian
dictatorships, on the other hand, does not guarantee change for the oppressed population, as this
population is entirely at the mercy of the established order which typically views any opposition as a
threat to their power and survival. Long term institutionalized oppression requires escalation from
the dominant authority before nonviolent resistance can become viable option. Within democratic
societies, violent resistance can often be directly linked to some form of state–sanctioned violence.
However, in these cases, non–violent resistance offers a much better alternative because the state is
more responsive to peaceful tactics. When established regime's chose violence as a response to non–
violent resistance, we see an escalation of violence. This is best exemplified by Syria's peaceful
Arab Spring protests, which quickly escalated into a bloody civil war because of the Assad regime's
decision to violently crackdown on peaceful protests. King writes that "privileged groups rarely give
up their privileges without strong resistance. But when oppressed people rise up against oppression
there

Antimicrobial Resistance To Antibiotic Resistance
Antibiotic resistance is a type resistance of bacterial infection to the drug prescribed by doctors to
individuals who are infected. Antibodies that are given to a person may not be enough to cure a
bacterial infection due to "superbugs" which is a pathogen resistant to many different types of
antibodies. Some of the reasons why this exists is due to common misuse of people in antibiotics.
For instance, not finishing up what the doctors prescribe after feeling better and saving for later for
future use is not a good practice. This actually leaves the hearty bacteria as opposed to killing only
the mild or medium ones. I strongly believe that people are responsible why the superbugs exist.
This is is a huge problem in the society because superbugs are resistance to antibiotic. is created and
will no longer be effective. One article that support that hypothesis is, Antimicrobial resistance:
global report on surveillance", which notes that resistance is occurring across many different
infectious ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The issue of anti–microbial resistance can be reduced just by coordinated endeavors of all
individuals from society for guaranteeing the effectiveness of antibiotics. If everyone is educated
and stop using prescription antibiotics for common cold, headache, or other viruses lessen people
who misuses such antibiotics. Also, hospitals should be cautious in prescribing antibiotics if
unnecessary. For instance, at Kaiser Hospital where I take my children, doctors advise that common
cold or flu viruses cannot be cured by antibiotics unless it is bacterial

Antibiotics are medicines used to treat infections caused by bacteria. Antibiotic resistance means the
medicine no longer works against the bacteria. Resistance can develop if you use antibiotics the
wrong way.
When antibiotics are given in response to illnesses caused by viruses, like colds or the flu, many
normal bacteria in the body are killed. Some bacteria that are not killed may develop resistance to
the antibiotic. These bacteria may grow and cause infections that are resistant to some other
antibiotics. If this happens, the bacteria can continue to grow and cause infection.
CAUSES
Antibiotic resistance happens when bacteria come into contact with an antibiotic over and over
again. Over time, the bacteria ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Warmth, redness, and tenderness around a wound or incision.
Brown, yellow, or green drainage from a wound or incision.
Bad smell coming from a wound or incision.
Nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.
DIAGNOSIS
This condition may be diagnosed by:
Your medical history. Your health care provider may suspect antibiotic resistance if your condition
does not improve after you have been treated for an infection.
You may also have other tests, including:
○ Analysis of a fluid or stool sample. This is done to identify the bacteria under a microscope and
determine what type of antibiotic will work against it (culture and sensitivity).
○ Other blood tests and imaging tests. These are done to check if your infection has spread or has
become more serious.
TREATMENT
Treatment for this condition depends on is the nature of the specific infection. Treatment may
include:
Oral antibiotics that kills more types of bacteria (broad spectrum).
Serious antibiotic–resistant infections may need to be treated in the hospital. In severe cases:
Surgery to remove infected or damaged tissue.
Antibiotics or other medicines given through an IV tube.

HOME CARE INSTRUCTIONS
Taking antibiotics correctly
Understand when antibiotics are needed and when they are not needed.
Do not ask for an antibiotic prescription if you have been diagnosed with a viral illness. That

Methicillin-Resistance
"Methicillin–resistance staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the most commonly occurred
infections in health care. It is a type of infection that is commonly found on the skin and in the noses
of healthy people. Staph bacteria that are resistant to anti– biotic methicillin are known as
Methicillin resistance staphylococcus aureus or MRSA" ("Factsheet Methicillin...," n.d.). Skyman,
Sjostrom, & Hellstrom (2010), in this research paper comprehend the experience of the patients who
were affected by MRSA in Sahlgrenska University Hospital Sweden, between 1997 and 2001 and
then transferred for care in source isolation
Skyman et al. (2010) used the qualitative research approach in which interview technique has been
used to obtain the individual ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Public Health Agency of Canada, Support from families, friends and communities is
associated with better health. Such social support networks could be very important in helping
people solve problems and deal with adversity, as well as in maintaining a sense of mastery and
control over life circumstances ("What Makes Canadians... , 2013). Friends, family and the people
around us have the capacity to uplift patients' experience by providing emotional, psychological and
spiritual support for the early recovery of the client. As a nurse using therapeutic communication in
the plan of care can be very beneficial to the patient when they are in the facility. The patient can
express their feelings openly to the nurse and then the nurse can develop a plan of care by keeping
in mind the concerns, which are brought forward by the patients. Sometimes the patient due to
illness is being neglected as the family and friends feel threatened of getting the disease or the
infection. They are sometimes socially isolated because of the poor knowledge regarding the
infectious disease and the transmission of the disease. It again relates to the deficiency of knowledge
and poor education. All the determinants are interdependent and can affect on client's well being.
The interviewee in Skyman et al. (2010) described that they felt like plague smitten. The reaction of
the

French Resistance
When France surrendered to Germany on 22 Jun 1940, those who resented Germany occupation and
the Vichy government formed cells that collectively were named the French Resistance. Some
groups were violent in nature, aiming to hurt or kill the German occupiers; these were called
maquis. Other groups used non–violent means, publishing underground newspapers and broadcasted
anti–German and anti–Vichy radio programs. Many of these groups were born after the 18 Jun 1940
address by Charles de Gaulle who encouraged the French people to continue the fight against the
German forces even if the nation surrendered. To take advantage of these groups, the British Special
Operations Executive (SOE) began infiltrating into France beginning in May 1941 to aid ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On 21 Jun, however, Moulin was captured by the German Gestapo and was tortured to death. Henri
Giraud and Charles de Gaulle became joint presidents of the CNR after the death of Moulin, but by
Oct that year, the politically–minded de Gaulle maneuvered Giraud out of the position of power and
became the sole leader of CNR. Although de Gaulle was difficult to work with for the Allied
commanders, with him in London, it was possible for the Allied command to pass orders for the
resistance fighters to attack key communications and transportation targets to aid the planned
Operation Overlord. 93 small teams of three agents (one American, one British, and one French)
were then sent into France to closely coordinate actions immediately before the invasion. The
resistance fighters continued to aid Allied invasion efforts after the forces had made footing on
continental Europe, in northern France aiding the troops marching toward Paris, and in southern
France during Operation Dragoon. Groups in Paris, supported by the Paris policemen, began their
fiercest resistance on 19 Aug 1944, attacking German forces with rifles and grenades while rounding
up collaborators for execution. The fighting climaxed on 22 Aug. 1,500 resistance fighters and
civilians lost their lives before Paris

Peaceful Resistance
Resistance to laws positively impact a free society. The ability to resist and protest is a freedom in
itself, and gives the government feedback from the American citizens. Without peaceful resistance,
our government would not know what to change and people would get progressively more mad
every day.
Peaceful resistance gives the people the ability to stop laws and regulations that they oppose. If this
resistance was taken away, the government would pretty much have complete control over its
people. This goes against the Constitution and obviously would not be a good idea. People would
get very angry and bitter with the government, which is not a good idea in the slightest. Everyone
desires to be free, including people who are currently not. In countries where people are oppressed
and diminished, they surely desire to protest against their governments. When these people try to
protest, they are sometimes jailed or killed. This is not what a free society stands for, and surely not
what America ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is something that is evident in our society with the recent shootings of African Americans by
police officers. The people do not exactly trust our government or the law enforcement, due to
several occurrences because of these recent happenings. Peaceful protest allows individuals to speak
their mind when and where they want to. With Trump being elected just a couple days ago,
Americans are already taking advantage of this freedom by protesting around the country. People
are not fond of him, and therefore are resisting what they do not like. These protests are beneficial to
America due to the point that it is getting across to our government. Congress and the people are
baffled as how this could have happened, and are currently voicing their opinions. With these people
at work, the word is getting across America and is spreading across the

Peaceful Resistance Examples
Peaceful resistance to laws positively impacts a free society as long as the person is willing to take
on the punishment. If you are resisting an unjust law, then in order for it to be effective no one must
be harmed and the resistance must be organized and controlled. Peaceful resistance to laws has been
more efficient in general in the history of the United States. If you look at the examples of Martin
Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X when they were struggling for equal rights, Dr. King was much
more successful in his movement because his movement was peaceful while Malcom X's movement
was violent. The United States government tends to make change a little easier when dealt with in a
more peaceful and diplomatic matter. Peaceful ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This particular example is very important to United States history and it is a perfect example on how
to peacefully resist a law. Alice Paul was an American suffragist and women's rights activist, and she
was one of the main leaders and strategists of the campaign for the Nineteenth Amendment to the
U.S. Constitution which prohibits sex discrimination in the right to vote. She led women to attend
peaceful protests even though it drew a lot of hate. She even scheduled talks with the president to
make change. Alice eventually was even put in jail while peacefully resisting the discrimination of
women in elections, but this didn't stop her or her followers and eventually, along with her rival
organization, achieved their goal of passing the Nineteenth Amendment. She put her entire life into
fighting for what she believed in and by resisting in a peaceful manner she was able to achieve her
goals. When a law is unjust people need to step up and protest or just resist it in a peaceful manner.
If no one acts then wrongful laws will stay that way and if people act in a violent matter then things
still may not change due to the negative attention brought to the issue. People may argue that
Resistance of laws, unjust or not, should

Antibiotic resistance occurs when antibiotics are no longer effective in controlling bacterial growth.
The phenomenon of antibiotic resistance can be explained by the processes of selective pressure in
which the strongest strains of bacteria survive antibiotic therapy, resulting in "superbugs" that are
resistant to almost every type of antibiotic available for use (Davies & Davies, 2010). Because of
this, certain bacterial infections are evolving that have no effective treatments. This resistance
creates a threat to the common medicinal practices of today and can be seen as a global problem;
perhaps one of the world's most serious problems. The issue of antibiotic resistance is emerging
rapidly as a result of a myriad of uniformed practices and misuse of antibiotics.
The abuse of antibiotics is a threat to global health as we approach a post–antibiotic era. As of now,
antibiotics are massively used for human prescriptive reasons, as well as for food growth in
livestock. As such, without effective antibiotics, health is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
To start with, antibiotic–resistant infections have been noted to double mortality and the costs of
infection when compared to drug–susceptible strains of bacteria (Holmberg, Solomon & Blake,
1987). Not only are antibiotic–resistant strains of bacteria more dangerous to humans, but they also
place more pressure on the healthcare system than non–resistant strains. Additionally, antibiotics
used for growth in food animals can result in selective pressure, thus increasing resistant strains of
bacteria. Witte (2000) explained that using antibiotics in food animals can enter the human digestive
tract when we eat meat products and even certain antibiotics that are intended for animal use, and
not human use, are becoming ineffective for certain strains of bacteria. Ultimately, this implies that
antibiotics used for animal growth are also leading to resistance in certain

Antimicrobial Resistance

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