The Kazaa Overlay

The Kazaa Overlay
The KaZaA Overlay: A Measurement Study
Jian Liang
Department of Computer and
Information Science,
Polytechnic University,
Brooklyn, NY, USA 11201
Email: jliang@cis.poly.edu
Rakesh Kumar
Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering,
Email: rkumar04@utopia.poly.edu
Keith W. Ross
Department of Computer and
Information Science,
Email: ross@poly.edu
September 15, 2004
Abstract
Both in terms of number of participating users and in tra±c volume, KaZaA is one of the most
important applications in the Internet today. Nevertheless, because
KaZaA is proprietary and uses encryption, little is understood about KaZaA's
overlay ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This paper should not only be of interest to P2P designers, but also to engineers at upper– and
lower–tier ISPs, who are interested in acquiring a thorough understanding of
P2P overlays and tra±c. Because P2P ¯le sharing systems can generate vast quantities of tra±c,
networking engineers, who dimension the network and introduce content distribution devices such
as caches, need a basic understanding of how major P2P ¯le sharing systems operate. Although there
has been recent work in analyzing the ¯le– sharing workload in KaZaA [8] and [18], to our
knowledge we are the ¯rst to undertake a comprehensive study of a hierarchical unstructured
overlay for a P2P system.
The paper focuses on the KaZaA overlay network and index management. It ad– dresses neither
KaZaA's downloading protocol (for example, KaZaA's parallel down– loading and request queuing)
nor its incentive scheme for encouraging uploading. The paper is complementary to [8] and [18],

which focus on KaZaA ¯le–sharing tra±c. It is also complementary to a recent measurement study
on pollution in P2P ¯le sharing systems [19].
This paper is organized as follows. Section 2 provides an overview of KaZaA.
Section 3 describes are measurement apparatus. Section 4 presents our measurement results. Section
5 sets forth basic design principles for unstructured P2P ¯le sharing applications. Section 6 surveys
related work. Finally, Section 7 summarizes our ¯ndings and concludes.
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Downloading Things Illegally
Illegal downloading is an act of obtaining copyrighted music without proper payment or consent
from an owner. This is a crime and consequences may vary depending on the degree of this matter.
Commonly, video and film are illegally downloaded, resulting in many antagonistic responses from
the recording industry. This topic sparked a controversy among the recording companies for
negligent laws to be turned upside down. The peer–to–peer network is highly responsible for this
matter in which individuals share music through the linkage of computers via the internet. Many
cases had been handled in court, and one of the outcomes affected drastically in the life of a twelve
year old girl, who was fined a great sum. These cases help to unleash a message towards the public:
when caught, one will be dealt according to the law. In the music industry, the control of sheet music
is of the utmost importance. Technologies were mainly the problem to bring music into society. In
1902, disc–based phonographic cylinders replaced the Edison Records. Later on, in the 1930s,
electronic microphones surged the market, making it possible for recording studios to do its job
which would have been impossible to do before. One technique that developed from electronic
recording was overdubbing. Overdubbing was first used by the Victor Talking Machine Company in
which a recorded part was played over another to enhance the quality of the music. With the
advantages of these technologies,

Internet & Society: Technologies and Politics of Control...
Internet & Society: Technologies and Politics of Control
From the moment Internet file–sharing became a reality, exploding into millions of homes and
dorms, something changed. Internet file sharing brought with it the opportunity to access for free
what had previously cost money. Beyond that, file sharing created a social norm that music and
digital media ought to be free. How did this happen? How did file sharers warp reality and forever
create this notion that digital media, notably music doesn't require the money it always had before?
Through this paper, I will attempt to prove that the social norms of the Internet public were
corrupted by code, by deceptive P2P programs that mask reality for the sake of prosperity. It is this
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Social norms, are without question, a modality of regulation in play with online file sharing
programs. Dan Kahan of Boston University offers a perspective on the creation of social norms, and
understanding how and why the selfish human can or would be normed to cooperate. "The new
theory of collective action suggests that when people perceive that others are behaving
cooperatively and contributing to some public good, then individuals will themselves contribute to
the public good without the need for external motivation" (Levin, 10). We see quite a bit of this
online with P2P networks. There is a perception that the P2P networks are mostly users sharing,
which proliferates the social norm that sharing files and downloading digital content contributes to
the public good. In order to allow for the social norm of cooperation without selfish motivations, as
mentioned by Kahan, you need what University of Chicago law professor Lior Jacob Strahilevitz
calls, a "'charismatic code', a technology that presents each member of a community with a distorted
picture of his fellow community members by magnifying cooperative behavior and masking
uncooperative behavior" (Strahilevitz, 33). Architecture and norms each work to constrain behavior.
"The simplest way to conceptualize the relationship between architecture and norms is to understand
architecture as defining the universe of possible behavior. Within the boundaries set by

Apple Gap Analysis
In 2000 the digital music was the next big thing in how consumers listen to music. The
technological shift in music changed how the relationship is between the artists, recording
companies, promoters and music stores on how they operate today. In the late 90's and early 2000's
Peer–to–peer (P2P) networks allowed free exchange of music files with companies like Napster and
Kazaa was a big step that allowed consumers to store large libraries of music. With the cost of hard
drive space going down; it allowed for pocket–sized computers to store more information in a
smaller space that open the door for apple to step in with the unveiling of the iPod and iTunes. These
systems made it possible for storage and playback that gave consumers the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The major music–only stores such as Tower Records (which once wielded considerable influence in
the industry) went bankrupt, replaced by box stores (such as Wal–Mart and Best Buy). Recording
artists began to rely primarily on live performances and merchandise for their income, which in turn
made them more dependent on music promoters such as Live Nation (which dominates tour
promotion and owns a large number of music venues.)[6] In order to benefit from all of an artist 's
income streams, record companies began to rely on the "360 deal", a new business relationship
pioneered by Robbie Williams and EMI in 2007.[7] At the other extreme, record companies also
used simple manufacturing and distribution deals, which gives a higher percentage to the artist, but
does not cover the expense of marketing and promotion. Many newer artists no longer see any kind
of "record deal" as an integral part of their business plan at all. Inexpensive recording hardware and
software made it possible to create high quality music in a bedroom and distribute it over the
internet to a worldwide audience.[8] This, in turn, caused problems for recording studios, record
producers and audio engineers: the Los Angeles Times reported that, by 2009, as many as half of the
recording facilities in that city had failed.[9] Consumers benefited enormously from the ease with
which music can be shared from computer to computer, whether over the internet or by the
exchange of

Types of Business Models
Table of Contents Page # Introduction 2 Types of Business Models 2 2.1 Business to Consumer
Model 2 Business to Business Model 3 Consumer to Consumer Model 3 References 4 Appendices 5
Introduction There are different types of e–commerce business models that are being developed day
by day which is restricted to the imagination of a human mind. Out of these business models, three
of the most common and important business models are; business to consumer models (B2C),
business to business models (B2B) and consumer to consumer business models (C2C). Types of
Business Models The details of the three major types of e–commerce are explained below along
with examples. Business to Consumer Model (B2C) In this business model, e–commerce enabled
businesses targets online customers to fulfill their demands. Different business models that are used
as business to consumer business model are: Portal, Content Provider, Transaction Broker, Market
Creator, Service Provider and Community Provider. Some of the examples of business to consumer
models are; Google, Walmart, CNN, etc (Laudon & Traver, 2006) In this paper the example of
Google is explained. Google is a search engine which provides the facility of web searches to the
consumers all around the world and that's why it is categorized as a B2C model. Google has become
successful over the past fourteen years due to the usage of strong and advanced technology,
unbeatable computer hardware structure and a brilliant website

Piracy Essay
Music and Software Piracy
Piracy and Copyright Infringement are major issues that have developed through the use of the
Internet and file transfer servers. Developments and advances in these areas over past two decades
have my generation within a mouse click of their destination. However, these opened doors have
been overrun with a large exchange of pirated material. The present issue involves the nations
excessive illegal downloading of unlicensed products. The trend of previous litigations involving
piracy and copyright cases in federal courts has ruled against the consumer, and has involved the
rewriting of many laws, yet it becomes harder to pinpoint copyright violators as decryption
advancement mimics closely the timeline of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Unfortunately, with each announcement of new protective software, a counter program almost
instantly is created, matched, and supported through counter hacking technology that makes files
available to these large copying networks. Any person with knowledgeable code in computers is
capable of decoding these files. This desire to 'liberate' files by many hackers is only a sign to show
that the industry should be developing ways to work with the technology and not against it. The
Recording Industry Association of America recently filed lawsuits against four college students,
running ftp servers on campus networks. A federal judge in California settled the case quickly, and
despite the fact that the students never actually accepted responsibility, they settled to pay $12,000
to $17,500 in fines. A case that ended without a clearly defined verdict proves that it is difficult to
have a true scapegoat for responsibility of piracy violations and copyright infringement. "The
internet is like one gigantic copying machine," says David Nimmer, a lawyer who spends most of
his time with disputes in Intellectual property. "Once on the internet, copying becomes effortless,
costless, widespread, and immediate." Nimmer is an experienced lawyer who is well aware of the
easy access to the copied files and has trouble himself challenging illegality in certain situations.
Copyright law does not make a distinction

Is Iran An Islamic Country? Essay
As Iran is an Islamic country, the most basic human needs were illegal, censored or blocked;
laughing in the street as a girl or falling in love were considered bringing shame to the family,
listening to Western music was a sin, Internet was illegal, and watching certain kinds of movies was
a crime. Although, nowadays things have improved and the new generation is stronger and more
resilient than when I lived there.
In Iran, Islamic rules are the only rules being enforced. They could care less about how you are
access the information, and care more about the information being accessed. The only situation a
person could be arrested or fined would be if they are caught owning or distributing the banned
content. The government was so good at filtering all the channels that would bring us anything from
the outside world, and we were so good at using proxies.
I moved to the states when I was 15 years old. I have lived in two completely different worlds. In
one, there are laws, regulations, and books about a matter called copyright; in another there is not
even a word in the dictionary related to that. It is interesting to witness the two. It is somehow
surreal how these two countries differ in terms of those rights. When I was introduced to the latest
movies and music hits through alternative sources, we did not even know how to spell 'copyright' in
Iran.
In Iran, we gained access to the Internet when I was about 13–14 years old. Through Internet, we
were exposed to all the

Essay on Web Audio: Downloading Audio On The Internet
Web Audio: Downloading Audio on the Internet Legally and Illegally
Prospectus
Web Audio: Downloading Audio on the Internet Legally and Illegally
Statement of Purpose The purpose of this research paper is to discuss the legality of downloading
music over the Internet. The paper will reflect the different methods available for Internet
downloading such as subscription and peer–to–peer sharing.
Methods and Procedures The resources used to find information on the topic were found from
articles in the Galileo Database including Academic Search Premier and Wikipedia. There is
information taken from the AdviceNow website which specializes in independent law and rights
advice. About.com is also used as an Internet source. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Millions of users can be linked to each other through this software at one time. The software is often
free and easily available. Services such as Kazaa, Ares, LimeWire and BearShare are examples of
sites that offer these programs free of charge. Other times, the software may be offered in the form
of a subscription, such as iTunes and Napster. But is file sharing ethical? The music industry says
no, where as the millions of file sharers agree that downloading is.
History of Downloading Audio over the Internet
With broadband Internet service becoming more accessible and affordable, more people are looking
to download audio over the web. File sharing first came into the public eye with the popularization
of MP3 files in the mid– to late 1990s. MP3s would commonly be uploaded to free web space
accounts such as Geocities and Tripod (Wikipedia, par.3). This process only worked for a small
amount of time due to limited file space on websites. When peer–to–peer software was created, file
sharing became easily usable by any Internet user. Napster, created in 1999, was the first major P2P
file sharing tool and popularized file sharing for the masses (Wikipedia, par.3). After Napster was
taken to trial for copyright violations, the peer–2–peer movement looked to be going out of
business. Then a new wave of file sharing came along. These websites offered audio

The Case Of Metallica V Napster
Copyright Stance With over three billion people in the world utilizing the internet there is great
danger for copyright infringement to occur (Internet Live Stats). Copyright law protects the creator
of an original piece of work exclusive rights to the work. Many people who use the internet are
sharing files that do not belong to them and are guilty of copyright infringement. Copyright law
needs to be tightened up in the digital space to protect the creator of their unique work. In the case
of Metallica v Napster (2000), Metallica filed suit against Napster for infringing upon their
ownership of their unique music. "The suit claims that Napster 'devised and distributed software
whose sole purpose is to permit Napster to profit by abetting and encouraging' piracy" (Doan, 2000).
The music was original and copyrighted by Metallica. The Napster song downloads were being done
without their consent or royalties paid. The court ruled in favor of Metallica and eventaully shutting
down Napster for Copyright infringement. With technology so readily available there are many
people and companies who have participated in similar illegal activities. The original copyright law
did not take into consideration the digital area. By implementing Digital Millennium Copyright Act
(DMCA) it has tightened up the protection of things online and in the digital arena.
"The DMCA makes it illegal to circumvent digital rights management technology or to 'import, offer
to the public, provide or

Napster Is Taking Over Essay
In today's world, music is a core part of being a college student. You see proof of this on a daily
basis by the thumping bass from your neighbor's room or the headphones visible from an MP3
player on students while walking to class. But where are all of these students getting all this music
from? Another core part of being a college student is being continuously broke. With CDs costing
upwards of ten dollars for as little as eight tracks of music, it's commonsense that college students
would make up a large percentage of illegal downloader's. As a result of the massive use of free peer
to peer programs the record industry has suffered greatly. They are working hard in trying hard to
put a stop to it, but they can't do it alone.
Shawn ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because of this the RIAA turned to targeting the users downloading the music. Thousands of cases
have been filed against "music pirates" and in many cases the criminals are college students such as
you or me. In fact, college students are one of the prime targets of the RIAA but has nailed one of
the most prolific file–traders in the U.S., filing a lawsuit against 12–year–old Brianna LaHara.
When not at the playground with her friends, "Biggie Brianna" is trading music files from her home
in New York. The little girl received one of the 261 lawsuits filed by the RIAA She may look like a
sweet and innocent child, but the RIAA says it's only going after major copyright violators at the
moment. So you make the call. Peer–to–peer file sharing advocates received a boost in their ongoing
battle against music industry executives when Jupiter Media Metrix released a study indicating that
Internet file–sharing traffic volume actually increases music sales.
The research firm found that 34 percent of all peer–to–peer file–sharing users said they dole out
more money for music than before they started swapping tunes online, although 15 percent of file
swappers admitted to purchasing less music.
About 50 percent of respondents said they spend the same amount of money as they did before they
started using such services as Kazaa , Morpheus, Gnutella and Madster.
In contrast, the study found that only 19 percent of respondents who do not use file–sharing

Music Piracy And Civil Law
Music piracy is an infringement that involve the copying or selling of creative works that which the
copyright owner, composer, or artist did not consent to. Before the invention of newer technology
that allowed for the piracy process to become less difficult, music piracy was much easier to control.
With this new and improved technology of the 21st century, users of the web began adding media
files to the internet, which made all previous difficulties substantially less challenging. It was much
easier for people with little to no knowledge of technology and old piracy methods to gather media
files. Piracy may seem petty, but the effects are major. Not only is it illegal, when music is copied
and or shared the value decreases with each download. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many citizens are unaware that downloading music although free is illegal and others may think of
piracy as a victimless. Individual artists, ranging from celebrity musical acts like Metallica to the
stay–at–home mothers who sell digital scrapbooking kits in their free time, frequently speak out
against piracy when talking to their fans. Grassroots organizations also work to educate the public
about music property rights through online marketing campaigns. Technology has given the Music
companies a fighting chance in preventing music piracy. Software programs can be created to
require authorization codes or online registration forms that make piracy more difficult because they
are only given with legal copies. For downloadable content, digital rights management systems limit
the number of devices that can play a particular movie or song in order to stop people from sharing
unauthorized copies. Unfortunately, there are still resourceful hackers and people in the piracy
industry that still continue to find ways to get around these measures. Lawsuits may seem like an
obvious way to stop piracy, but legal action is typically a last resort with the widespread use of the
Internet, it is way too time consuming and expensive to track down every web site and person that is
involved in the production and sharing of illegal music files. Piracy laws also vary from country to
country, making enforcement rather

Deviance and Internet Piracy
Deviance? Defined as anything of violation of the norm.
In the sociological perspective of functionalist, deviance is important for society to remain
functional. For it contributes to the social order.
Piracy is defined as an act of robbery or criminal violence at sea.
The idea of categorizing the transgression of private rights in creative works as "piracy" predates
statutory copyright law. The
Sean Parker joined friend Shawn Fanning and started the file–sharing service Napster in 1999.
Napster's popularity among music lovers quickly escalated. Within its first year, the service attracted
tens of millions of users, but also became a target of the music industry, which saw the start–up as a
huge threat to its business. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He should have done more in order to insure that they weren't breaking laws, but he pretty much
stood back. The company rarely did anything to stop piracy. So the end result was justified. With his
actions he did trigger the film,music,and software industry to provide more content on the internet
for a cheaper price, and on different devices.
In 2006, Jammie Thomas–Rasset a mother of four violated intellectual property laws by
downloading illegal music in her use of the file–sharing program Kazaa. The country's top court
upheld without comment the verdict against Jammie Thomas–Rasset in the long–running, high–
profile digital piracy case.Three trials and multiple appeals later, she has been ordered to pay
amounts as high as $1.92 million or $80,000 for each of 24 illegally downloaded tracks. After the
third trial, at which the jury awarded the music companies $1.5 million, the amount was reduced on
appeal to $220,000. .
She's someone that should have known better. But during 2006 it wasn't widely known that it was

The Ethics of File Sharing Software Essay
The Ethics of File Sharing Software
Introduction The purpose of this paper is to discuss the ethical problem that file sharing software
creates when used to transfer copy written material. It is contested that the very existence of this
software promotes piracy. The paper will focus on the creators of the file sharing software, knowing
that the user employs their product illegally. The software creators (Kazaa, Grokster, Morpheus, etc)
are claiming that they cannot control what the end user does with its product. In fact, this point has
been upheld by a recent court ruling.
As music and movies are now available almost exclusively in digital formats (CD and DVDs), the
ease of copying them to computers is easy. And ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This was the entire concept behind the Napster model.
This approach worked great and made fantastic use of the Internet's architecture. By spreading the
load for file downloading across millions of machines, Napster accomplished what would have been
impossible any other way. The central database for song titles was Napster's Achilles' heel. When the
court ordered Napster to stop the music, the absence of a central database killed the entire Napster
network. With Napster gone, what you had at that point was something like 100 million people
around the world hungry to share more and more files. It was only a matter of time before another
system came along to fill the gap.[ii]
Napster made downloading music over the Internet common practice. Since the Federal
Government closed Napster, several new alternatives for file sharing have been creates. Kazaa,
Morpheus, Gnutella all rely on peer–to peer networking rather than a central server. Copyrighted
materials continue to be distributed through peer–to–peer file sharing, but these systems are more
difficult to shut down due to their decentralized control. Unlike Napster, which relied on central file
servers, most new systems use a decentralized approach that relies on the local networks and
computer resources of individual users. The peer–to–peer approach to file sharing requires
cooperation among users and depends on the central processing unit (CPU), memory, and network

The Growing Problem of Music Piracy Essay
The Growing Problem of Music Piracy
At the turn of the millenium, the music industry has been faced with an unforeseen phenomenon that
has affected its very foundation – mass scale music piracy. The decline of CD sales in the past three
years have been blamed on the availability of songs that can be downloaded from Internet sites and
service providers like Napster, KaZaA and Morpheus free of charge. Today the issue of intellectual
copyright infringement in music has been taken more seriously than ever before, as large record
labels and companies like Sony and EMI struggle to maintain healthy album sales in the face of
online music piracy. In addition, music piracy affects more than just the corporate world – it affects
the very ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first illegal music file provider on the Internet was Napster. This program was the brainchild of
a then 18–year–old student named Shawn Fanning and upon its release in 1999, the popularity of his
program grew tremendously with every passing day. Thus it was only a matter of time before the
music industry took notice. By December of that year the Recording Industry Association of
America sued Napster for copyright infringement, stating that ?Napster is about facilitating piracy,
and trying to build a business on the backs of artists and copyright owners.?(McManus) Although
Napster would soon lose the battle to the RIAA in court, many variants of Napster began popping
up, most notably Gnutella and KaZaA, which were file sharing services that offered more of the
same free content. By 2003, the US $14 billion music industry witnessed a 31% CD sales decline
since 2000 and continually blamed illegal file sharing for their woes. Critics of the music industry
say however that ?there are other factors to blame [for poor CD sales], such as stiff competition for
the entertainment dollar from video games and DVDs, fewer hit songs or artists and the high price
of CDs.?(Evangelista) Regardless of the reasoning however, the ethical issue of pirated music is still
prevalent.
On a moral standpoint, record labels view people who collect and share copyrighted music without
paying royalties or compensation to the

Use of the Internet as a Tool for Piracy Essay
Use of the Internet as a Tool for Piracy
The internet is an ever increasingly powerful tool for finding everything from entertainment to
reference to daily news. When first created, the internet was only a shadow of what it has become.
Most people didn't even have a computer, let alone a connection to the internet. In the last decade,
however, computers have become more and more affordable, and internet service providers have
become far more widespread. According to the World Almanac and Book Of Facts 2001 "By early
2000, more than 300 million people around the world were using the Internet, and it is estimated
that by 2005, 1 billion people may be connected" (World Almanac). As with any new, powerful
technology, the internet has ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The type of internet piracy that has gotten the most attention is copying and trading music files. The
most common type of music file that is traded online is an MP3. MP3 files are near CD quality, and
take up significantly less hard drive space than other sound files such as WAV files. Because of the
high quality and relatively small size, MP3s are ideal for downloading even with a low bandwidth
internet connection. One of the reasons that stopping piracy of music is so difficult is that anyone
who has a computer can easily download programs that turn songs from CDs into MP3 files.
Recently, piracy of music has been making headlines around the country. Music sharing program
"Napster" is one of a number of programs designed to allow users to download music files from
other users' computers. Napster provided a free, searchable network of computers with hundreds of
thousands of MP3s on it at any given time. Because of its magnitude and popularity, Napster drew
the attentions of the RIAA (Recording Industry Association of America). The RIAA sued Napster
for aiding in copyright infringement in a long drawn out trial that ended up with Napster having to
make some changes including filters which would not allow specific songs to be traded. In spite of
Napster's legal troubles, dozens of sources still exist and thrive where one can download MP3 files.
While the music industry will continue to battle piracy

Digital Music Distribution: Napster Vs. Kazzaa Essay example
Over the past decade, since online music distribution networked its way into existence, the digital
music forefront has proven to be a precarious foray — companies have come in and out of the
market, utilizing a full spectrum of creative business models in attempts to lasso these newly
unleashed possibilities of online music distribution. Some offer distinctly legal solutions that
consumers are more or less resistant to and others hover ambiguously over the boundaries of
copyright law, attracting users through questionable means. Roxio's Napster 2.0 and Altnet's Kazaa
utilize two vastly different business models and, when compared, serve as a good illustration of the
contrasting approaches companies use to capture the frontier market of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Roxio sought to combine the highly identifiable Napster name, the infrastructure of Pressplay, and
the media services of their own software division to create a multifaceted, superior force in online
music distribution . Napster has licensing agreements with the five major record labels, and about
100 independents . Napster 2.0 currently offers a catalog of over 700,000 tracks , spanning all
genres of music, and provides users two distinct ways of accessing those tracks. One of those
methods is via a subscription model, where users pay a monthly fee of $9.95 to gain unlimited
access to all tracks available. However, the user never explicitly "owns" any of the tracks available
while exclusively paying for this service. The downloads are tethered meaning he or she only has
access to the songs while participating as a subscriber. However, if the user wants to transfer songs
to a portable device or "burn" them to a CD, he/she must purchase the tracks at an additional cost of
99 cents each. With subscription, users also gain access to over 50 commercial free Napster–
exclusive radio stations. The other service Napster 2.0 offers is deemed "Napster Light" and offers a
pay–as–you–go interface; it gives users access only to tracks they purchase as a portable download.
With this service, users do get to "preview" all available tracks with a 30 second low bite–rate
sound–clip. All tracks are available for a fixed cost of 99 cents and a limited number of complete

The Greed of Music Industry Executives and Declining...
The Greed of Music Industry Executives and Declining Record Sales
The music recording industry is in trouble. For several years now, sales of new and popular music
have steadily declined and show no sign of changing. The record companies are quick to blame the
growing popularity of the Internet; music is being traded in a digital form online, often
anonymously, with the use of file–sharing programs such as Morpheus, KaZaA, and Imesh, to name
a few. The RIAA (Recording Industry Association of America) succeeded in disbanding the pioneer
Internet file–sharing program, Napster, but is facing confrontation with similar programs that are
escaping American copyright laws. While there is an obvious connection between declining popular
music ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Even sales figures for singles are down. "Sales are off by 63.9%...6.7 million units were sold in the
first six months of 2002 vs. 18.6 million unites in the same period in 2001" (Garrity).
Not only are the companies themselves facing hard times, but the retail stores that sell music are
also suffering their own losses. "Musicland Stores, the largest music retailer in the U.S. continues to
report losses and declining sales...For the third quarter, the Minnetonka, Minn.–based company
reports a new loss of $16.1 million, compared with a loss last year of $144.6 million" (Jeffrey). The
company was even forced to close some of its stores. "At quarter's end, Musicland operated 1476
stores...During the quarter, the company closed the following: Nine Sam Goody/Musiclands, two
Media plays, one On Cud, and on U.K. store" (Jeffrey). This problem hits home in Vermillion, South
Dakota, where the local On Cue store, the only place to buy entertainment products like CDs and
audiocassettes, was forced to close because of insufficient revenues. Inhabitants of Vermillion are
now forced to travel anywhere from 30 to 60 miles away to purchase music offline. While this town
obviously reflects a very small percentage of consumers, the lack of immediately available music
products certainly will not help the declining record sales.
The stocks of music

Analysis Of Niklas Zennstrom And Janus Friis
Introduction
In 2000 Kazaa was invented by Niklas Zennstrom and Janus Friis. Tele2 is a Swedish company
where Niklas Zennstrom met Janus Friis for the first time. In 1992 Niklas Zennstrom and Janus Friis
quit Tele2 and created Kazaa. In 2000 315 million users downloaded Kazaa all over the world.
(Church & Pizzi, 2012)
In 2003 Niklas Zennstrom and Janus Friis created a VoIP service application named Skype.
Microsoft owned Skype since 2011. Users can communicate with each other through P2P by voice
and messaging. Video conferencing and file transferring are the important features of Skype.
Making calls through Skype are free of cost whereas calls to landline and repairs are billed through
user account.
Core changes
From P2P to VoIP
The duo Niklas Zennstrom and Janus Friis created Kazaa and Skype. Both Kazaa and Skype are
having a lot of differences in the core structure. Kazaa is peer–to–peer based and Skype is VoIP
based program. Despite of having dissimilar engineering sciences Kazaa is the older version of
Skype. In Kazaa we can transfer information only, whereas Skype advances in engineering structure.
In Skype we can transfer files, make calls and attend conferences. Skype is multi–tasking
application compared to Kazaa. After a lot of examinations Niklas Zennstrom and Janus Friis felt
that Skype will avoid the technical hitch in the market and finally was released in 2003. Within six
months from 2003 to 2004 2.4 million users got registered on Skype.
Sub–changes
Kazaa

Business Law and Ethics Napster Case
Table of content Table of content pages
Introduction......................................................................................... 1 The internet piracy Napster
case and other peer to peer system........... 1–3 What should be done to stop internet piracy or make it
useful for companies......... 3–4
Conclusion................................................................................................................ 4
References...................................................................................................... ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Users linked to Napster were able to share files with other and download music from almost any
other computer present on the network. Napster claimed to have over 20 million users in July 2000,
all of them making copies of each others' music. By that time, Napster became the centre of a
controversy about online file sharing. Part of Napster's appeal was intertwined with the novelty of
digital music: Many technically inclined people enjoyed using computer programs to organize their
music collections and also liked being able to "burn" their own CD mixes. But the truly
unprecedented aspect of Napster was that it gave users convenient access to a seemingly unlimited
selection of music–for free. A lot of fans and users of Napster did not consider the download of
music as piracy; they said that Napster was just helping them to share files and not steal them. They
also stated that Napster permitted to independent musician to become well known. A teenager
quoted in a June 2000 Newsweek feature on Napster summed up the typical view: "People don't
think it's anything bad. . . . Or think about it at all." Meanwhile, the creators of Napster claimed that
they were not responsible for what users did with their software. The music industry disagreed.
"What Napster is doing threatens legitimate E–commerce models and is legally and morally wrong,"
said Hilary Rosen, then–president of the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), the
trade group that represents the U.S.

Music Piracy Essay
Music Piracy: From the Pirates Perspective
I don't wear a black patch over my eye. I don't have any missing limbs, replaced by a hook or a
wooden leg that clicks when I walk. I have never owned a parrot; I don't have a cool name like
Black Beard or Calico Jack; I don't even have a big, black hat. Though I lack all the defining
characteristics, I am a pirate. My ship is a laptop computer and my booty is not measured by dollars
and cents, but by precious kilobytes. With the aide of my spy glass, the KaZaa Media Desktop, I
discern my next target. Wielding my trusty mouse, I make a few clicks, issue commands, board ship,
and hijack the music recording industry, claiming yet another copyrighted song as my own.
My zealous desire for music ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I sacrificed blood, sweat, and hours upon hours of my life, all for my love of music. After graduating
high school, I packed my bags, and my CD cases, and headed off to college. Then disaster struck.
When I arrived at my new home, I immediately scoured the streets, searching for a music store. I
found the only location in the area and excitedly perused the selection. When I picked up a copy of
the new Red Hot Chili Peppers CD, I was shocked. CD prices had spiked up to $18 and $19. Such a
price was unthinkable considering the new list of expenses that came with being on my own.
Devastated, I was forced to go home empty handed, defeated by the industry I had supported since I
was a kid. For the next two years I brooded over my dilemma, unable to satisfy my musical craving.
As new albums continued to come out, I was forced to rely on the radio, and that was no way to live.
Then one day my friend introduced me to KaZaa, and everything changed.
Napster had already been shut down, so at first I was timid. I knew sharing music was illegal, but
millions of other people were doing the same thing; and besides, after years of support, these
musicians owed me. I typed in Red Hot Chili Peppers, and soon I had a huge list of songs in front of
me. I clicked on "Californication" and watched my computer seize the promise of new music, a few
kilobytes at a time. When it finished, I listened to the song as loud as I could, just to convince
myself

Essay on Censorship in the Music Industry
Censorship in the Music Industry
Censorship in the music industry can be divided into two categories involving new music
technology and music products. In the United States, the issue of censorship doesn't necessarily
concern music products but rather new music technology. The music industry has become
increasingly concerned with the online peer–to–peer services like Kazaa and Morpheus using the
MP3 format or motion pictures expert group which allows users to download music free and fast
(Cloonan, 2003). In almost every other part of the world, music is censored someway or another
usually by a country's government, religious leaders, or individual broadcasters who are financed by
their government (Cloonan, 2003). For example, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This particular type of censorship occurred in South Korea in 1997 when the state radio station KBS
banned teen pop music due to the clothing style the entertainers wore (Cloonan,2003). A more
recent event of censorship occurred in Morocco in March 2003 when 14 heavy metal fans between
the ages of 22 and 35 were convicted and jailed for "acts capable of undermining the faith of a
Muslim" and "possessing objects which infringe morals" (Index Online, 2003). All were sentenced
between 1 to 12 months in jail.
The People's Republic of China is one of the most heavily regulated countries involving music
censorship. The Chinese record industry is controlled by the state government through the
publishing houses which are also owned by the state (Cloonan, 2003). Essentially, publishers decide
to release a music product, arrange the duplication of the master tape, and distribute it throughout
the country. Since all the music appears on the market through a publishing house, the government
has the power to censor music which they deem to be sensitive (Cloonan, 2003). All music is
reviewed by the government in order to check compliance with Article 102 of the Chinese criminal
law which states that it is an offence for any person "to confuse right and wrong, to poison people's
minds, to incite the masses and create chaos, to undermine socialist revolution and construction, and
to achieve the final goal of overthrowing the people's

European Landmass
Germanic society meets Slavic society in this locale that straddles east and west, with noteworthy
towns, tall tale palaces, brew, woods, untainted farmland, and mountain reaches, including the
powerful Alps. Europe's rich agrarian and modern differing qualities has made the landmass a focal
point of exchange and trade for a considerable length of time. It is halfway situated between the two
other "Old World" main lands, Africa and Asia. This custom of trade provoked the early and fast
urbanization of the landmass, unmistakable in numerous dynamic urban communities that make up
the greater part of Europe. Ranger service, the administration of trees and other vegetation in
backwoods, is a vital industry in Europe. Woodland commercial enterprises create more than $600
billion consistently. Ranger service and timber commercial enterprises utilize 3.7 million
individuals, and record for 9 percent of Europe's assembling (GDP).
Europe's most critical timberland commercial ventures are carpentry, paper items, and development
and furniture items. The landmass is an unmistakable exporter of quality included woods items,
which are done merchandise produced using ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Wild gets are taken fundamentally in the eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Essential gets
incorporate Atlantic herring, sprat, blue whiting, and Atlantic mackerel. Driving angling nations are
Spain, Denmark, the United Kingdom, and France. Together, these countries represent about portion
of the majority of Europe's fish gets. As a consequence of its abnormal state of human and financial
advancement, Europe is a complex and for the most part urban landmass. Urban regions have
created one of a kind financial and social noteworthiness that reflect both their neighborhood
geologies and the more extensive European group. Three urban ranges that show this are Frankfurt,
Germany; The Hague, Netherlands; and Tallinn,

Can the Music Industry Change Its Tune?
Case Study 1B ¡V The questions
The online downloading of music from the Internet has ripped apart the old business model of
record companies controlling the production of albums which are purchased through record shops.
The last few turbulent years have seen many high profile law suits; some of which went in favour of
the music industry and some of which went against.
1. Apply the value chain and competitive forces models to the music recording industry.
2. What role did the Internet play in changing value propositions and the competitive environment?
To what extent has it been responsible for declining CD sales? Explain your answer.
3. Analyse the response of the music recording industry to these changes. What management, ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Constantly, new substitute products are introduced to the market (eg. iPod and MP3 players, MP3
files replacing CD¡¦s and tapes).
The Role of the Internet
The internet is fast becoming the way in which consumers do business, where consumers once went
to a retail store to select their product or any service they needed, now they only need to log onto the
internet and make a purchase. The internet has cut the time between production and sale by allowing
distribution direct from warehouse to consumer.
In turn the internet has reduced cost of marketing, information storage and to make their products or
services more widely available and at reduced cost to consumers.
This is having an effect on old business models and thus creating a new business model. For the
music industry this has meant that consumers are not physically going into their stores but using the
internet to obtain their information. They can order music over the net, see what is topping the charts
and even find information about their favourite singer.
This has also led to consumers legally and illegally downloading music for their iPOD or MP3
players or burning CD¡¦s with their favourite songs.. This has also meant that some authors/artists
are not receiving the royalties from their music.

Research by BigChampagne LLC state more than 1 billion songs per week are downloaded from
file–sharing programs (Laudon and Laudon 2006, p. 143). These

Music Licensing
Music Licensing
In 1993 worldwide illegal copying of domestic and international software cost $12.5 billion to the
software industry, with a loss of $2.2 billion in the United States alone. Estimates show that over 40
percent of U.S. software company revenues are generated overseas, yet nearly 85 percent of the
software industry's piracy losses occurred outside of the United States borders. The Software
Publishers Association indicated that approximately 35 percent of the business software in the
United States was obtained illegally, which 30 percent of the piracy occurs in corporate settings. In a
corporate setting or business, every computer must have its own set of original software and the
appropriate number of manuals. It is illegal for a corporation or business to purchase a single set of
original software and then load that software onto more than one computer, or lend, copy or
distribute software for any reason without the prior written consent of the software manufacturer.
Many software managers are concerned with the legal compliance, along with asset management
and costs at their organizations. Many firms involve their legal departments and human resources in
regards to software distribution and licensing.
I believe that music licensing is very crucial in this day and age. In today's high–tech computer
savvy world, one of the largest controversies brewing on the internet is the downloading and sharing
of music using various peer–to–peer programs

The Impact Of Piracy On The Internet Essay
The Impact of Piracy
According to the Motion Pictures Association of America website, A pirate is anyone who sells,
acquires, copies or distributes copyrighted materials without permission. Over the past ten years,
technology has greatly advanced, and with these technological advances, digital file sharing easier
than ever. One aspect of these advances is faster Internet connection, which has made it easier to
download large files in the matter of minutes. Whereas in the past majority of people had dial–up
Internet services which in most cases the download rate was no more than 10 kilobytes per second.
Some Internet providers today offer speeds up to one gigabyte per second, which to put in
perspective; a DVD size is usually around 4 gigabytes, so technically someone could download an
exact replica of a DVD in a matter of minutes if not seconds. But even in the dial–up era, internet
piracy was an issue, where programs such as Napster made it easy for people to share files with
people all over the world. Napster, was the first well known peer to peer sharing software where
users were able to directly download songs from other users. Napster surfaced in 1999 and most
internet users embraced it open arms as they were able to download their favorite songs at the
comfort of their home for free. Napster 's reign only lasted about two years, after which the record
companies caught on, and noticed that Napster was affecting their sales, and lawsuits

Declining Record Sales: Who Is to Blame?
The music recording industry is in trouble. For several years now, sales of new and popular music
have steadily declined and show no sign of changing. The record companies are quick to blame the
growing popularity of the Internet; music is being traded in a digital form online, often
anonymously, with the use of file–sharing programs such as Morpheus, KaZaA, and Imesh, to name
a few. The RIAA (Recording Industry Association of America) succeeded in disbanding the pioneer
Internet file–sharing program, Napster, but is facing confrontation with similar programs that are
escaping American copyright laws. While there is an obvious connection between declining popular
music sales and increasing file sharing, there is more going on than the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This has had a much larger impact on retails than one may think. "Big discount chains like Wal–
Mart and K–Mart have seen their stocks tumble or remain stagnant in recent years, while others, like
Bradlees have filed for bankruptcy protection" (Jeffrey). A recent article in Rolling Stone reviews
the year 2002 in terms of the music business. "At the close of a dismal year for the music industry,
sales were down thirteen percent, layoffs and roster cuts were imminent at many labels, and major
record–store chains were struggling to survive" (Eliscu, 2002 's Music, 11). The following graph
from that article illustrates the difference in top selling albums of recent years.
2000 Top Selling Albums 2002 Top Selling Albums
‘Nsync – No Strings Attached
9.9 million Eminem – The Eminem Show
7.4 million
Eminem – The Marshall Mathers LP
7.9 million Nelly – Nellyville
4.8 million
Britney Spears – Oops! I Did it Again
7.9 million Avril Lavigne – Let Go
3.9 million
Creed – Human Clay
6.6 million Dixie Chicks – Home
3.4 million
The difference is evident. At the number one spot, Eminem sold 2 million less copies in 2002 than
‘Nsync did in the same slot only two years earlier. Eminem 's top selling album in 2002 was
outsold by the top three selling albums of 2000, and the difference between the number one and the
number two selling albums in 2002 is nearly 3 million, compared to 2000 's top two spread of two
million. This chart also exhibits an artist

Essay about Computer Piracy in The Music Industry
Computer Piracy (The Music Industry)
The music industry has had problems with computer piracy for many years now. There have been
many programs devoted to giving out free music. Many of these programs are well know, but still
very hard to stop. Napster, Kazaa, and the newest program, myTunes Redux are the most popular
programs for music sharing. This essay will explain all about these main programs which allow free
music to be shared all over the world.
File–sharing became big right around the time the Napster file–sharing program came out. Napster
is an online service which was invented by an 18–year–old college student that allows a user to see
song files residing on the hard drives of other users, and to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
(Wikipedia.org) The idea of users being responsible became a big deal because now the users were
the ones who were getting law suits. In September 2003, the RIAA filed suit in civil court against
several private individuals who had shared large numbers of files with Kazaa; most of these suits
were settled with monetary payments averaging $3,000. (Wikipedia.org) The idea of the user being
responsible caused many other file sharing companies to emerge from being hidden such as Ares
and WinMx. There was no need to worry because they could not get sued. This was a big part of
history with file sharing. However, there was another legal action that would be held.
On February 2004, the Australian Record Industry Association (ARIA) announced its own legal
action against Kazaa, alleging massive copyright breaches. The trial began on November 29, 2004.
On February 6, 2005 the homes of two Sharman Networks executives and the offices of Sharman
Networks in Australia were raided under a court order by ARIA to gather evidence for the trial. On
September 5, 2005, the Federal Court of Australia issued a landmark ruling that Sharman, though
not itself guilty of copyright infringement, had "authorised" Kazaa users to illegally swap
copyrighted songs. The court ruled six defendants – including Kazaa's owners Sharman Networks,
Sharman's Sydney–based boss Nikki Hemming and associate Kevin Bermeister – had

Porter’s Five Forces
1(a) Critical external and internal environmental factors that has a strategic implication for Apple's
future
When relating to the external factor which has a strategic implication for Apple's future, it can be
best described using Porter's five forces.
Threat of new entrants
Threat of substitutes
Bargaining power of suppliers
Bargaining power of customers
Intense competitors at current state
Porter's Five Forces Current rivalry: Apple faces an intense and fierce competition in the PC market,
which has a very low switching cost. Competition comes from IBM, Dell, HP and Toshiba. In the
multimedia solutions category, initial companies such as Napster and Kazaa was the main rivals to
Apple's iTunes and iPod but due ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The differentiation that is brought by Apple is really commendable, considering the company was in
the brink of bankruptcy to a most sought after organization in the world. Coming out with iTunes
was arguably the best product in the market because it virtually boosted up the sales of iPod. The
product, iTunes provide a complete music downloading solution with a minimum fee per download,
making it the biggest legal downloading software with the affiliation of the 5 biggest record
companies, BMG, EMI,SONY MUSIC ENTERTAINMENT, UNIVERSAL AND WARNER BROS
as well as 200 independent labels (Hoskisson,2009). The strategy to monopolize the market and
making it a legal business, in the event of piracy and legal issues of music and software
downloading from rivals such as Kazaa and Napster pays of big time and structuring a deal with the
record companies established its strong base. While competitors trying to play catch up on the
innovative relationship between iTunes and iPod, Apple focus on bringing in new idea ranges such
as iPhone, Apple TV and the newest addition which is the iPad and develop a synergy between all of
them. They also reinvent their methods by milking the cash cows and concentrate on the existing
innovative inventions by incremental improvements and cost reductions, which is basically aligning
marketing and business strategy with product development, which leaves others out of their league.
(Meyer, 2010). 2. Recommendations can be made to

Essay on Peer to Peer Technology and Copyright
Peer to Peer Technology and Copyright
Recently, there has been a series of copyright infringement litigations against Internet businesses
that are involved with unauthorized distribution of music files. The US recording industry claims to
lose three million dollars per year because of piracy. A report predicted an estimated 16 percent of
all US music sales, or 985 million dollars would be lost due to online piracy by 2002 (Foege, 2000;
cited from McCourt & Burkart, 2003) Even though this claim has to be taken with caution, as it is
based on false assumption that if copyright laws were strictly enforced, audio pirates would become
buyers, it is apparent that audio piracy grew to a worrisome level for the record industry. (Gayer ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
First, digital commodity is different from traditional commodity; it is non– depletable, its
consumption is non–competitive and non–exclusive and so on. (Gallaway & Kinnear, 2002). Thus,
it is being argued that copyright law designed for traditional intellectual and artistic property does
not work well in digital environment. Second, we are witnessing increasing difficulties for the
effective enforcement of copyright law; the outcome of the most current copyright litigation against
a P2P service provider, KaZaA is said to be in doubt. Third, the scale of audio piracy is happening in
such a large scale by anonymous P2P users that chasing down each copyright infringement activity
looks next to impossible. Nowadays, not only whether copyright is compatible with digital
environment is in doubt, but also whether effective enforcement of copyright law is possible is in
question.
This paper aims to look at the changes brought by technology innovations and understand meaning
of them. This paper, however, does not seek an answer for the basic questions about copyright;
whether it is the best to way to promote artistic and intellectual creation while serving public interest
at the same time or not. Instead, I will focus on the question if effective enforcement of the law is
possible in current situation, even if present copyright law is well–designed and well–balanced so
that it could achieve the goal it seeks if it could be enforced effectively.

File Sharing on the Internet Essay
File Sharing on the Internet When we think of pirates, we see scruffy men with unshaven chins, a
bandana, a gold earing, a black patch on one eye, and a wooden leg, men with guns in hand, riding
the seas in their wooden ship proudly flying the terrifying skull and crossbones. Well, pirates these
days look much different. In fact, you may be sitting by one right now. They are ordinary people
who have come to enjoy the technologies the Internet provides. These pirates are boys and girls,
women and men, who habitually root themselves in their desk chairs with eyes fixed on the
computer screen. But today's pirates have something in common with the pirates of days lost in
history. Both steal what doesn't belong to them. Today's pirates ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Ultimately it ceased being a free source of music. Now there are a few other popular servers, like
Gnutella, Morpheus, and Kazaa. The legality of these sites and all sites like it is hotly debated.
In order to limit exchanging music, record companies want to make hardware and software to
prevent music from being copied. But this would prevent people from copying their own music.
That means no making CD mixes or putting music from your CDs on the computer, which is all
perfectly legal. A handful of CDs already have certain features that prohibit the CD from being
played on the computer and thereby prohibit the CD from being copied. There are many legitimate
reasons for someone to copy their CDs, however. First, instead of taking a whole bunch of CDs
when I go somewhere, I'd rather just take copies in case I would lose any. Second, how many times
have you scratched a CD? Too many to count, no doubt, and by being able to copy your CDs, you
don't have to worry about not being able to listen to the CD just because you accidentally scratched
it. CDs are valuable items and thieves will gladly take them if they can, but if all your CDs are
copied they're only stealing a worthless copy and not the original. And if they happen to get their
hands on your originals, you know that your CD won't be lost forever because you made a copy of
it. Many times you don't like all the songs on a CD. You can then copy the songs you like, get rid of
the ones you don't like, and add different

The Digital Millennium Copyright Act Essay
In our present day in age, technology and the internet has made it very easy to find and obtain
music, movies, television shows, and other media forms without having to pay a fee. In recent years,
the music and movie industry, the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and the
Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) initiated a campaign to combat the illegal sharing
and downloading of files, songs, and movies. These illegal files are usually transferred through users
and peer–to–peer networks including LimeWire, FrostWire, Bearshare, Kazaa, and most importantly
Napster, which initiated it all. The illegal files are not only limited to music and movies but also
various types of pirated software, such as Microsoft Office or Adobe Photoshop, that are
accompanied with serial numbers and instructional manuals. The RIAA and MPAA argued that if an
individual exerts much time, effort, and money into a piece of art or software that they created, they
should be thoroughly compensated. Therefore, the Digital Millennium Copyright Act was created
and instituted by the United States Congress to restrict internet piracy by banning the fabrication,
allocation, and illegal distribution of pirated materials. In addition, the DMCA was used to
accommodate the constant changes of the growing digital age into current copyright laws that are
usually reserved for books, magazines, or articles. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act is just and
protects the rights of the artists and

File Sharing Essay
Author?s Note:
This was originally an informative speech and was some portions were edited for time purposes, so
some modifications may be required.If you?re using this as a speech, it will be around eight minutes
long.
Word Count: 1,054
Introduction
Most people have an idea of what file sharing is, but they?re not exactly sure why it?s such a big
deal. Some of them may even be aware of the fact that file sharing is punishable by law and carries a
fine of up to and including $20,000. Since the introduction of Napster in 1999, copyrighted music
has been illegally duplicated more than eight trillion times. In recent weeks, the Recording Industry
Association of America has filed more than three hundred lawsuits against American ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
By the end of the year, sales of records, CDs and mini discs had dropped an additional thirty–five
percent. Sales of walkmans, stereo CD players and personal CD players decreased by three percent
that year as well. On the other hand, sales of recordable CDs and MP3 players increased by a
staggering one hundred sixty–nine percent in 1999, and the demand for these devices soon
overwhelmed the supply.
Why it?s a problem
It may or may not be obvious why illegal file sharing is a problem. Millions of people see nothing
wrong with downloading a song or two without paying for the download. It?s a problem because it
causes the price of albums to increase considerably for non–file sharing consumers. The average
music–loving American pays approximately from twenty–two dollars to thirty dollars for each
album he or she purchases. This wasn?t the case in the years prior to Napster?s debut. The average
American paid from eighteen to twenty dollars for each album, with the exceptions of anthologies
and double–album sets. It creates a problem for the file sharing user. Most people have morals, or
appear to, and constant stealing might compromise those morals, which ultimately leads to other
forms of theft in some cases. It causes a problem for the music industry because 1) the record
companies lose money behind slumping album sales 2) the ?people behind the scenes? at the

Essay on Downloading Music on the Internet
Who's downloading?
Throughout many years of the computer age there has been much advancement in computer
technology. It first began with the people getting the Internet, then people began to understand the
Internet, and then lastly people learned to overpower the Internet. Within the past several years the
downloading music factor strongly took effect. To the majority of the internet population they tend
to believe there's nothing wrong with getting free tunes, but there is the select few who believe it is
morally wrong. Overall, I truly enjoy having the free access to music; it enables you to try new
music without bother making purchases and having a poor after effect. This is an excellent way to
save money, as well as making your ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because these names are so common, if you were to go to any search engine and type these names
in, the site would automatically pop up.
Now of course there is going to be the opposing side to this issue. From the past years, throughout
having Napster, scour, and some other programs; these all were shut down from professional artist
issues. Napster had some issues dealing with giving out artist's music, basically it was done without
contacting them prior. This problem wasn't Napster's fault, but with having lots of money spent in
courts and lawyer fees things finally got tended to. The problem consisted of the artists were mad
that people were able to attain their music without going to store to purchase it (Napster). In the last
year, it is true that the percent of music sales dropped a total of 3%, which is not a complete loss.
The artists believe that having these sites people were going slow down on the music purchasing,
and soon that one day people would almost completely stop. I personally thought that it was a blow
up and the artists should remain calm.
From a recent study it mentioned that a total of 71 % of the people would insist on looking up music
and then after they found what they wanted they would go ahead and purchase the newest CD in
stores. (www.accessatlanta.com) People such as Metallica, Eminem, and Brittney Spears said that,
"Why should we spend our hard earned time on music, to just have people get it for free."

Cost of Free Music Downloading Essay
In 1999, Napster hit the scene with a peer–to–peer file sharing application that changed the world.
Within a year, millions of people were trading songs from a simple download. It didn't take long for
Metallica to sue Napster and to ban users from access. Napster was forced to shut down in 2001
(Mason). This opened the door; in the next few years, P2P networks and file sharing across the
world grew exponentially. The torrent protocol and sites such as The Pirate Bay, Torrent Reactor and
TorrentSpy became very popular. This created a major problem as the financial loss from file
sharing escalated to billions of dollars. "In the decade since Napster emerged, music sales in the
U.S. have dropped 47 percent, from $14.6 billion to $7.7 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Domestic and international laws are used to protect the music industry from copyright infringement.
"In the US, the RIAA works to protect the intellectual property and First Amendment rights of artists
and music labels" ("Students"). They have been filing lawsuits against potential violators and P2P
companies over the last decade. You would always see in the news that someone was in court and
being sued for having a few songs on their computer. Since many college students have been part of
this group of violators, last year the Higher Education Opportunity Act was put in place and all
schools are required to provide steps to prevent piracy. Internationally, "the IFPI promotes the value
of recorded music, safeguard the rights of record producers and expand the commercial uses of
recorded music" ("International"). One of their latest plans is to cut payments made to websites that
violate anti–piracy laws. PayPal, Visa and MasterCard have agreed to cooperate with this plan. In
France, repeat offenders can lose internet access for up to a year, be fined and even face a jail term.
Also, the Sarkozy administration is forcing ISP's to block or throttle web services for those people
that are accused of copyright infringement (Chrisafis). It is believed that illegal downloading does
not affect the music industry and that recording artists are rich, so there is nothing wrong with
grabbing a

The Limewire Court Case
In the copyright lawsuit, that was filed in 2006, the labels and the R.I.A.A., accused LimeWire of
running a Website that could be used for allowing users to upload and download music without
permission. LimeWire began in 2000, and the labels contend that Mark Gorton, who was the site's
creator and a defendant in the case, continued to operate the business even after the Supreme Court
ruled in 2005 that a similiar act was held by Grokster, could potentially be accountable for
infringement. Although the $105 million settlement was nothing like the $1.4 billion the labels had
agreed a fair trial amount as the maximum penalty, the companies were hoping that the case will act
in discouragment to further the plagarism since Mark Gorton, a former ... Show more content on
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I believe that they handled this case fairly and justace was served. Selling music without copyright
happens more, today, than you think. There are tons of websites on lock down selling music without
permission. The simple fact that music is very popular and everybody loves it, you can make a lot of
money off of music which is why this lawsuit was so big. I think there could have been other ways
that LimeWire could have done if they were interested in wanting music. Knowing that music is so
big, there are tons of recording compny that would be glad to get more money, however because ego
gets in the way of some people, thinking they're smart, take the easy way out and end up getting
caught. Being very cautious and guarded when handling business especially big businessess like this
one, one wrong move and they could potentally take all your money legally, which is what happened

Internet Piracy: Theft of Intellectual Property Essay
Piracy is a form of theft. Specifically, it refers to the unauthorized copying or use of intellectual
property. Intellectual property is knowledge or expression that is owned by someone. There are three
major types of intellectual property: 1) creative works, including music, written material, movies,
and software, which are protected by copyright law; 2) inventions, which are protected by patent
law; and 3) brand–name products, which are protected by trademarks. Many of the issues
surrounding piracy have to do with the difference between intellectual property and physical
property. A CD, for example, is a piece of physical property, but the songs on the CD are intellectual
property. A customer in a record store can purchase a CD, but ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
And because the copies are tapes of tapes, the quality suffers. But if the film has been digitized into
a computer file, it can be E–mailed to millions of people in minutes; because strings of zeroes and
ones can be reproduced with absolute fidelity, the copies are perfect. And online pirates have no
development costs—they don't even have to pay for paper or blank cassettes—so they don't really
have a bottom line.
The problem of Internet piracy did not gain national attention until Napster gained an enormous
following in 1999.
The original Napster, created by then–college student Shawn Fanning in May 1999, was an online
music service that enabled users to trade digital music flies. Napster used a technology known as
peer–to–peer (P2P) networking. P2P networking essentially enables users to link their com– puters
to other computers all across the network. Each user linked to the Napster network was able to share
his or her music files with all the other users on the network, and each user was in turn able to
download a copy of any music file on almost any other computer in the network. Napster claimed to
have over 20 million users in July 2000, all of them making copies of each others' music.
By that time, Napster had become the subject of a massive controversy over online file sharing. Part
of Napster's appeal was intertwined with the novelty of

Essay on Against Illegal Music Downloading
Flash back to October, 1997. The punk rockers who call themselves Green Day prepare to release
the much anticipated follow–up album to Dookie, Nimrod. Every kid between the ages of 10 and 20
is ready to pounce on the album when it hits stores. Every one of my friends begs their parents to
take them to the store on that cold Tuesday morning. The older kids ditch class to get in line at the
local Best Buy. The album sells 80,000 copies in the first week and over 2 million before the new
Millennium . Now, let's fast forward to 2004. Green Day is preparing for the release their eighth
album, American Idiot. This time, none of my friends rush to Best Buy, where the CD is only
$12.99. None of the little soon–to–be punk rock middle ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the fall of 2001, I started a band with three of my friends called Off and On. Through the Internet,
we accumulated fans in nearly every state before we even played a real show. When we did finally
release a four song demo, we made even more fans thanks to MP3.com, a website that streams your
songs free of charge. Up to that point, the Internet was our best friend. Without any paid advertising
or promotion, we went from no fans to many. Purevolume.com has replaced MP3.com as the main
provider for unsigned bands, and even some signed bands, who want new listeners. The problem
with illegal downloading starts at this exact moment in a band's existence. When the band decides
that they want to make a profit off of their material, many kids who have grown up in the
information age still feel that they are entitled to anything the band releases. They will either burn
the CD from a friend or download illegally. Both are new concepts and neither helps the band
directly. (Future CD sales and possible concert ticket purchases are some possible indirect gains).
For older bands, such as Green Day, who had to promote and advertise the old fashioned way in the
early 1990's, the system is even more

Harsh Prosecuting Replaced by Positive Alternative...
In a past decade, the music industry is facing a major problem, which is reflecting in diminishing
revenues of artists and music companies. As described by Danny Upshaw and Laurie Babin in their
research, in 2009 International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) estimated that 95%
of songs downloaded online were unlawful act (14).
Figure 1: Global CD Sale in Million Units Source: Janssens, Jelle, Stijn Vandaele, and Tom Vander
Beken. "The Music Industry On (The) Line? Surviving Music Piracy In A Digital Era." European
Journal Of Crime, Criminal Law & Criminal Justice 17.2 (2009): 77–96. Academic Search
Complete.
According to IFPI, global CD sales decreased from 2.5 billion units in 2000 to 1.8 billion in 2006
(see Figure 1). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As for an example, Boehm in his research describes a copyright infringement case against an
individual illegally downloading music from KaZaA, which resulted in a summary judgment in
favor of the RIAA in the amount of $750 per song, totaling to $22,500 per 13 downloaded songs
(181). David Bach describes in 2004 article for Business and Politics that these high profile lawsuits
against individuals who never had any commercial profit from online music sharing, are intended to
pose as an example for all other sharers that music piracy is copyright infringement and it will be
prosecuted. The lawsuits conducted against the individuals was a great idea of an effort to turn the
music industry around, but according to Tyler it had no "significant deterrent effect on the general
public" (2108). Looking at the ratio of lawsuits to the increasing number of file sharing files stated
above, the lack of effect on public, and the excessive cost of each lawsuit it's clear that the IRAA
cannot prosecute every copyright infringement. As a result, many record labels and artists abounded
this strategy (Tyler 2108), which reflected in totally different approach. The record labels and the
artists no longer were seeking justice through the legal way; instead, they approach the general
public

Universal Music Australia Case Summary
The case of Universal Music Australia Pty Ltd v Sharman License Holdings Ltd (2005) 220 ALR 1
was an Australian court case involving music labels suing the distributors (Sharman parties) of
software that authorized access to the Kazaa peer to peer network. The court case involved the
responsibility of the distributors for authorising copyright infringement by giving authorization to
users to infringe copyright materials by sharing copyright–protected material without permission of
owner. The court decided there had been authorization by the Sharman parties for infringement to
occur due to the knowledge the Sharman parties knew. The legal and non–legal responses were
effective in ensuring amendments to current acts and educating people on the copyright laws.
Sharman Networks Ltd had authorised the infringing conduct of Kazaa users. Justice Wilcox found
that they were aware of the infringement of copyright in recordings occurring on the Kazaa system;
Justice Wilcox also discovered that they had the power to prevent, or at reduce infringing file
sharing however, they chose not to prevent the copyright.
When reviewing the effectiveness of legal and non–legal responses enforceability is a crucial feature
in the case. This case had enforced new amendments and information to the copyright materials in
order ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The amendment contain a number of important changes to copyright law The Kazaa case had
enforced the Copyright Amendment Act, which introduced a new range of copyright offences
including indictable, summary and strict liability. Depending on the seriousness of the situation. The
more serious offences are the indictable offences, if a person knowingly participates in infringing
conduct such as intentionally selling infringing copies of material. Penalties include fines of up to
$60,500 per offence for individuals and for corporations five times more or imprisonment for up to 5

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