biotech

2. • Cell Division is a process
where in a cell undergo
through a series of cycle
• Cell Cycle is a circular path
way which the cell grow and
duplicates the DNA and
splits into 2 daughter cells

3. •Our body is compose of cells
•Cells die and replaced by already
existing cells in the body on a
process called cell division.
Note: PERMANENT
CELLS : 3 body cells
that do not divide:
heart cells, muscle
cells and brain cells

4. OUR CELL ARE CATEGORIZE INTO
TWO:

7. • condensation of the
chromosome in the nucleus
of the cell
• Nucleosome – condensed
chromosome with histone
proteins at the center
• Chromatin – nucleosomes
formed by condensed
chromosome
INTERPHASE

8. G1 GAP
METABOLISM
NUTRITION
GROWTH
REPLICATION OF
ALL NEEDED
COMPONETS
Organelles, cytoplasm
And other important
Componets needed for
cell division

9. • G 1 CELL CHECKPOINT: does it need
cell
division?
• If not it stays in
g 0 phase and stay
as it is. (Rest phase)
• If yes.. It goes to s phase…
• Cell must be healthy and perfect to
enter the next phase

10. S or Synthetis
Phase
•The dna replicates
called
transcription
•double the no. of
choromosomes
• duplication

11. G2 or GAP 2
•mitochondria
double
•enzymes
produced
needed for
division
•Cell continue to
grow
•Getting ready

12. • G 2 CELL CHECKPOINT:
does it need cell
division?
• Check DNA for errors
• Repair DNA if
applicable
• APOPTOSIS –
irrepairable cell dies
and do not undergo

13. Mitotic
phase•The cell is actually divides to make
more cells needed by our body
•Has two steps which are mitosis and
Cytokinesis

14. MITOSIS
P
M
A
T
Prophase
Metapha
se
Anaphas
e
Telophas

15. PROPHASE
Sister chromatids
condenses and
form X like
formation
X shaped
structures are
called chromosome
Change in
chromatids to

16. PROPHASE
Cromosomes are
held togethere at
the centromere
Centioles start
moving in the
opposite sides of
the cellSpindle fiber or
microtubules starts
to form (spindle

17. METAPHASE: THIS PHASE IS DIVIDED
INTO TWOPro- metaphase- the membrane around
the nucleus disappears
Nuclear membrane
disappear
Spindle apparatus grow
attached the
chromosome at the
center (Kinetochores )
Starts pull the

18. METAPHASE: THIS PHASE IS DIVIDED
INTO TWO
Metaphase-the chromosomes line up in the
center of the cell or known as equatorial
Metaphase plate –
also known as the
equatorial plate

19. METAPHASE CHECKPOINT:
Checks the alignment of the
chromosomes in the metaphase
plate or equatorial plate

20. ANAPHASE
Chromosomes
pulled away from
one another to the
opposite poles of
the spindle

21. TELOPHASE
 A cleavage furrow
turns in the center
of the cell.
Chromosomes
cluster and begin
decondensing as
the nuclear
envelope reforms.

22. CYTOKENESIS
Part of mitotic
phase where it
completes the
cell division by
extending the
cleavage furrow
to complete
separate the

23. I P M A T
Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Teloph

24. MEOISIS
IS ALSO KNOWN AS REPRODUCTION
DIVISION
Haploid cellsDiploid cells
Is a process which haploid cell are
produce from a diploid cell.

25. MEIOSIS
It occurs in
special cell
called germ
cell found in
reproductive
organs
23
chromosome
46
chromosome
23
chromosome

26. Gonads - an organ that produces
gametes; a testis (male) or ovary
(female).

27. MEIOSIS
Chromosomes must be correctly sorted
and distributed to create genetically
unique cells.

28. MEIOSIS
two round division are necessary they
are called meosis 1 and meosis 2

29. Interphase
 Condensing of chromosome
forming chromatids
 Duplication of DNA
 Duplication of centrioles
 Cell growth
 Forming of sister chromatids
 Growth of spindle fiber or micro tubules.
 Attachment of centromere as it enters
prophase 1 of meiosis

30. Events happened in
meiosis that do not
happen in mitosis that
lead to genetic diversity
• Genetic diversity is the total number of
genetic characteristics in the genetic
makeup of a species

31. PROPHASE 1
• When homologous pairs of sister chromatids
side by side called synapsis
• 2 pairs of sister chromosomes form tetrad or

32. CROSSING OVER
• A physical
exchange
between
chromosomes
segments of
nonsister
chromatids
occurs,

33. PRO METAPHASE 1
The meotic spindle
is fully attached to
the sister
chromatids by their
kinetochores
Sister chromatids
remain align and
attached only by the
kinetochore

34. METAPHASE 1
During the
metaphase
1divalents
randomly align
along the
metaphase
plate.

35. • Independent assortment, the
alignment is random which add to
genetic diversity

36. ANAPHASE 1
In anaphase 1 the Chromosomes
separate and move toward opposite

37. TELOPHASE 1
In telophase 1 the chromosomes de-
condense and the nuclear envelope
reforms.

38. CYTOKINESIS
Two
daughter
cell
separated
by
cleavage
Furrows
and

39. PROPHASE 2
The sister
chromatids
condenses
while the
spindle starts to
form
 nuclear

40. PROMETAPHASE 2
sister chromatids
attach to the
spindle by
kinetochore
microtubules
Pulled to the
opposite poles
the attachment is

41. METAPHASE 2
The spindle
align the
sister
chromatids
along
metaphase
plate or
equatorial

42. ANAPHASE 2 The sister chromatids
separate and individual chromosomes
move toward the poles.

43. TELOPHASE 2
 chromosome de-
condense
nuclear envelope reforms.

44. CYTOKINESIS 2
cleavage
furrows
separate two
diploid
daughter
cells
 form four
haploid

46. SOURCES OF GENETIC DIVERSITY
1. PROPHASE 1 -
CROSSING OVER

47. SOURCES OF GENETIC DIVERSITY
2. METAPHASE 1- INDEPENDENT
ASSORTMENT

48. 3. Random pairing of gametes during
sexual reproduction