Breast Cancer Research Paper

Breast Cancer Research Paper
Cancer is started when the DNA in a cell becomes damaged. The mutated cells caused by the
damaged DNA rapidly reproduce which can cause tumors to form. There are two types of tumors,
benign tumors and malignant tumors. A benign tumor is non–invasive, and an malignant tumor is
invasive. Breast cancer generally will form in the lobules or milk ducts. Lobular carcinoma in situ,
also called LCIS, is non–invasive. That means the it forms and stays in the lobules. Lobular
carcinoma is invasive. That means that it develops in the lobules and breaks through and has a
potential to spread to other parts of the body. Ductal carcinoma in situ is non–invasive. It forms and
stays in the milk ducts. Ductal carcinoma is invasive and is when ductal carcinoma ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
If the test were to come back negative it could reduce the stress of not knowing whether you have
the defective gene or not ("Predictive Genetic Tests for Cancer Risk Genes"). Less than 15% of
women that develop breast cancer have a family member that has/had it. If a BRCA1 mutation is
found then a 60% chance of developing breast cancer in your lifetime is present. If a BRCA2
mutation is found then a 45% chance of developing breast cancer in your lifetime is present ("U.S.
Breast Cancer Statistics"). If a test is to come back positive earlier in life it is easier to plan a family
ahead than finding out the test is positive later in life. If one parent of a child has a mutated BRCA
gene there is a 50% chance that the children will also have a BRCA gene mutation. That being said
if the test is to come back positive the choice to risk it and have children is there, but there are other
choices such as adopting, using donor eggs or sperm depending on which parent has the gene
mutation, prenatal testing to see if the child will have it also. Those are not even close to all of the
options that are available ("Predictive Genetic Tests for Cancer Risk
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Breast Cancer: Ductal Carcinoma in Situ Essay
Breast Cancer can be found in many forms but the most noninvasive type is called Ductal
Carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Being that Ductal Carcinoma is noninvasive means that it has not spread
farther than the milk ducts, therefore not invading other tissue within the breasts. Intraductal
carcinoma is another name for this type of cancer. This type of cancer is considered to be the earliest
form of breast cancer, therefore it tends to not be staged. Being that this form is not staged makes
doctors consider this to be a precancerous form. In order to detect DCIS a simple mammogram is all
that is needed to detect the cancer spot.
The histopathologic lesions of DCIS have many different patterns of formation found when a
mammogram has been ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Testing of breast tissue through biopsy is usually done prior to any major surgery. These may
include Stereotactic biopsy which is the removal of tissue from the breast through a hollow needle,
Core Needle biopsy also uses a hollow needle but removes tissue from a suspicious area within the
breast. If these areas have concerns of possible DCIS then one will be referred to a surgeon for a
lumpectomy. After these biopsy have been performed it will determine whether cells in the body or
abnormal and how aggressive they appear.
Factors that determine how to treat breast cancer are stage and grade of tumor and if it has spread to
other tissue in the breast. The sensitivity to hormones of the cancer cells, health of the patient, age of
the patient, and preference of the patient. Treatment may include surgery, if surgery is necessary it
may be in the form of a lumpectomy, mastectomy (total breast removal), biopsy of sentinel node,
dissection of axillary lymph node, and breast reconstruction surgery if a mastectomy has been done.
Lumpectomy surgery is the removal of the DCIS area and a margin of healthy tissue that surrounds
it. If necessary lymph nodes under the armpit and total breast removal including the nipple and
areola may be removed which is known a mastectomy. After this procedure has taken place further
treatment may occur such as radiation in the form

Cytological Screening
The focus of this essay is on the process that takes place in the pathology laboratory, where the
cervical samples are sent for cytological screening. A cervical cell sample that has no abnormal cells
is categorised cytologically as being negative (negative for the presence of HPV or risk of cervical
cancer). Alternatively, samples may be identified as containing borderline abnormal changes, or
having dyskaryosis (Health and Social Care Information Centre, 2013). In some literature the terms
dysplasia or CIN (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia) seem to be used in place of dyskaryosis (Eifel et
al., 2011), but NHS literature seems to make most consistent reference to dyskaryosis. The extent of
dyskaryosis is then classified across a range from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The aim of this new method was initially to try to reduce false–negative and false–positive results
(Karnon et al., 2004; Siebers et al., 2009), as well as the number of samples that are 'inadequate' or
'unsatisfactory' for effective screening (Arbyn et al., 2008; Siebers et al., 2009). In the conventional
cytology method, a woman's cervical sample is transferred directly from the collection spatula onto
a microscopic slide (Arbyn et al., 2008; Moss et al., 2003). This transfer process seems to
sometimes lead samples to be 'inadequate' for screening because the transferred cells are too difficult
to clearly discern. This manual process does also, very occasionally, result in false results, even
when conducted by experienced cytologists. The liquid based cytology (LBC) method involves a
slightly different approach to the preparation of the slides. The cell sample is placed into a vial
containing a preservative fluid (Arbyn et al., 2008; Moss et al., 2003). This creates a liquid
suspension of the sample, which can then be poured onto the slide in a very thin, uniform layer.
However, debate remains over whether this method really offers a substantial improvement over
conventional cytology. The main points of contention surround accuracy and cost effectiveness, with
other arguments relating to patient anxiety and opportunities for HPV

Breast Cancer : General Background
B.1 Breast cancer
B.1.1 Breast cancer: General background
In the United States breast cancer is the second most common type of cancer in women after skin
cancer and is second to lung cancer in causing cancer–related mortality. In the last few decades,
greater awareness, early detection and improved treatment options have significantly declined
breast–cancer related mortality. Statistics from 2015 indicate that the 5–year survival for localized
female breast cancer in above 98%. However, the 5–year survival of patients with distant or
metastatic breast cancer is only about 25%. Thus, breast cancer metastasis continues to be a
significant hurdle and several agencies are invested in exploring preventive and curative strategies
against it.
B.1.2 Breast cancer: Pathology and heterogeneity
Physiologically the breast or the "mammary gland" is a specialized organ for milk production
(lactation) in mammals. It consists mainly of a network of glands that undergo dramatic changes in
females during puberty, gestation and menopause; along with connective tissue, fat cells, lymph
nodes and blood vessels. The glands are made up of a) milk–producing lobules and b) ducts (thin
tubules) that carry the milk from the lobules to the nipples (figure). The lobules and the ducts are
lined with epithelial cells that can undergo oncogenic transformation, thereby resulting in
carcinomas – cancers of the epithelial cells. A majority of breast cancers consist of carcinomas
originating from the

Breast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer Essay
ABSTRACT Despite significant advances in research, Breast Cancer is still the most common
cancer, affecting both men and especially women. In the US, 232, 670 new cases of invasive breast
cancer were expected to be diagnosed along 62,570 new cases of non–invasive breast cancer in
women and about 2,360 new cases of invasive breast cancer were expected to be diagnosed in men
in just 2014 . This paper aims to provide the gaps in our understanding of breast cancer by
examining the functions and to enhance our ability to distinguish the anatomy of female human
breast. The author also attempts a better understanding of some of the different types of human
breast cancer namely: ductal carcinoma in situ, lobular carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma
and invasive lobular carcinoma. It is hoped that this paper will inform those who do not have the
understanding and knowledge about the risk factors, diagnosis, treatments and preventions of the
breast cancer.
INTRODUCTION Breast Cancer is a type of cancer where in the breast cells growth are
uncontrolled. To enhance our understanding of breast cancer, knowing how any cancer can develop
is crucial. Cancer develops as a result of the alteration of the genes, or abnormal changes in the
genes accountable for managing the growth of the cells and maintaining their health. In each
nucleus, the genes operates as the "control room." The cells in our bodies replace themselves
through a process called cell growth in which the

Why Are Mammograms Vital For One 's Health?
Why are mammograms vital to one 's health? The most important reason why is because
mammography detects breast cancer. "Around 12% of women in the United States will develop
invasive breast cancer" (BreastCancer.Org, 2016). The most common type of breast cancer is called
invasive ductal carcinoma. "This type of breast cancer is found in 80% of women"
(BreastCancer.Org, 2015). Invasive ductal carcinoma remains to be a serious problem for men and
women, and here is why. This type of breast cancer begins in the milk ducts of the breast. At first,
there are normal cells, but then a mutation occurs. Some kind of carcinogen damages and changes a
couple of genes. The mutated genes associated with breast cancer are Genes BrCA1 and BrCA2.
The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Invasive carcinoma is the spreading of mutated cells that can travel to the lymph nodes and blood
vessels and lead to other significant health problems. There are four different types of invasive
ductal carcinoma; medullary ductal carcinoma, mucinous ductal carcinoma, papillary ductal
carcinoma, and tubular ductal carcinoma. All of these are less common than invasive ductal
carcinoma. Medullary ductal carcinoma is a rare type of cancer found in about 3% to 5% of cases.
The main difference in this type of breast cancer is that the tumor feels more spongy than the usual
lump. Mucinous ductal carcinoma has a better prognosis than the other types of invasive
carcinomas. This carcinoma arises when the breast cancer cells produce mucous. The cells and
mucous join together and form a tumor (Johns Hopkins, 2016). Papillary ductal carcinoma is rarely
treated as an invasive carcinoma, because it doesn 't become invasive. This type of cancer is more
like ductal carcinoma in situ. Tubular ductal carcinoma makes up 2% all of diagnoses of breast
cancer. It consists of estrogen receptor positive cancers that respond to hormones (Johns Hopkins,
2016). All of these different types of invasive ductal carcinoma begin with a mutated cell that leads
to the signs and symptoms of developing breast cancer. By receiving a regular mammogram you can
treated for breast cancer before any of the major signs and symptoms appear. If you are under forty
years of age; a mammogram isn

Hela Question
Name:_______________________
Date/Period:__________________
Part 1 Henrietta Lacks Multiple Choice Questions
Directions: Circle the best answer for each question.Each question has only one right answer. Use
your knowledge of the book to help you answer each question.
What genre is The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks?
Biography
Non–fiction
Historical Fiction
Creative Non–fiction
Why did David Lacks take Henrietta to the public ward at John Hopkins instead of a closer hospital?
He thought that Hopkins was the best hospital around.
He knew that the hospital would respect his religious values.
It was the only major hospital for miles that treated black patients.
John Hopkins specialized in treating cancer patients.
Who was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He believes that she was exposed to chemicals from the steel mill in Turner Station.
He believes that she behaved poorly during her life by running around with Crazy Joe and this was
her punishment.
He believed that it came from either a spirt or a doctor made the cancer and gave it to her.
He believed that Henrietta had abnormalities in her DNA that caused her cancer.
What happened when Henrietta was no longer allowed to have blood?
She was discharged from the hospital and went home to die.
Emmett Lacks donated his own blood to help Henrietta because she had let him live at her house.
Emmett Lacks found his brother and some friends, all of whom had slept on Henrietta's floor at one
time or another to donate blood.
Henrietta's children all donated blood so their mother could be with them for a little while longer.
What was Henrietta's final request?
She wanted Elise to be brought home and cared for by other members of the Lacks family.
She wanted her cells to help people so no one else would have to suffer as she had.
She wanted someone to make sure her cells were never used in scientific experiments.
She wanted Day to take care of the children and not let anything bad happen to her children once

she was gone. When the people of Turner Station mention Cofield what can you predict from their
reaction?
Cofeild tried to steal money from the Lacks family
Cofield tried to get information on Henrietta Lacks and misused the information.
Cofield

Lobular Carcinoma In Situ (LCIS
The term fibrocystic breast disease is used to describe the benign condition that may have caused
Ms. Barker's breast mass. Whether a mass is solid or cystic, a benign mass is usually three–
dimensional, mobile and smooth. Borders to the mass are not irregular (Sharma, Dave, Sanadya,
Sharma & Sharma, 2010). Ms. Barker has lobular hyperplasia. Furthermore, abnormal cells can
increase complexity when they grow inside the lobules of the the breast but do not spread or
metastasize (McCance & Huether, 2014). This condition is known as lobular carcinoma in situ
(LCIS). Although LCIS is not invasive cancer, it increases the risk of getting invasive breast cancer
in either breast (Types of breast cancers, 2016). Often around menses women develop fibrocystic
breasts. There are often lumps noted that quickly disappear with menses, however in lobular
fibrocystic breast disease lumps are found in the milk producing glands. Breast cysts are common
with approximately over 1/3 of the women 35–50 having cysts (Breast lumps, 2016). ... Show more
Therefore, this refers to the fact the cancer has invaded or spread into the surrounding tissues in the
breast (Types of breast cancers, 2016). After a biopsy, Ms. Baker's diagnosis is confirmed as
invasive carcinoma of the breast. This means that the cancer that began in the milk producing ducts
spreads through the wall into the tissues of the fatty tissue of the breast (Daller, 2014). Unlike
infiltrating lobular carcinoma, IDC is more common and more readily detected. However, this type
of cancer is difficult to detect as many cancer cells have similar but not exact DNA and RNA and are
not easily detected by the immune system (Types of breast cancers,

Cervical Cancer Research Paper
Cervical cancer is the cancer of the cells of the cervix. The cervix is the lower part of the uterus that
connect the body of the uterus to the vagina. It is made up of two parts: the endocervix and the
exocervix. The endocervix is covered by glandular cells and the part of the cervix closest to the
uterus. The excocervix is covered in squamous tissue and is the part of the cervix closest to the
vagina. The squamous and glandular cells meet at the transformation zone and this is where most
cervical cancer. There are 3 types of cervical cancer: squamous cell carcinomas, adenocarcinomas,
and adenosquamous carcinomas. Up to nine out of ten cervical cancer is squamous cell carcinomas
and starts in the exocervix. Adenocarcinomas develops in the

Intracystic Papillary Carcinoma
The term "intracystic papillary ductal carcinoma in situ ", has recently changed and is now more
appropriatelyreferred to as "intracystic papillary carcinoma'' constituting only 0.5% to 1% of all
breast cancers. Herein, we discuss an unusual case of intracystic insitu papillary carcinoma of breast
in a postmenopausal woman, the diagnosis of which was made on histopathology. So careful
histopathological evaluation is the mainstay to arrive at the correct diagnosis to avoid untoward
complications related to under diagnosis and /over diagnosis.
Key words: Insitu papillary carcinoma; Histopathology
CASE REPORT:
A 71–year–old post menopausal female presented with a well–circumscribed swelling in the left
lower outer quadrant of left breast measuring 3 cm in diameter. The lump was freely mobile and not
fixed to skin ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Benign and malignant papillary lesions of the breast can be very difficult to distinguish on
cytology[2,3]. It is said to occur more frequently among whites and postmenopausal women[2].
Papillary lesions of breast have been evaluated in a wide spectrum ranging from intraductal
papilloma to insitu papillary carcinoma of breast and invasive papillary carcinoma[3,4].
In view of the desmoplasia often surrounding these lesions, the distinction between in situ and
invasive papillary carcinoma can be very difficult to make. Therefore, IPC had been divided it into
three subgroups which seem to correlate with the prognosis: IPC alone, IPC plus DCIS and IPC with
invasion[5]. In this manner, the term "papillary DCIS" would refer to a more diffuse process that
involves multiple ducts as opposed to a localized lesion[5].
However, variations exist on ultrasounds from intraductal lesions associated with ductal dilatation
and a predominantly solid pattern with the intraductal or intracystic mass totally filling the

Inflammatory Carcinoma
6) Secretory carcinoma:
Grossly: the tumor is well circumscribed and firm. Microscopically, the tumor shows glandular,
cystic or papillary pattern. Individual tumor cells may be granular or vacuolated tend to form spaces
containing a periodic acid–schiff (PAS) positive secretion.
Atypia is minimal and mitotic activity is low. (70)
The prognosis is good and rate of lymph node metastasis is low. (34)
7) Inflammatory carcinoma: is clinically present with edema and redness of the breast skin,
resembling mastitis. Microscopically, inflammatory carcinoma is a type of breast cancer in which
dermal lymphatic invasions by tumor is evident. (52)
This uncommon type of invasive breast cancer; it also may give the breast skin a thick, ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(71)
Microscopically, large cells with clear cytoplasm and atypical nuclei are seen in epidermis, these
cells may be isolated or appeared in clusters especially in basal layer of epidermis. (A) (B)
Fig.22. A & B: Paget's disease. The atypical cells with clear cytoplasm are infiltrating the epidermis,
H & E, X100 and X400.
The other rare types of invasive ductal carcinoma are apocrine carcinoma, carcinoma with
neuroendocrine differentiation and cribriform carcinoma. (72)
Invasive lobular carcinoma Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) starts in the milk–producing glands
(lobules). Like IDC, it can metastasize to other parts of the body.
About 1 in 10 invasive breast cancers is an ILC. (51)
For differentiating these tumors from invasive ductal carcinoma, cytomorphology and
immunohistochemistry is helpful. In general, cells of lobular carcinomas are smaller, more uniform
and discohesive. (73)
Fig.23. Invasive lobular carcinoama. The small tumoral cells infiltrating the stroma in indian file
fashion concentrating around uninvolved duct, H & E,

Adenosis
4– Adenosis
Adenosis of breast is a proliferative lesion, characterized by increase number of glandular
components as the breast lobules are enlarged, and they contain more glands than usual.
Adenosis is often found in biopsies of women who have fibrocystic changes.
There are many names for this condition, including aggregate adenosis, tumoral adenosis, or
adenosis tumor.
Various types of adenosis have been described: sclerosing, tubular, microglandular, and apocrine
adenosis.
Even though some of these terms contain the term tumor, adenosis is not a cancer.
Sclerosing adenosis is is a special type of adenosis which is a kind of hyperplastic proliferation of
glandular component of breast. It can occur as a focal or generalized proliferation ... Show more
It can produce a worrying appearance and should not be mistaken for malignancy.
This has a low power lobular architecture and there are usually adjacent benign changes with
sclerosing adenosis and apocrine metaplasia.
Rarely, the epithelium in sclerosing adenosis may show atypical hyperplasia or in situ carcinoma. In
such cases, these changes should be recorded separately on the reporting form.
Diagnosis: The clinical significance of sclerosing adenosis lies in its mimicry of cancer. It may be
confused with cancer on physical examination, by mammography, and at gross pathologic
examination. Excisional biopsy and histologic examination are frequently necessary to exclude the
diagnosis of cancer.
Imaging Appearances: – Mammogram: Most commonly presents as calcifications with clustered
punctate, amorphous and pleomorphic as the most frequently encountered pattern and can appear as
a mass or asymmetry. – Ultrasound: Commonly appears as an oval, often circumscribed, hypoechoic
solid mass. Sometimes demonstrates echogenic calcifications alsomay demonstrate increased
vascularity.
– MRI: Usually indistinguishable from the background breast

Neoplasm Research Paper
A malignant neoplasm is the medical terminology for Cancer, there are many types of cancers,
however, they all are comprised of unregulated cells that show growth or a change. These cells that
are cancerous, grow at a hasty rate and will take over other parts of the body, whether being another
organ or tissue surrounding the compromised body part. This can also involve the lymph nodes, as
well as travel through the bloodstream. There are many influences that contribute to the chance of
developing cancers, some of these factors include tobacco use, being overweight and not physically
active, exposures to chemicals, and poor nutrition and dietary selections, ones with mutagens in
foods, continued or excessive consumption of alcohol, eating foods which are high in fats, and red
meat just to name of few. Other types of cancer may be factored by family history, known as a
genetic risk, as well as certain viruses that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A neoplasm that can spread to many parts throughout the body, and can lead to death.
1. Carcinomas are the most common cancer, these develop first in the epithelial tissue of the skin, or
nearby tissue that surrounds internal organs. Carcinoma in Situ is the beginning, invasive is when it
has started to grow and possibly spread to nearby tissue or organs, and metastic is when it has
travelled to more distal sites from the original site of origin. This form of cancer will usually spread
through the lymphatic system.
2. Sarcomas are cancers that are in the connective tissue of the body. There are two main groups for
this classification of cancer and those are osteosarcoma and soft tissue sarcomas.
3. Another classification of cancer that is one of the most common is Leukemia. Leukemia is cancer
of blood forming tissue. When this type of cancer develops it will affect the immune system by
minimizing its ability to fight infection.
Grading: Highlight this area and type your information

breast cancer Essay
Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women. The American cancer society estimates
that in 2002 about 192,200 new cases of breast cancer will be diagnosed among women in the U.S.
alone. Breast cancer also occurs in men. An estimated 1,500 cases will be diagnosed among men. In
2002, there will be about 40,600 deaths from breast cancer in the United States.
What is breast cancer? Breast cancer is a malignant tumor that has developed from cells of the
breast. To make it easier I'll put it this way. When the body needs new cells they will divide or
reproduce. Sometimes the cells grow and divide out of control, which creates a mass ... Show more
Look for...
· A mass or lump, that feels as small as a pea
· A blood stained or clear fluid discharge from the nipple.
· Redness on the skin on the breast or nipple.
· A marble like hardened area under the skin.
· A change in the size, shape or contour of the breast.
· A change in the feel or appearance of the skin on the breast or nipple.
· An area that is distinctly different from any other area on either breast.
There are many Types of breast cancer. The most common types of breast cancer are Infiltration
Ductal Carcinoma, this is when the cancer starts in the milk ducts of the breast. Then it breaks
through the wall of the duct and invades the fatty tissue of the breasts. This is the most common
form of breast cancer. Ductal carcinoma in situ is ductal carcinoma in its earliest stage. In situ it
means that the cancer hasn't spread beyond its original point. This meaning that the disease is left in
the milk ducts and has not invaded nearby breast tissue. If it is left untreated it may became invasive
cancer. It is almost always curable. Another kind of cancer is Infiltration Lobular Carcinoma. This
cancer begins in the lobules of the breast where the breast milk is

Cervical Cancer: The Best Form of Prevention Is To Be...
Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among women and the leading cause of death
among women in underdeveloped countries. In fact, 500,000 cases are diagnosed each year
worldwide. This particular cancer is found mainly in middle–aged to older women; it is very rare to
find it in women age fifteen and younger. The average age of women with cervical cancer is age 50–
55; however, the cancer begins to appear in women in their twenties (2). It is also found in women
of lower–class areas, as they are not able to see a gynecologist to be screened. African American,
Hispanic, and Native American women are more prone to developing cervical cancer as well (1).
The cervix is an organ in the female reproductive system; it is the entrance ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Also, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) increases the likelihood of the precancerous cells
developing into cancer. This occurs because HIV weakens the immune system, and a woman with
HIV is unable to fight off HPV and precancerous abnormalities (2). Scientists have also found that
smokers are possibly twice as likely to develop cervical cancer. Cigarettes release many chemicals
that cause cancer (1). When a woman smokes a cigarette, these chemicals enter her bloodstream,
and they are carried to all parts of the body. These chemicals are also believed to damage the DNA
in cervical cells (2). Scientists are also examining the effects of Oral Contraceptives. No direct links
have been found, but there is some statistical evidence showing that women that have taken Oral
Contraceptives for over five years have a low risk of developing the cancer (2).
Often there are no symptoms while developing the cancer. For this reason, it is extremely important
for a woman to have an annual Pap smear test, as this is the only way to detect any kind of
abnormalities. The Pap smear evaluates the cells of the cervix under a microscope. It looks for three
signs: (a) inflammation of the cells, (b) the amount of estrogen in the cells and (c) the presence of
precancerous cells. The test is 90–95% accurate in finding an abnormality

1.Non-Proliferative Breast Disease. Non-Proliferative Breast
1. Non–proliferative Breast Disease
Non–proliferative breast disease, the most common lesion, is associated with small increased risk or
no effect (relative risk 0.9–1.6) (e.g., fibroadenoma, cysts).
2. Proliferative Breast Disease without Atypia
Women with proliferative breast disease without atypia had about 1.5 to 1.9 fold increased risk (e.g.,
adenosis, intraductal papilloma).
3. Atypical Hyperplasia
Atypical hyperplasia produced about a 3 to 5 fold higher risk of breast cancer.
Pathology of Breast Cancer
Breast cancers can be classified by different schemes. Each of these aspects influences treatment
response and prognosis. Description of a breast cancer would optimally include all of these
classification aspects, as well as other ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Patients with a high score benefit from radiotherapy after excision, whereas those of low grade,
whose tumor is completely excised, need no further treatment. (Williams, et al., 2013)
Surgical Treatment Options of DCIS
a. Mastectomy for Patients with DCIS
Mastectomy is by far the most effective treatment available for DCIS if the goal is simply to prevent
local recurrence. Most mastectomy series reveal local recurrence rates of approximately 1% with
mortality rates close to zero.
Mastectomy is an aggressive form of treatment for patients with DCIS. It clearly provides a local
recurrence benefit but only an indemonstrable and theoretical survival benefit. It is, therefore, often
difficult to justify mastectomy, particularly for otherwise healthy women with screen–detected
DCIS, during an era of increasing utilization of breast conservation for invasive breast carcinoma.
Mastectomy is indicated in cases of true multicentricity (multi–quadrant disease) and when a
unicentric DCIS lesion is too extensive to excise with clear margins and an acceptable cosmetic
result. Genetic positivity to one or more of the breast cancer associated genes (BRCA1, BRCA2) is
not an absolute contraindication to breast preservation, but many patients who are genetically
positive and who develop DCIS seriously consider bilateral mastectomy. (Kuerer, 2010)
b. Breast Conservation for Patients

Invasive Lobular Carcinoma Cancer And The Effect It Can...
It was Monday March 17th, 2014 when I received a phone call from my grandma asking me to
come visit her. That day is the day when I received the news that my grandma has been diagnosed
with invasive lobular carcinoma breast cancer. My grandma and I are very close. Her diagnosis is
what persuaded me to write my I– search paper on this specific breast cancer. One topic I am really
focusing on when I write my paper is the genetic factors because its important to my family and I.
Even though I began to research about the cancer when my grandma was diagnosed, there are still a
lot of things I don't know about and I'm interested to learn about within creating this paper. In this
paper I will share with you the importance of invasive lobular ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
She then gave me all her paperwork that she received from her oncologist and other doctors. My
grandmas knowledge about the cancer helped to clarify a lot of my problems. Throughout my
research I came across www.mayoclinic.org . That was the most reliable website I found that had a
lot of information on invasive lobular carcinoma breast cancer. Invasive lobular carcinoma is a
medical term that is also known as "Infiltrating Lobular Carcinoma." Lobular carcinoma is cancer
within the glands and and lobules. Invasive lobular carcinoma is when the cancer passes the wall of
lobules and glands and spreads to the tissue around the breast. This specific cancer is the second
most common type of breast cancer woman are diagnosed with. Both women and men can get
lobular carcinoma. Normal mens breast don''t contain lobules (milk ducts) therefore it is very rare
for men to be diagnosed. Woman at any age can be diagnosed with invasive lobular carcinoma but is
most commonly found in woman ages forty– five through fifty– five. There are an abundant amount
of factors that cause the cancer to appear in woman. One factor is the history of your family. If your
grandmother, mother, or sister(s) have lobular carcinoma or abnormal breast theres a chance you
may be at risk to have the cancer also. Another cause is taking hormonal replacement medication
known as estrogen. Experts believe that estrogen

Neoplasm Essay
The neoplasm is assumed to have a nonaggressive nature; however, data regarding the course in
HIV immunocompromised persons is scant. A case of orolabial bowenoid papulosis caused by
HPV–32is noted.[63]
Histopathology: reveals features of an intraepithelial carcinoma. Secondary amyloid deposition has
been reported histologically in one case of BP.[64]
Differential diagnosis Lichen planus, common warts, seborrhoeic warts, naevi and condylomata lata.
A biopsy is indicated in instances where the clinical diagnosis is uncertain.
Treatment and follow up Treatment depends on many factors. Circumcision removes a major risk
factor for cancer and provides extensive tissue for histology. Topical 5–fluorouracil as a 5% cream is
a well established conventional option for the treatment of BP,[65–67] but there have not been any
clinical trials. Other treatments include cryosurgery, curettage and electrocautery, excisional surgery,
glans resurfacing, Mohs micrographic surgery, laser and photodynamic therapy.[ 65–69]
Radiotherapy should be avoided. Topical imiquimod may help some patients.[70–72] Patients
presenting with these conditions should be counselled and screened for HPV and other sexually
transmitted diseases, including HIV infection. They should stop smoking. Sexual ... Show more
Only 25% are extraocular and the majority of these appear on the head and neck. One–half of
periocular tumors arise from Meibomian glands. The neoplasm appears as a firm, skin–colored, or
yellowish papule that slowly grows into a nodule. Metastasis occurs in 14 to 25% of patients.
Several cases reported in HIV–infected patients achieved unusually large sizes and were not present
on the

The Mechanisms and Management of DCIS
Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in DCIS: where do we stand and review of the literature. Current
management of DCIS remains controversial and variable despite of number of guidelines issued
worldwide and concerns about both overtreatment and undertreatment. These controversies are
mainly due to the heterogeneity of DCIS, clinical presentation and of its biological and pathological
characteristics. Introduction of mammographic screening programs worldwide lead to significant
increase of the rate of detection of DCIS which nowadays represents approximately 20% of all new
diagnoses of breast tumours 1–4 Biological characteristics of DCIS and pathways of evolution
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is defined as an intraductal epithelial cell proliferation with
morphologic features of malignancy, but without any evidence of basement membrane penetration.
DCIS is lined by a layer of semi–continuous myoepithelial cells and surrounded by an intact
basement membrane and therefore is considered incapable to spread to regional lymph nodes or
metastasize to distant sites. However, DCIS is a non–obligate precursor of invasive breast cancer5
and according to the various studies approximately 14% – 53% of these lesions progress to invasive
disease if untreated 6,7. The risk of DCIS progression into invasive carcinoma as well as factors that
may influence progression represent the major issue in its clinical management and the rationale for
treating DCIS is to prevent progression to invasive

Essay On Ultrasound
RESULTS
A total of 194 patients were symptomatic and had screen detected abnormalities. All of the breast
lesions who underwent ultrasound guided diagnostic procedures were sonographically visible and
were classified according to BI–RADS as 3, 4 or 5.
Among 194 patients who underwent needle core biopsy for diagnosis of breast lesions 79 were
reported to be BI–RADS –3, 20 were reported to be BI–RADS –4 and 32 were reported to be BI–
RADS –5 [Table 1]. Out of the 194 patients biopsied, 65 were for screen detected non–palpable
abnormalities and 129 were symptomatic patients.
Table 1: The number of patients in the symptomatic and screen detected cases in each category
Patient category BIRADS3 BIRADS4 BIRADS5
Symptomatic 79 20 32
Screen ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Among the total of 197 patients with a benign diagnosis 115 patients were recommended surgical
excision based on the radiological and histopathological discordance. Ten patients with non–
diagnostic biopsies were also offered excision.
COMPLICATIONS
There was no core biopsy related infections or pneumothorax in our study
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
The contingency table analysis (χ2 test) shows that there is a highly statistically significant
association between assessments made on the mammograms and ultrasound of the breast and the
core biopsy results.
Table 3: Histopathological correlation with BIRADS category
PATHOLOGY BI–RADS–3 BI–RADS–4 BI–RADS–5
Cancer 2 12 18
Not cancer 59 3 0
The positive predictive value for BI–RADS–5 is 100%. The negative predictive value for BI–RADS
3 is 97%.HPE–Histopathological examination; BIRADS–Breast imaging reporting and data system.
DISCUSSION
FNAC is preferred over core needle biopsy in developing countries is because of the supposed
reduced cost of the procedure and the relative ease with, which procedure is performed.[2,3,4,5,6,7]
Histological processing is not

In Vitro Abortion
C.1. Experimental rigor: We will apply our established in vitro and in vivo analyses to the studies
proposed in the two specific aims (33, 36, 37). We plan to use heterozygotes (Foxn1nu/+) C57BL/6
of both sexes for the current studies. To achieve rigorous data collection and statistical analyses, we
will use twenty animals of both sexes in each group. More groups will be included to follow embryo
development at different time points. The animals from the successful mating (vaginal plug
formation) to birth will be monitored daily for possible premature abortion. All proposed
experiments will be carried out at least three independent times. To circumvent the possible breeding
problems, we will extend the mating time for these infected ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Viral DNA was monitored by collecting lavage or swab samples periodically. Active infection was
detected at all the mucosal sites: the penis (P), the anus (A) and the oral cavity (O) at week seven
post infection (Fig. 2). The infection persisted in all the sites in these animals.
Persistent infection was established at the mucosal sites of heterozygous C57BL/6 mice. Viral DNA
copy numbers were monitored by harvesting lavages from three mucosal sites (vaginal, anal and
oral). Three out of four heterozygous (Foxn1nu/+) B6 mice showed persistent infection (Fig. 3).
These findings suggest that heterozygous B6 mice were susceptible to MmuPV1 infection at the
vaginal, anal, and oral sites that could potentially be transmitted to sexual partners and babies.
Anti–MmuPV1monoclonal antibody (MPV.A4) completely neutralized viral infections in athymic
mice We have generated several anti–MmuPV1 monoclonal antibodies in–house and tested their
ability of neutralizing viral infection in the athymic mice. The anti–MmuPV1 monoclonal antibody
MPV.A4 provided complete protection by passively transferred to the athymic nude mice at two
cutaneous sites (the tail and the muzzle) (Fig. 4A) .No protection was detected in the animals
administered with a monoclonal antibody against HPV11( H11.B2) (Fig. 4B). Significantly fewer
viral DNA copy numbers were detected in the lower genital tract and the oral cavity of MPV.A4

What is Breast Cancer? What is the Cause of it?
What is Breast Cancer? What is the Cause of it? Breast cancer is cancer cells that develop in the
breast of a woman. The most common type of breast cancer is ductal carcinoma in situ. The cancer
cells develop in the milk ducts of the breast. Doctors and researchers do not exactly know the cause
of cancer. All they know is that it usually occurs when a cell's DNA is damaged. When cells in the
breast start to develop abnormally they begin to develop quicker than the normal cells. They also
keep multiplying, causing them to metastasize throughout the breast to the persons lymph nodes and
sometimes other parts of the body. Sometimes breast cancer occurs in the lobules, but most of the
time it starts in the invasive ductal carcinoma. Breast ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Stage 0, carcinoma in situ, has 3 different types of carcinoma in situ. The first type is Ductal
carcinoma in situ. In this condition, there are abnormal cells that are lining the duct of the breast,
but, has not metastasized to other parts of the body. The second type is Lobular carcinoma in situ.
There are abnormal cells found in the lobules of the breast in this condition. Cancer.gov says that
having LCIS in one breast increases the risk of having breast cancer in one or both breasts. The last
type is Paget disease, where abnormal cells are only found in the nipple. Next, is stage 1. In stage
one we find that the person, has developed cancer. The stage is split into states IA and IB. In stage
IA, the cancer cell is 2 centimeters or smaller, while in stage IB there are chunks of cancer cells
smaller than 2 millimeters. In stage IA the cancer hasn't spread but in stage IB it's found in the
lymph nodes. Stage 2 also is split into two parts, IIA and IIB. In IIA the tumor has either not been
found in the breast, but 1 to 3 axillary lymph nodes or in the lymph nodes near the breastbone
(Cancer.gov). Or, the tumor is no bigger than 5 centimeters and has not advanced to the lymph
nodes. In stage IIB there are cancer cells in the lymph nodes, they haven't spread to the lymph
nodes, or they have spread to 1 to 3 axillary lymph nodes or in the lymph nodes near the breastbone
(Cancer.gov).

The Tragic Impact : Breast Cancer
Brenda Castro– Sanchez
Biology 102
Professor Cynthia O'Rourke
November 8th, 2015
The Tragic Impact: Breast Cancer Cancer is all around us, we might think we are healthy but in
reality we might not be. Breast cancer is one of the most common type of cancer found in women
today. The truth is, there are many types of breast cancers. Men can have breast cancer as well,
breast cancer doesn't only effect women. Breast cancer is when a cell divides uncontrollably and
doesn't receive the signal to stop dividing (Types of Breast Cancer 2015). When the cancer is
malignant it tends to spread throughout the body usually spread by the lymph system. The lymph
system can spread the cancer through the bloodstream to other organs or parts of the body ... Show
In the other hand, invasive ductal carcinoma also known by IDC is the same thing as DCIS, but the
cancer is invasive. IDC is a cancer that spreads throughout tissues of the breast in addition if the
lymph's are infected with the cancer, it will spread to other organs. This is another common type of
cancer because "80% of all breast cancers are invasive ductal carcinomas" (IDC– Invasive Ductal
Carcinoma 2015, 1). Which means that 180,000 plus women are getting diagnosed in the USA each
year with this type of cancer (IDC– Invasive Ductal Carcinoma 2015). Inflammatory breast cancer
in the other hand is very rare. About 1%– 3% have this type of breast cancer (Types of breast cancer
2015). This type of cancer is easy to detect the skin of the breast will end up looking bumpy and
thick. The cause if the inflammation is due to the blockage of the lymph vessels by the cancerous
cells (Types of breast cancer 2015). However, the cancer can be thought to be an infection before
screened for breast cancer. Men Breast Cancer usually starts in the ducts just like women do, in
addition, men's lymph system hit by a cancerous cell can also transport the cancer through the blood
stream to other parts of the body. However it is less common because men duct cells are not as
developed as females (What is breast cancer in men 2014). 1,500 cases are reported yearly in the
United States (Giordano 2002). Considering the amount

Reaction Paper On Xyloglucan
Xyloglucan
This polysaccharide is a plant based, obtained from seeds of tamarind. And chemically, it is
polysaccharide composed of a chain of (1–4)– –D–glucan having (1–6)– –D xylose units as
branches which have partial (1–2)– –D–galactoxylose substitution. Xyloglucan, itself, does not
undergo gel formation but dilute solutions partly degraded by galactosidase exhibit gelling
properties on heating (temperature dependent gelformation). Besides the use in oral drug delivery, it
is also being used for ocular and rectal drug delivery. Xyloglucan has shown a very little gelation
time of up to few minutes. Xyloglucan is a polysaccharide derived from tamarind seeds and is
composed of a (1–4)–β–D–glucan backbone chain, which has (1–6)–α–D xylose branches that are
partially substituted by (1–2)–β–D–galactoxylose. Xyloglucan is composed of octasaccharide,
heptasaccharide and nona–saccharide oligamers, which differ in the amount of galactose side chains.
Although xyloglucan itself does not gel, dilute solutions of xyloglucan which has been partially
degraded by galactosidase exhibit a thermally reversible sol–gel transition on heating.[19] ... Show
Conventional suppositories habitually cause discomfort during insertion. And also, suppositories are
unable to be sufficiently retained at a specific position in the rectum, sometimes they can migrate
up–wards to the colon that makes them possible for drug to undergo the first–pass effect. Choi et al.
developed novel in situ gelling liquid suppositories with gelation the temperature at 30–36°C.
Poloxamer 407 and/ or poloxamer 188 were used, that give the temperature–sensitive gelation
property. In–situ gel possesses a potential action for rectal & vaginal route. Miyazaki et al.
investigated the use of xyloglucan based thermo reversible gel for rectal drug delivery of

Breast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer
"Cancer" is the name for a group of diseases that start in the body at the cellular level. Even though
there are many different kinds of cancer, they all begin with abnormal cell growth with the potential
to invade or spread to other parts of the body. These abnormal cells lump together to form a mass of
tissue or "malignant tumor". Malignant means that it can spread to other parts of the body or
Metastasize . If the breast is the original location of the cancer growth or malignant tumor, the tumor
is called breast cancer. (American Cancer Society, 2014, as cited in cbcf.org) Breast cancer is a
complex disease that will affect around 1 in 9 Canadian women during their lifespan. According to
the latest statistics, it is found that around ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ductal carcinoma is when the cells that line the milk ducts have changed to look like cancer cells.
The difference between Ductal carcinoma and an invasive cancer is that the cells have not spread
outside the walls of the ducts to the surrounding breast tissue. Because it hasn't invaded, Ductal
carcinoma can't spread or metastasize outside the breast to the rest of the body. DCIS has no signs or
symptoms and usually can't be felt with a routine breast examination. Sometimes, a lump may be
found or there might be discharge coming from the nipple. One of the ways to find it early is by
having a mammogram done. (American Cancer Society, 2014., National Cancer Institute, 2014.,
Breastcancer.org, 2014., Canadian Cancer Society, 2014. As cited in cbcf.org)
http://www.cancer.org/cancer/breastcancer/detailedguide/breast–cancer–breast–cancer–types
Invasive ductal carcinoma is the most common type of breast cancer. Invasive ductal carcinoma
starts in one of the milk ducts in the breast, spreads through the wall of the duct and into the fatty
tissue of the breast. Once it has spread outside the duct it is possible to spread to other parts of the
body through the lymphatic system and blood stream. Some signs and symptoms of invasive ductal
carcinoma can include: a lump in the breast tissue or armpit area, redness, thickening, irritation or
dimpling, breast pain and or swelling, and nipple changes and or discharge. (American Cancer
Society, 2014., National Cancer

Cervical Cancer Awareness
Introduction
The decrease in cervical cancer incidence is largely a result of early detection through cervical
cancer screening (Siegel, Ma, Zou, & Jemal, 2014). Despite these reductions, certain ethnic or racial
minorities and low–income women residing in the United States experience an excess burden of
cervical cancer. For example, African Americans and Hispanics experience an approximately 1.5
times increased incidence rate of cervical cancer as compared to non–Hispanic Whites (Siegel et al.,
2014). Furthermore, the prevalence of HPV infection among these two ethnic groups is also greater
compared to Whites (Hariri et al., 2011). As compared to the United States, Middle Eastern
countries tend to have a low incidence rate of cervical cancer, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
A couple of systematic reviews addressing these issues have concluded that there is a need for
improvement in the general knowledge about HPV infection and its role as a causative agent in
cervical cancer (Cuschieri, Horne, Szarewski, & Cubie, 2006; Klug, Hukelmann, & Blettner, 2008).
Studies conducted in adult women show that knowledge about HPV is generally low and that
awareness is even lower among high school and college students. Of those who may be aware of
HPV, they do not recognize its link with cervical cancer (Anhang, Goodman, & Goldie, 2004).
Brewer & Fazekas (2007) used a collection of responses from various studies that specifically
examined the awareness and knowledge of HPV to determine an estimate for the level of awareness
of HPV among the general American population. While responses varied greatly across studies,
approximately 42% of respondents were aware of HPV and 44% were able to correctly identify
HPV as being a causative agent for cervical cancer (Brewer & Fazekas,

Human Breast : A Transplant Organ Consisting Of Lobular...
Human breast is a glandular organ comprising of lobular organization. A breast lobe has a lone
lactiferous duct which branches in various segmental ducts with thousands of terminal ducts and
lobules and ultimately opening at the nipple. Within the breast, the epithelial structure conquers a
pyramid–like tissue space with the nipple at its tip and a broad base. As human breast is a pair, the
lobes are recognized as individual units without any connections between them. It has been
observed that the number of lobes, in a women's lifetimes, remains constant even though the size
varies based on progressive and regressive process that involving the role of age and hormonal
status . In the second trimester of the embryonic development the primary ectoderm produces a bud
like out growth known as the primordium nipple. During 21st–25th week of gestation, secondary
buds develop into the underneath mesenchyme and slowly forms the breast166. But breasts continue
to develop during fetal life with formation of fresh projections and the exhibit duel–cell architecture.
The central cells express cytokeratins (CKs) 14 and 19 while the peripheral ones express CK19 only
. As a human infant undergoes development after birth, the breast undergoes involution post
influences of maternal hormones. During puberty, stromal elements undergo growth and
ramification of ductal tree and lobe formation enlarges the breast167. Based on menstrual cycle, the
female breast undergoes cyclical changes during

Breast Cancer Informative Speech Outline
Breast Cancer
Introduction
I.
II. I believe you all have heard about the Breast Cancer and doesn't know about its types, symptoms,
treatment etc.
III. My name is Lisa Shrestha and today I'm here to tell you about the breast cancer, its types,
symptoms, and treatment.
IV. The purpose of this speech is to inform my audience about Breast cancer. I believe getting some
knowledge about breast cancer might be helpful for my audience in future to help their friends,
family, and loved one if needed. Let's start with the definition of Breast Cancer
Body
I. (Main Point #1)
A. Support Evidence #1 Breast cancer is a disease in which breast tissue cells develop abnormally.
Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection
B. Support

In Situ Carcinoma Pathology
Pathology of the breast cancer
In–situ carcinoma
In–situ carcinomas are malignant epithelial growths that are limited to the acini, terminal ductules,
or ductal system of the breast with no invasion into the surrounding breast stroma. (25)
1) Ductal carcinoma in–situ (DCIS): also known as intra–ductal carcinoma is considered non–
invasive or pre–invasive breast cancer, it means a malignant proliferation of epithelial cells, that is
confined to the lumen of ducts.
In–situ carcinomas were divided into three grades; Solid, cribriform and micropapillary carcinomas
were designated as grade I and classified as grade II if they had intermediate cytomorphology. While
Comedo–carcinoma has been placed in grade III. (54)
1. Comedo–carcinoma: grossly, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Microscopically: the tumor shows cystic, glandular or papillary appearance.
Individual tumor cells may be granular or vacuolated and tend to form spaces that contain a periodic
acid–schiff (PAS) positive secretions. Atypia is minimal and mitotic activity is low. (70)
The prognosis is good and the rate of lymph node metastasis is low. (34)
7) Inflammatory carcinoma: present clinically with edema and redness of the skin of the breast,
resembling mastitis.
Microscopically: it is a type of breast cancer in which dermal lymphatic invasion by tumor is
evident. (52)
This is an uncommon type of invasive breast cancer, it also may give the breast skin a thick, pitted
appearance that looks like an "orange peel", as cancer cells blocking lymph vessels in the skin, the
affected breast may become larger, firmer, itchy or tender. (51)
Inflammatory carcinoma has a higher rate of spreading and a worse prognosis. (53)
8) Paget's disease: is an erythematous, eczema–like disease that affects the areola and nipple, often
accompanied by an underlying breast carcinoma, which may be in–situ or

Early Detection Of Breast Cancer
In women worldwide, more than 1 million women were diagnosed in 2012, making the breast
cancer the most commun cancer (1). In United States, breast cancer represent 29% of new cases
expected to be diagnosed in 2015 of all cancer, and is one of the most common cancer diagnosed
after skin cancer. It is also unfortunatley the second cause of death cancer within women, and 17%
death cases are expected in 2015 for invasive breast cancer (IBC), among the new cases (2). Among
the 61% of the breast cancer diagnosed at a confined stage, the 5–year survival rate is up to 99%,
whereas it can drops to 25% when metastasis can be seen at time of diagnosis(2). The early
detection of breast cancer is made by a clinical breast exam and a mammography for most of
women, and has shown to reduce mortality since many years (3) with an incidence rate staying
stable among women, which is the results of improvement of technics of detection for early
diagnosis and treatement (2).
Breast cancer can be categorized by many ways such as clinical features, histologic type, or
expression of tumor markers. Invasive breast cancer has two major histological types, invasive
ductal carcinoma (IDC), which is the most common one and the invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC).
ILC is more difficult to detect than IDC because of subtle lesion characteristics(4)(5). Among breast
cancer, 20% are breast carcinoma in situ which is realtively common with more than 60000 cases
expected to be diagnosed in 2015 (2). The most

Colon Cancer Stages
Stages of Colon Cancer Colon cancer is cancer that impacts the rectum or colon, which is the large
intestine, and sometimes doctors and scholars call it colorectal cancer (1).In the U.S studies showed
that in 2006 there would be more than 145.000 of colon cancer cases, and the death from it would be
55.000(5).In the U.K also studies showed there are more than 28.000 cases, and the deaths are
17.000(6). Colon cancer is killer diseases, and develops slowly, so most people with colon cancer do
not express any symptoms (2).The tumor begins as polyps in the colon for years then these polyps
grow and turn to cancer(2).Moreover, colon cancer has several stages. The stage is an essential
guide to how far the tumor has grown into the colon wall, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The second phase of colon cancer is stage one. In this phase cancer has advanced in the innermost
layer of the colon wall, and has increased to the layer of tissue under the mucosa (4). After that, it
may reach the muscle layer of the colon wall(4). Moreover, when stage one reaches the muscle
layer,that means colon cancer has developed to stage two(4).In this stage cancer has spread through
the muscle layer of the colon wall to the serosa.Then it spreads to the nearby organs(4).when cancer
spread to at least one nearby lymph nodes, that means cancer is in stage three.Cancer continue to
spread until it reaches seven or more lymph nodes , but it does not reach the nearby organs(4). When
it reaches the nearby organs ,and reaches more than seven nearby lymph nodes, that means cancer in
stage four(4). in this stage, cancer has spread through the blood and lymph nodes to other parts of
the body.Stage four is isolated into two phases(3).The first phase is stage four A(4).Cancer has
spread to one organ that is not near the colon, like lung or ovary(4).Then in stage four B cancer has
spread to more than one organ that is not near the colon or into the lining of the abdominal wall

Breast Cancer Awareness
Thesis Statement: While both women and men can also get the breast cancer disease there is a cure
with awareness to breast cancer.
I. Breast Cancer and Who It Attacks
A) What Is the Disease and Who It Affects
1. Disease which is a malignant cancer
2. Cells forms within the tissue of the breast
3. Victims are shocked
4. Both men and women get this disease
5. Women will be diagnosed more than men
II. Common Risks Factors For Breast Cancer
A) This Disease Can Be Caused By
1. One's diet and lifestyle
2. Obesity and lack of physical activity
B) High Risks Factors
1. Young women taking birth control for more than ten years
2. Early menstruation women
3. Late menopause in women
4. Direct family history
5. Past personal history ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Medullary carcinoma can be accounted for fifteen percent of all breast cancer types. This type of
breast cancer occurs in women in their late forties and fifties, with cells that resemble the medulla
being the gray matter of the brain. Infutrating lobular carcinoma is a type of breast cancer that
represents five percent of all diagnosis. This type is often tested positive for estrogen and
progesterone receptors, these tumors normally respond well to hormone therapy. This type also
normally appears as thickening in the upper–outer quadrant of the breast. Tubular carcinoma makes
up two percent of all breast cancer diagnosis. This type of breast cancer is typically found in women
ages fifty and above. "Tubular carcinoma has an excellent ten year survival rate of ninety five
percent."(www.komen.gov) Muncinous carcinoma represents approximately one percent to two
percent of all breast carcinoma. The main differences in the features are mucus production and cells
that are poorly defined. Lastly, inflammatory breast cancer is a rare and extremely aggressive type
of breast cancer that causes the lymph vessels in the skin of the breast to become blocked. This type
of breast cancer has the name inflammatory because the breast being to look swollen and red.
"There are six different types of different types of breast cancer treatments being breast conserving
surgery, lumpectomy surgery, partial

Breast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer
What I chose to research on my cancer project was breast cancer, since breast cancer is one of the
second deadliest cancers among women I felt like I should research into this topic more in–depth.
Anyone, no matter male or female, we are born with some breast cells and tissue. Even though
males do not develop milk–producing breasts, a man 's breast cells and tissue can still develop
cancer. Male breast cancer is very rare, yet more fatale because they are less likely to assume the
lump is possibly cancerous. One in a thousand men will ever be diagnosed with breast cancer as
opposed to the staggering statistics of 1 in 8 women developing breast cancer over the course of her
lifetime. The definition of breast cancer is a malignant tumor that develops in the cells of the breast.
A malignant tumor is a group of cancer cells that grow into surrounding tissues or spread to further
areas of the body.
Signs and symptoms and early indication of breast cancer are the discovery of lump in the breast –
the most common first sign. The woman usually finds the lump, a lump in the armpit, changes in
breast shape or size. Skin changes and or nipple changes.
The most common type of breast cancer being ductile carcinoma in situ (DCIS): meaning that the
cancer cell growth starts in the milk ducts. Breast cancer has 0 to 4 stages.
Stage 0 cancers are called "carcinoma in situ." Carcinoma means cancer and "in situ" means "in the
original place." the three types of "in situ carcinoma" of the

Essay On Cervical Cancer
Abstract
The National Institute of Health (INH), defines cervical cancer as abnormal growth of cells in the
cervix due to Human Papilloma Virus (HPV). Anatomically the cervix is the lower, narrow end of
the uterus, (the organ where a fetus grows). The cervix leads from the uterus to the vagina, (Bruner
and Suddath 11th ed). Reports by the Washington Department of Health, the Centers for Disease
Control (CDC) and World Health Organization (WHO), states that cervical cancer is one of the
deadliest, but, most easily preventable form of cancer for women. It claims 270 000 deaths annually,
85% occur in developing countries.
Introduction
Cervical cancer has become a silent killer and a concern in Africa and other developing countries.
Growing up in Africa I can say I never knew of a Pap smear test. I remember my energetic
grandmother visiting the clinic numerous times due to prolonged vaginal bleeding which was
misdiagnosed as menopause. Years went by and by the time she was referred to the teaching hospital
to be evaluated by a gynecologist she was very weak due to blood loss, as her care giver at that time,
I accompanied her to the city and a Pap test was done and numerous blood studies. A diagnosis of
cervical cancer was pronounced. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is indicated types 16 and 18 cause about 70% of causes of cervical cancer while type 6 and 11
cause 90% of genital warts, (CDC nd). However, predisposing risks such as smoking, insertion of
traditional herbs especially in African women for vaginal, "tightening" has being listed among risk
factors as well as genetic factors and those with a weekend immune system such as HIV/AIDS, or
transplant recipients taking immunosuppressive medications have higher chances of developing
cervical

Papillomatosis: Radial Scars
Radial scars are benign pseudo infiltrative lesions of uncertain significance. They are characterized
by a fibro elastotic core with entrapped ducts, surrounded by radiating ducts and lobules displaying
variable epithelial hyperplasia, adenosis, duct ectasia, and papillomatosis. Some authors have
suggested using the term "radial scar" for lesions measuring was reserved for lesions measuring 1
cm or larger. (Guray and Sahin,2006) Radial scars may serve for the development of atypical
epithelial proliferations, including atypical intraductal hyperplasia, atypical lobular hyperplasia,
lobular carcinoma in situ, and DCIS . (Guray and Sahin,2006) Intraductal Papilloma and
Papillomatosis: Intraductal papilloma is a discrete benign tumor of the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Microscopically . Microcalcifications inside dilated acini have been described; numerous tiny,
punctuate, and irregular microcalcifications are prominent on mammography and ultrasonography .
(Guray and Sahin ,2006) Nipple Adenoma Nipple adenoma, also known as florid papillomatosis of
the nipple ducts or erosive adenomatosis, is a benign tumor of the ductal epithelium that often
clinically mimics Paget's disease and pathologically may be misinterpreted as an adenocarcinoma.
(Guray and Sahin,2006) Typically, nipple adenoma presents as a discrete, palpable tumor of the
papilla of the nipple. Erosion of the nipple and nipple discharge are usually seen. (Guray and Sahin
,2006) Hamartoma: A well–circumscribed, usually encapsulated nodule consisting of all breast
tissue components, often with an abnormal proportion (malformation). Grossly , a well demarcated,
sometimes lobulated mass, often rubbery greyish–white to yellow cut surface, resembling
fibroadenoma or lipoma. (Moinfar, 2007) Microscopically, the morphology varies depending on the
proportion of fibroadipose and glandular components within the lesion. The lesion often gives the
impression of "breast within breast", there is a pseudocapsule of compressed breast tissue.

Informative Speech On Cervical Cancer Surgery
Cervical Cancer Surgery: What To Expect?
Cervical Cancer – Topic Overview
The cervical cancer indicates the growth of abnormal cells on the cervix, which is the lower part of
the uterus that opens into the vagina. Cervical cancer has the ability to invade or spread to other
parts of the body. Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers in women worldwide as it is
the fourth most causes of death from cancer in women. The American Cancer Society estimates that
about 12,900 new cases of cervical cancer will be diagnosed in 2015 and about 4100 women will die
from it. The cervical cancer can be successfully treated if it's detected early through a Pap test. Here
we'll discuss about the causes, symptoms, treatment and cervical cancer surgery. ... Show more
Hysterectomy: During this type of surgery for treating cervical cancer, the uterus and cervix is
removed.
2. Radical hysterectomy: Usually, this type of surgery is recommended for a very small percentage
of women with early cervical cancer. This procedure involves the removal of the uterus and cervix
as well as the surrounding tissue and the upper part of the vagina. During this procedure, the lymph
nodes in the pelvis are removed. If this surgery is performed on older women then the ovaries are
removed and if it is performed on the younger women, then the ovaries are left behind so as to
preserve the ovarian function.
3. Pelvic extenteration: This type of surgery is an option for women with recurrent or advanced
cervical cancer. During this surgery, the cervix, uterus, vagina, bladder, ovaries, rectum and nearby
lymph nodes are removed. The tissues from elsewhere from the body is used for reconstructing the
vagina. The urine and stool is made to pass into the external bags.
Cervical Cancer survival rates:
The five year survival rate is the percentage of women who survive at least for five years after
detection of cancer. The cervical cancer survival rates for all stages are about 68%. If the cervical
cancer is detected at an early stage, then the five–year survival rate is nearly

Breast cancer is a type of cancer originates from breast...
Breast cancer is a type of cancer originates from breast tissue, generally from the inner lining of
milk ducts or the lobules that supply the ducts with milk. Cancers originating from lobules are
known as lobular carcinomas whereas from ducts are called ductal carcinomas. (Ref: Breast Cancer,
National Cancer Institute) Invasive breast cancer is breast cancer that has spread from the point of
origin in the breast ducts/lobules to the surrounding normal tissue cells. In exceptional cases, breast
cancer can start in at other sites in breast. Breast cancer occurs in both women and men, though
male breast cancer is uncommon.
Many breast cancers are sensitive to the hormone estrogen. Thus estrogen leads to development of
breast cancer tumor ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the past, female patients with HER2–positive breast cancer had a more violent disease. They had
a higher risk that the disease will recur as compared to the women who didn't have this type. This
may be changing with distinctively targeted treatments against HER2.
Breast Cancer Stages: Once the patient has been determined to have a malignant tumor or is gone
through the diagnosis of breast cancer, the healthcare professionals will categorize it in staging
method to communicate how far the ailment has progressed.
1) STAGE 0 :
At stage 0 no obvious symptoms of breast cancer are observed. It is the early stage i.e non–invasive
breast cancer, this is termed as Ductal Carcinoma in Situ. (DCIS). The tumor cells though have
originated but at this early stage no sign of active cancerous cells originating or spreading around
the site of origin in the breast are observed. The cancer detected at this stage doesn't require
chemotherapy or radiation treatment instead lumpectomy is helpful.
2) STAGE 1:
At Stage 1 the break through of cancerous cells start and they invade the surrounding normal
functioning cells in the breast, where they originated. This is the invasive breast cancer. Stage 1 is
further divided into 1A and 1B substages.
Stage 1A: is the invasive form of breast cancer in which a 2 centimeter tumor lump is formed. The
cancerous cells yet not spread around and the invasion of normal cells by tumor is nil. This

Exemplification Essay: Two Different Types Of Carcinomas
At this point in time, 1951, cell cultures were unable to sustain life when taken to the lab. George
Gey's goals was to be the first scientist to be able to grow live human cells outside of the human
body which up until HeLa, was never done before. Also, in this time era, racism was still a big issue
that limited the hospitals Henrietta was able to go to. Who knows what would've happened if she
didn't go to John Hopkins Hospital and they didn't take her cells. From Henrietta's biopsy she was
diagnosed with cervical cancer. With that I learned that there were two different types of cervical
carcinomas; invasive and non–invasive. Henrietta had non–invasive which they also called
carcinoma in situ because the cancer was in its original place. This type had been possible to
diagnose for only 10 years. Before Henrietta's diagnosis he had began a study to prove carcinoma in
situ was just as dangerous as invasive carcinoma. When Henrietta's cells were taken to the lab, Mary
Kubicek didn't thing anything of it because all previous cells had died over and over again.
However, soon after the cells were growing with " mythological ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
I was kind of surprised with the reaction she got from Pattillo with him being super hesitant and not
really wanting anything to do with the production of the book. However, Deborah was different and
gave a lot of random information that Skloot could piece together later on. With the second phone
call she was informed that Deborah was instructed not to provide any more information that could
help Skloot. I then realized that the Lack's family sat in the cold with the HeLa cells and never got
any recognition. Another thing, with Hela being very important in the science industry many people
had already tried to get in contact with the family but, with the wrong intentions. Skloot's intentions
were pure however, there was no way they coulee known

Malignant Neoplastic Disease
Breast genus Malignant neoplastic disease is a disease in which prison cell in the boob grow out of
control. There are different variety of tit Cancer the Crab the Crab . The kind of white meat cancer
depends on which cell in the titty turn into cancer. Breast cancer can begin in different piece of the
chest . A titty is made up of three briny function : lobule , epithelial duct , and conjunction tissue
paper paper . The lobule are the glands that green goods Milk . The canal are vacuum tube that carry
milk to the nipple . The connexion tissue (which consists of fibrous and fatty tissue) surrounds and
holds everything together. Most breast cancers begin in the epithelial duct or lobules. Breast cancer
can banquet ing head outside the breast

Breast Cancer Research Paper

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Breast Cancer Research Paper