An introduction to Solid Waste Management, briefing about case studies and also solutions for better waste management in Erbil, Kurdistan.

1. WASTE MANAGEMENT
OF ERBIL REGION
Towards sustainable
Ishik University
Faculty of Engineering
Architecture Department
Sustainable Architecture
Prepared by :
Elaf Haydar Rahma M.Rafih
Gashtiyar Muhammed Ahmad Zakariya
Isra Shorsh Payam Nawzad
Presented to:
Asst Prof. Dr. Hassan Hasoon

2. Content:
• Introduction to waste management.
• Types of solid waste.
• Solid waste.
• Effects of solid waste.
• Waste management concept.
• International samples that manage waste sustainably.
• What are the ways of managing waste sustainably?
• Waste management in Erbil.
• Problems with Erbil waste management technique.
• Suggested solutions for waste management in Erbil.
• Future plans for waste management.

3. -It is defined as ;
Waste (known as rubbish, trash, refuse, garbage, junk) is
anything your business intends to discard, or handles or produces.
and is not wanted or required.
OR
Any materials unused and
rejected as a worthless or unwanted.
WASTE:

4. TYPES OF WASTE
• Solid waste.
• Liquid waste.
• Gaseous waste.
• Chemical waste.
• Commercial waste.
• Biomedical waste.
• Compost waste.
Solid waste
Liquid waste
Gaseous waste
ompostwaste
Chemical waste
Biomedical waste
Compost waste

5. SOLID WASTE: is non liquid, non-soluble
materials ranging from municipal garbage
to industrial wastes.
LIQUID WASTE: includes any liquid material
GASEUOS WASTE: any harmful
and hazardous gases which are
produced by the factories and trash.

6. CHEMICAL WASTE: is a waste that is
Made from harmful chemicals mostly
Produced by large factories.
BIOMEDICAL WASTE: is a waste that is potentially
infectious it usually appears to be of medical or
laboratory origin.
COMPACT WASTE: it is a process in which organic
matter of solid waste is decomposed and
converted to humus and mineral
compounds which are used in other sectors
such as agriculture.

7. SOLID WASTE INCLUDE :
• Rubbish
• Garbage
• Demolition products
• Sewage treatment residue
• Dead animals
• Manure and other discarded material.

8. EFFECT OF SOLID WASTE
A:
Health hazard
• If solid waste are not collected and allowed to accumulate ,
they may create unsanitary conditions.
• This may lead to epidemic outbreaks .
• Many diseases like cholera, Diarrhea, dysentery, plague,
jaundice, or gastro-intestinal diseases may spread and cause
loss of human lives.
• In addition improper handling of the solid wastes ,a health h
azard for the workers who come in direct contact with the
waste.

9. B:
Environmental impact
• If the solid wastes are not treated properly decomposition
and putrefaction ( decay) may take place .
• The organic solid waste during decomposition may generate
obnoxious (intolerable odor).

10. WASTE MANAGEMENT CONCEPT
The 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) to be
followed for waste management.

11. INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDIES OF MANAGING
WASTE SUSTAINABLY:
1- Sweden:
In 2016 Sweden was the most sustainable country in the whole world, a
nd that was accomplished by making use of their wastes and also the te
chniques that are used to make use of the waste to generate energy.

12. HOW SWEDEN MANAGE THE WASTE ?
1- Sorting:
They get the sorted-out materials from households and industrial
factories and the sorted-out material are Metal Glass Food stuff.
2-collecting:
They collected sorted-out materials from households
And industrial factories.

13. 3-importing sorted waste:
The Sweden government get import sorted-out material from
other Europe countries specially from UK.
:4-Inceiration
The first step they take the sorted out useless materials with
crane with a huge claw and they take it into the combustion
chamber and they burn it and it produces a heat picture of that

14. and above the combustion chamber there is piles filled with water
and it heats the water, the water produces steam and the steam is
used to turn a large turban to produce energy(electricity).

15. 2 - Japan:
The transfer station Method commonly Adopted in Japan is th c
ompactor Container transfer station shown below.

16. -Garbage collected by small garbage trucks is dropped in a hop
per , compressed in containers and reloaded onto large trucks.
In this transfer station , garbage collected by three 2-ton trucks
can be compressed in one container.
The containers is then transported to a disposal site or incinera
tion plant on a large container truck.
2 - Japan:

17. in many Asian countries they use small collection trucks because of
narrow roads. Many of the roads in Japan, too, are narrow, and 1t to 2t
compact garbage collection trucks were developed with reduced body
weight in order to increase load capacity.
2- Japan:

18. History of Garbage Collection Trucks in Japan

19. Advanced
Waste
Incineration
Facility:

20. Examples of some of the incineration plants delivered
by Japanese enterprises
Japan is a leader in the constructio
n and management of incinerators,
realizing incineration treatment of
waste with its world-class standard
of technology to dispose of from
low-calorie to high-calorie garbage.

21. WASTE LANDFILL TECHNOLOGY AND SYSTEM :

22. WASTE LANDFILL TECHNOLOGY AND SYSTEM :

23. WHAT ARE THE WAYS OF MANAGING
WASTE SUSTAINABILITY ?
1-DUMPING:
is a site for the disposal of waste
materials by burial and it is the ol
dest form of waste treatment.

24. • Low lying areas.
• Usually it is illegal.
• Mainly for dry refuses.
• Unsanitary method:
-Exposed to flies and rodents.
- Nuisance.
- Dispersed by wind.
- pollution of surface water.
WHAT ARE THE SPECIFICATION OF A DUMP
SIDE ?

25. 2- LANDFILL:
the ideal landfill is
one which is confined
to a small area and is
covered with layers of
soil, it is also required
to have a liner at the
bottom of the pit to
prevent leachate or
the liquid from solid
waste to seep through
and contaminate the
water supply.
WHAT ARE THE WAYS OF MANAGING
WASTE SUSTAINABLY ?

26. • must have ground water
testing
• leachate treatment syst
em
• it must be covered by
soil everyday so that it
cannot invite pests and
other animals and emit
unpleasant odors in the
air.
• once a landfill is filled a
new one is created
WHAT ARE THE SPECIFICATION OF
A LANDFILL ?

27. 3- INCINERATION :
Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of organic
substances contained in waste materials. Incineration and other high-temperature
waste treatment systems are described as "thermal treatment". Incineration of wast
e materials converts the waste into ash, flue gas, and heat. The ash is mostly form
ed by the inorganic constituents of the waste, and may take the form of solid lumps
or particulates carried by the flue gas.
The flue gases must be cleaned of
gaseous and particulate pollutants
before they
are dispersed into the atmosphere
In some cases, the heat generated
by incineration can be used to
generate electric power
WHAT ARE THE WAYS OF MANAGING
WASTE SUSTAINABLY ?

28. WHAT ARE THE SPECIFICATION
OF INCINIRATION ?
• it is a disposal method in which solid organic wastes are subjected to
combustion so as to convert them into residue and gaseous products
• This process reduces the volumes of solid waste to 20-30 of the original volume
• Where land is not available

29. WASTE MANAGEMENT IN ERBIL :
The amount of waste in Erbil is 2000 Ton/day which makes in one year a
bout 730,000 Tons, and they are produced by the residential parts and th
e commercials of the city and the other infra-structure buildings.

30. At the public sector the waste management is done as the
following: In the residential parts the waste that is un-sorted is
collected twice per week from the trash bins in-front of the houses,
and its different from part to part in Erbil for example in some areas
of Erbil the trash is behaved with in a very civilized way but in other
parts the trash is behaved very randomly.
WASTE MANAGEMENT IN ERBIL :
In the commercial and the
infra-structure parts the
waste is collected everyday
and they are not sorted too
and stored in large
containers.

31. At the private sector the waste management is done as the following:
in most of the residential parts there are waste shafts in the buildings
that collect the waste from all the building and transport it to large
containers but due to not having the needed awareness of the waste
producers they are not in function.
So, as a replacement the collection of the produced waste is done by
workers which start collecting in 8:00am every day then the waste is load
ed into large garbage trucks then they are transported to the dumping
sites, it is a notable mention that some of the private sector companies
collect the liquid waste – grey water - as well and more importantly they
make use of it for the green area irrigation after filtering it and this
technique is totally underestimated
by the public sector – the government.
WASTE MANAGEMENT IN ERBIL :

32. WASTE MANAGEMENT IN ERBIL :
At the private sector such as EMPIRE:

33. 1-collecting: is done by garbage vehicles all over Erbil.
There are 7 collecting companies in Erbil city divided by
6 municipalities of Erbil:
1- The Ministry of Municipal sector one: Glass Stuttgart company.
2- The Ministry of Municipal sector two: Qadar Company.
3- The Ministry of Municipal sector three: Baghi prgul company.
4- The Ministry of Municipal sector four: Artush Company.
5- The Ministry of Municipal sector five : Zug company.
6- The Ministry of Municipal sector six: Nrkh company and hot clean company.
Steps that are taken in Erbil for managing the
waste are:

34. 2-transporting: the methods that are used to transport the waste is
different depending on the company, some companies use the garbage
trucks that collect the waste to transport it to the intended site however
some companies prefer to discharge the collected waste from the small
trucks to larger ones then transport it to the intended site to lower the c
ost of the transportation.

35. 3- Dumping: the trucks reach the intended site which is
kani qrzhala on mosul road, a site manager shows the exact location
that the waste must be discharged at in order to make the most out
of the area that is specified for the waste disposal.
4-covering: large bulldozers then cover the discharged waste.
5- chemical prevention: a team of chemical experts then start to
splatter a chemical compound on the dumping site to prevent the
existence of any harmful insects or animals.
3
4
5

36. Problems with Erbil waste management
technique:
1- too much waste is produced in Erbil
every day; it almost reaches 2000 tons
each day.
2- the disposed waste is not sorted by the
producers.
3- the waste disposal technique that is
used by the producers is not efficient.
4- the collection of the waste by the
garbage trucks is not sustainable due to
not using sufficient manners and efficient
vehicles.
5- the transportation of the waste to the
intended site is not efficient due to the
extra cost and the waste that is wasted.

37. 6- the used technique to discharge the waste is neither
sustainable nor healthy.
7- the liquid waste is not handled in a proper way or not
handled at all by the government which makes huge problems
for the sustainability and the health of Erbil city.

38. Suggested solutions for
Waste management in Erbil:
1- An awareness of Reduce, Reuse and Recycle should be spreaded
on a large scale to minimize the amount of waste produced.
2- A sorting and disposing technique must be used from the waste
producers to allow the material to be recycled by the government.
3- Setting new plans by the government to make the waste collectio
n and transportation process more sustainable and efficient in order
to minimize the amount of
wasted resources.

39. 4- Making new projects to
dispose the produced waste
more sustainably and trying to
make use of the waste by
recycling the materials.
5- New techniques must be used
to handle the liquid waste for
example using filtering
techniques in order to make use
of it in other sectors such as in a
griculture sector.

40. Future plans for waste management
Planning part:
1. Assumptions for planning.
2. Determination of objectives, e.g.:
a) waste streams
b) waste sources
c) waste management options
3. Plan of action, including measures for achieving objectives
a) collection systems
b) waste management facilities
c) responsibilities
d) economy and financing

41. Future plans for waste management
4. Simple internet site
5. Poster contests and exhibitions
6. Workforce courtesy training
7. House-to-house visits by (voluntary) awareness workers.
8. Neighborhood committees for information and awareness
building regarding public health, environment and waste.

42. Low-cost tools for public awareness:
1. Mass-education activities such as:
• articles in newspapers.
• news releases.
• speeches.
• public service announcements.
2. Guest lectures at:
• schools.
• universities.
• clubs.
• guest appearances of municipal staff in radio programs.
• interest groups / NGOs.
• public events.

43. Waste emphasizes the development of measures:
such as:
• promotion of clean technologies and products.
• reduction of the hazardousness of wastes.
• establishment of technical standards and possibly EC-wide rules to
limit the presence of certain dangerous substances in products.
• promotion of reuse and recycling schemes.
• appropriate use of economic instruments.
• eco-balances.
• eco-audit schemes.
• life-cycle analysis.

44. Local and/or regional waste management
system :
When a local or regional waste management plan is to be
prepared, it is relevant to include a detailed description of the
waste management system in place. A description of the local
system for municipal waste may include the following
examples, as a minimum:
• Collection equipment
(bins, vehicles)
• Transportation schemes
• (transport logistics,
location of treatment plants)

45. • Transfer/sorting facilities
• Types of treatment plants (e.g. landfills, incineration plants)
• Recycling activities - both run by authorities and private
• organizations (e.g. the Red Cross)
• Payment schemes
• Regulation
(national as well as local)

46. The waste hierarchy
Landfill
Landfill is the oldest form of waste treat
ment and the least desirable option
because of the many potential adverse
impacts it can have. The most serious of
these is the production and release into
the air of methane, a powerful
greenhouse gas 25 times more potent
than carbon dioxide. Methane can build
up in the landfill mass and cause
explosions.

47. Landfill facts:
The airtight conditions of landfill sites mean that materials,
in particular biodegradable waste, cannot decompose fully and, in
the absence of oxygen, give off methane, a dangerous greenhouse
gas the methane produced by an average municipal landfill site, if
converted to energy, could provide electricity to approximately
20,000 households for a year.
An average municipal landfill site can produce up to 150 m³ of leach
ate a day, which equates to the amount of fresh water that an avera
ge household consumes in a year.
It is estimated that the materials sent to landfill could have an
annual commercial value of around €5.25 billion.

48. Energy recovery
Modern waste incineration plants can be used to
produce electricity, steam and heating for buildings.
Waste can also be used as fuel in certain industrial
processes.

49. Getting the best out of bio-waste:
Bio-waste (garden, kitchen and food waste) accounts for about onethird
of the waste we throw away at home . However, bio-waste holds conside
rable Promise as a renewable source of energy and recycled compost.
Energy recovered in the form of bio-gas or thermal energy can help in
the fight against climate change.
According to estimates, about one-third of the EU’s 2020 target for
renewable energy in transport could be met by using bio-gas produced
from bio-waste, while around 2% of the EU’s overall renewable energy
target could be met if all bio-waste was turned into energy.
Compost made from bio-waste can also improve the quality of our
soils, replacing non-renewable fertilizers.

50. Recycling:
Much of the waste we throw away can be recycled. Recycling reduces the
amount of waste that ends up in landfill sites, while cutting down on the
amount of material needed from the natural environment.
This is important because Europe is dependent on imports of scarce raw
materials, and recycling provides EU industries with essential supplies
recovered from waste such as paper, glass, plastic and metals,
as well as precious metals from used electronic appliances.
EU waste policy aims to ensure that waste is
used wherever possible as raw material to make new
products.
Recycling also saves energy: recycling an
aluminum can, for example, saves around 95% of the
energy needed to make a new one from raw material.

51. Resources:
Municipality Information Resources:
 Salm Nafeh Shahab / Director of Environment Conservation Department.
Erbil / Kurdistan Municipality.
Internet Information Resources:
 http://rudaw.net/english/onair/tv/episodes/episode/madeinkurdistan20042015
muh
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfill_gas_utilization
 http://epi.yale.edu/country-rankings
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPz5bJa9eOI
 https://sweden.se/nature/the-swedish-recycling-revolution/
 http://info.esg.adec-innovations.com/blog/how-sweden-became-the-worlds-mo
st-sustainable-country-top-5-reasons
 http://www.robecosam.com/images/Country_Ranking_Update_May_2016.pdf