wireless sensor network

1. CSE 622 Advanced Computer Networks
0
Surveying Cross-Layer Protocols in WSNs
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering

2. • Introduction to WSNs
• WSN Topology
• Design Factors
• Protocol Stack of WSNs
• Cross-Layer Protocols in WSNs
• Classification of Cross-Layer Designs
• EDAS
• DGR
• MLRR
• GRASS
• CEDA
Agenda
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
126-Apr-18

3. • Introduction to WSNs
• WSN Topology
• Design Factors
• Protocol Stack of WSNs
• Cross-Layer Protocols in WSNs
• Classification of Cross-Layer Designs
• EDAS
• BGR
• MLRR
• GRASS
• CEDA
Agenda
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
226-Apr-18

4. • The need for wireless sensors networks.
• Why cannot we use normal Ad-hoc networks?
• Sensor nodes are deployed densely, which makes them
hard to have a unique global identification especially
with the overhead that a packet would have.
• Sensor nodes are prone to failures so the network must
find a way to maintain its availability.
• Sensor nodes are typically very small, in the range of 1
cm3, which results in a very frequent topology change.
Introduction to WSNs
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
326-Apr-18

5. • Introduction to WSNs
• WSN Topology
• Design Factors
• Protocol Stack of WSNs
• Cross-Layer Protocols in WSNs
• Classification of Cross-Layer Designs
• EDAS
• DGR
• MLRR
• GRASS
• CEDA
Agenda
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
426-Apr-18

6. • Densely distributed sensor nodes.
• One or more sink nodes.
WSN Topology
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
526-Apr-18

7. • Introduction to WSNs
• WSN Topology 
• Design Factors
• Protocol Stack of WSNs
• Cross-Layer Protocols in WSNs
• Classification of Cross-Layer Designs
• EDAS
• DGR
• MLRR
• GRASS
• CEDA
Agenda
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
626-Apr-18

8. • Fault Tolerance: Sensors in WSNs are prone to
failures due to the environment conditions or
energy limitation so the network should keep the
functionality intact even after losing some of the
nodes.
• Scalability: The network should accommodate the
addition of extra nodes in case of expanding the
network or replacing the faulty nodes.
Design Factors
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
726-Apr-18

9. • Production Costs: Sensors in WSNs are deployed
densely, prone to damage, and left unattended with
low possibility of maintenance so it has to be cheap,
which will be, typically, in the order of 1$.
• Power Consumption: Nodes must conserve their energy
while maintaining the minimum requirements of the
network.
That energy is driven from a small battery that would fit
with such small node.
With the possibility of no energy harvesting, power
consumption becomes one of the most critical points in
a protocol.
Design Factors Cont.
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
826-Apr-18

10. • Hardware Constraints: WSN nodes are mainly composed of four mandatory components and can
have multiple attached peripherals.
• The main components are:
• Sensing unit, which is composed of the sensor unit and an ADC.
• A processing unit to process the data.
• A transceiver unit for communication.
• A power unit.
• These sub units may be needed to fit in a matchbox-sized module and sometimes smaller than a
cubic centimetre to stay suspended in air.
Design Factors Cont.
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
926-Apr-18

11. • Introduction to WSNs 
• WSN Topology 
• Design Factors 
• Protocol Stack of WSNs
• Cross-Layer Protocols in WSNs
• Classification of Cross-Layer Designs
• EDAS
• DGR
• MLRR
• GRASS
• CEDA
Agenda
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
1026-Apr-18

12. Protocol Stack of WSNs
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
1126-Apr-18

13. • Physical layer:
• Responsible for frequency selection, carrier frequency generation, signal detection,
modulation, and data encryption.
• Data link layer:
• Responsible for the multiplexing of data streams, data frame detection, medium access, and
error control.
• MAC:
• Establish communication links for data transfer.
• Fairly and efficiently share communication resources between sensor nodes.
• Error Control:
• ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request) is limited by the additional retransmission
energy cost and overhead.
• FEC (Forward Error Correction): The decoding complexity is greater so that
additional processing power is needed.
Protocol Stack of WSNs Cont.
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
1226-Apr-18

14. • Network layer:
• Special multi-hop wireless routing protocols between the sensor nodes and the sink node are needed.
• Power efficiency is always an important consideration.
• Sensor networks are mostly data-centric.
• Flooding: Each node receives data, repeats it by broadcasting unless a maximum number of hops for the
packet is reached.
• Provide internetworking with external networks such as other sensor networks, command and control
systems, and the Internet.
• Transport layer:
• This layer is especially needed when the system is planned to be accessed through the Internet or other
external networks.
• Unlike protocols such as TCP, the end-to-end communication schemes in sensor networks are not based on
global addressing. These schemes must consider that addressing based on data or location is used to
indicate the destinations of the data packets.
• Transport layer protocols are required for two main functionalities: reliability and congestion control.
• Factors such as power consumption and scalability and characteristics like data-centric routing, mean
sensor networks need different handling in the transport layer.
Protocol Stack of WSNs Cont.
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
1326-Apr-18

15. • Application layer:
• Responsible for traffic management and provide software for different applications that translate the data in an
understandable form or send queries to obtain certain information.
• Three possible application layer protocols: Sensor Management Protocol (SMP), Task Assignment and Data Advertisement
Protocol (TADAP), and Sensor Query and Data Dissemination Protocol (SQDDP).
• SMP (Sensor Management Protocol):
• Management protocol that provides the software operations needed to perform the following administrative tasks:
• Introducing the rules related to data aggregation, attribute-based naming, and clustering to the sensor nodes.
• Exchanging data related to the location finding algorithms.
• Time synchronization of the sensor nodes.
• Moving sensor nodes.
• Turning sensor nodes on and off.
• Querying the sensor network configuration and the status of nodes and reconfiguring the sensor network.
• Authentication, key distribution, and security in data communications.
Protocol Stack of WSNs Cont.
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
1426-Apr-18

16. • Power management plane:
• Manages how a sensor node uses its power.
• For example, the sensor node may turn off its receiver after receiving a message from one of
its neighbours. This is to avoid getting duplicated messages.
• Also, when the power level of the sensor node is low, the sensor node broadcasts to its
neighbours that it is low in power and cannot participate in routing messages. The
remaining power is reserved for sensing.
• Mobility management plane:
• Detects and registers the movement of sensor nodes so the sensor nodes can keep track of
who their neighbour sensor nodes are.
• By knowing who the neighbour sensor nodes are, the sensor nodes can balance their power
and task usage.
• Task management plane:
• Balances and schedules the sensing tasks given to a specific region.
• Not all sensor nodes in that region are required to perform at the same time.
Protocol Stack of WSNs Cont.
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
1526-Apr-18

17. • Introduction to WSNs 
• WSN Topology 
• Design Factors 
• Protocol Stack of WSNs 
• Cross-Layer Protocols in WSNs
• Classification of Cross-Layer Designs
• EDAS
• DGR
• MLRR
• GRASS
• CEDA
Agenda
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
1626-Apr-18

18. • The non-adjacent layers can interact with each other to share the information in
order to enhance the performance of the network.
• For example, the application layer can interact with the MAC layer to share the
QoS requirements to allow and help the MAC layer to achieve better scheduling.
• On the other hand, the physical layer can send the Channel Status Information
(CSI) to the network layer so it can adjust its routing paths to avoid the paths that
are not in a good state.
Cross-Layer Protocols in WSNs
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
1726-Apr-18

19. • Introduction to WSNs 
• WSN Topology 
• Design Factors 
• Protocol Stack of WSNs 
• Cross-Layer Protocols in WSNs
• Classification of Cross-Layer Designs
• EDAS
• DGR
• MLRR
• GRASS
• CEDA
Agenda
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
1826-Apr-18

20. • Non-Manager Method.
• Manager Method.
Classifications of Cross-Layer Designs
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
1926-Apr-18

21. • Introduction to WSNs 
• WSN Topology 
• Design Factors 
• Protocol Stack of WSNs 
• Cross-Layer Protocols in WSNs
• Classification of Cross-Layer Designs 
• EDAS
• DGR
• MLRR
• GRASS
• CEDA
Agenda
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
2026-Apr-18

22. • The Energy Diffserv Application-Aware Scheduling (EDAS) algorithm has been
proposed to allow the MAC layer to take the energy efficiency, QoS
requirements, and fairness into consideration to increase the quality of the
received videos.
• It includes some mechanisms to achieve that goal:
• For example, the admission control mechanism is used to provide the
needed QoS to all video flows.
• It also includes channel time partition mechanism, an application-aware
dynamic channel time allocation algorithm, and it provides energy-
differentiated service to the devices based on the energy levels that they
have.
• The experimental results showed that this technique has reached 30% reduction
in energy consumption by compressing the videos with low quality.
EDAS
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
2126-Apr-18

23. • Introduction to WSNs 
• WSN Topology 
• Design Factors 
• Protocol Stack of WSNs 
• Cross-Layer Protocols in WSNs
• Classification of Cross-Layer Designs 
• EDAS 
• DGR
• MLRR
• GRASS
• CEDA
Agenda
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
2226-Apr-18

24. • The application layer in the Directional Geographical
Routing (DGR) relies on the information from the lower
layers in order to construct multiple paths, instead of
using single route, to transmit parallel H.26L real-time
video streams.
• This will help to achieve better load balancing,
bandwidth utilization, and fast packet delivery, which
will help in achieving lower delays, longer network
lifetime, and better video quality.
• The experimental results showed that this technique
has improved the average video Peak Signal-to-Noise
Ratio (PSNR) by 3 dB.
DGR
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
2326-Apr-18

25. • Introduction to WSNs 
• WSN Topology 
• Design Factors 
• Protocol Stack of WSNs 
• Cross-Layer Protocols in WSNs
• Classification of Cross-Layer Designs 
• EDAS 
• BGR 
• MLRR
• GRASS
• CEDA
Agenda
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
2426-Apr-18

26. • The application layer in the Multi-Level Rate Routing (MLPR) relies on
the information from lower layers (e.g., the distance between the sensor
nodes) to reduce the number of the transmitted bits by each node.
• The reason is that the nodes close to each other, probably, will measure
values similar to each other so it is not needed to send the whole sensed
data by each node.
• However, the Data Source Coding (DSC) algorithm is used to encode the
data by the application layer before sending so the number of the
transmitted bits will be less and the bandwidth will be utilized in a better
way.
• After that, it will be the responsibility of the sink node to combine the
received data from different sensor nodes to construct the original
sensed value again.
MLRR
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
2526-Apr-18

27. • Introduction to WSNs 
• WSN Topology 
• Design Factors 
• Protocol Stack of WSNs 
• Cross-Layer Protocols in WSNs
• Classification of Cross-Layer Designs 
• EDAS 
• BGR 
• MLRR 
• GRASS
• CEDA
Agenda
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
2626-Apr-18

28. • The functionality of the network layer in the Grid-based
Routing and Aggregator Selection Scheme (GRASS) has been
extended to include the aggregation capability, where the
cluster heads will aggregate the data coming from the sensor
nodes.
• Also, the cluster heads will, based on some algorithms, try to
find the minimum number of the aggregation points that the
packets need to travel before reaching their destinations at
the sink to maximize the lifetime of the network and
minimize the latency.
• The experimental results showed that the lifetime of the
network has been increased by 35% when using that
approach.
GRASS
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
2726-Apr-18

29. • Introduction to WSNs 
• WSN Topology 
• Design Factors 
• Protocol Stack of WSNs 
• Cross-Layer Protocols in WSNs
• Classification of Cross-Layer Designs 
• EDAS 
• BGR 
• MLRR 
• GRASS 
• CEDA
Agenda
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
2826-Apr-18

30. • The network layer in the Cell-based Energy Density-
aware (CEDA) relies on one of the Channel Status
Information (CSI) parameters from the lower layers,
which is the energy level by adding it as a variable
in the routing tables.
• This parameter will serve as a weighting factor
when routing the data to avoid using the paths that
contains nodes with less remaining energy.
CEDA
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
2926-Apr-18

31. • Introduction to WSNs 
• WSN Topology 
• Design Factors 
• Protocol Stack of WSNs 
• Cross-Layer Protocols in WSNs 
• Classification of Cross-Layer Designs 
• EDAS 
• BGR 
• MLRR 
• GRASS 
• CEDA 
Agenda
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
3026-Apr-18

32. CSE 622 Advanced Computer Networks
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
3126-Apr-18