The document discusses the subjunctive mood in English grammar. It defines the subjunctive mood and covers its uses including: - Synthetic verb forms of the present, past and perfect subjunctive - Analytical forms using "should", "would", "may" and "might" plus infinitives - Uses in simple sentences, conditional clauses, subject/predicate clauses and more - Differences between British and American usage of the subjunctive forms

1. The Subjunctive Mood V.Rapa, M.Upmale ENGLISH NORMATIVE GRAMMAR IV Riga 2008

2. The Subjunctive Mood Moods in the English Language the Indicative Mood the Imperative Mood the Subjunctive Mood The Use of the Subjunctive Mood in Simple Sentences Verb Forms in the Subjunctive Mood The Synthetic Forms the Present Subjunctive the Past Subjunctive the Perfect Subjunctive The Use of the Synthetic Forms The Analytical Forms should/would + the Infinitive (simple, continuous, perfect, perfect continuous) may/might + the Infinitive (simple, continuous, perfect, perfect continuous) The Use of the Analytical Forms Definition

3. Definition Mood is a grammatical category which indicates the attitude of the speaker towards the action expressed by the verb from the point of view of its reality.

4. Moods in the English Language the Indicative Mood - I do a lot of travelling, you know. the Imperative Mood - Please, help me! the Subjunctive Mood - Oh, if I were free now!

5. Verb Forms in the Subjunctive Mood The Synthetic Forms the Present Subjunctive - be, come, work the Past Subjunctive - were (was), came, worked the Perfect Subjunctive - had been, had come, had been written The Analytical Forms should would + the Infinitive may might should go, may help, may be playing, would have done, might have asked etc.

6. Simple Sentences Set expressions Be it so! To express an unreal wish If I were free now! To express a wish May you be happy! In oaths and imprecations Manners be hanged!

7. Unreal Conditional Clauses Type I If I were you, I would (should) do it. Type II If I had known it, I would (should) have warned you. Type III If I read much, I would (should) have read this novel by John Fowles. Type IV If I had read it last week, I would (should) speak about it tomorrow.

8. If I had been free last Sunday, I (should) would have gone to the seaside. The Principal Clause should (1 st pers.), would + the Perfect/the Perfect Continuous Infinitive The Subordinate Clause  the Perfect Subjunctive Type II the action in both parts refers to the past If I were free now, I (should) would go to the seaside. The Principal Clause should (1 st pers.), would + the Simple/the Continuous Infinitive The Subordinate Clause  the Past Subjunctive Type I the action in both parts refers to the present or future

9. MIXED TYPES If Tim had read the novel last week, he would participate in the discussion today. The Principal Clause (should), would + the Simple/the Continuous Infinitive The Subordinate Clause  the Perfect Subjunctive Type IV the action in the subordinate clause refers to the past and in the principal clause – to the present/future If Tim read much, he would have read “ The Ebony Tower”. The Principal Clause (should), would + the Perfect/ the Perfect Continuous Infinitive The Subordinate Clause  the Past Subjunctive Type III the action in the subordinate clause refers to no particular time and in the principal clause – to the past

10. Unreal Conditional Clauses Modal Cases The meaning of the subordinate clause is If it happened so… . The meaning of the subordinate clause is If you would be so kind… . The subordinate clause can be substituted by But for… .

11. If you would help me, I should/would treat you to a cup of tea. The Principal Clause  should (1 st pers.) / would + the Infinitive The Subordinate Clause  would + the Infinitive 2. The meaning of the subordinate clause is If you would be so kind… If you should meet him, tell him the news. If I should get the book, I shall / will buy a copy for you. If I should miss the train, I should / would go by bus. Should I miss the train, I should / would go by bus. If I were to get tickets to the show, I should / would buy one for you. The Principal Clause: the predicate–verb in the Imperative Mood the predicate–verb in the Indicative Mood the predicate–verb in the Subjunctive Mood The Subordinate Clause should + the Infinitive were to + the Infinitive 1. The meaning of the subordinate clause is If it happened so…

12. If it weren’t for Vivian, the conference wouldn’t be going ahead. Were it not for Vivian, the conference wouldn’t be going ahead. If it hadn’t been for my parents, I would never have gone to university. Had it not been for my parents, I would never have gone to university.. The Principal Clause: would (should) + the Infinitive would (should) + the Infinitive The Subordinate Clause  were (a simultaneous action)  had been (a prior action) 3. The subordinate clause can be substituted by the phrase But for…

13. The Use of the Synthetic Forms The Predicative Clause After the link verbs the Past Subj. (a sim. action) the Perfect Subj. (a prior action) The Subject/Attributive Clause It is time…  the Past Subj. The Adverbial Clause of Comparison After any verb (except the link verbs  the Past Subj. (a sim. action)  the Perfect Subj. (a prior action) The Object Clause After the verb wish  the Past Subj. (a sim. action)  the Perfect Subj. (a prior action)

14. He speaks English as if it were his native language. (a sim. action) He speaks English as if he had studied in Oxford. (a prior action) The Subordinate Clause begins with as if / as though + the Past Subjunctive (a sim. action) + the Perfect Subjunctive (a prior action) The Principal Clause contains any verb in the Indicative Mood The Adverbial Clause of Comparison He looks as if he were ill. (a simultaneous action) He looks as if he had been ill. (a prior action) The Subordinate Clause begins with as if / as though + the Past Subjunctive (a sim. action) + the Perfect Subjunctive (a prior action) The Principal Clause contains one of the link verbs, i.e. be, seem, look, appear, feel , etc . The Predicative Clause

15. I wish I were free. (a sim. action) I wish I hadn’t met her. (a prior action) I wish they would go to London next spring. (2 doers: I and they ; the action refers to the future: next spring ) The Subordinate Clause begins with the conjunction that (it may be omitted) + the Past Subjunctive (a sim. action) + the Perfect Subjunctive (a prior action) NB If the action refers to the present/future and there are 2 different doers: + would + the Simple / Continuous Infinitive The Principal Clause contains the verb wish The Object Clause after the Verb wish It is high time we went home. The Subordinate Clause begins with the conjunction that (it may be omitted) + the Past Subjunctive only The Principal Clause is as follows: It is (high) time… It is about time… The Subject / Attributive Clause

16. The Use of the Analytical Forms should / may / might + the Infinitive (in Br.E.) the Present Subjunctive (in Am.E.) the Subject Clause the Predicative Clause the Attributive / Appositive Clause the Object Clause ( I suggest... ) should + the Infinitive (in Br.E.) the Present Subjunctive (in Am.E.) may/might + the Infinitive the Adverbial Clause of Purpose the Object Clause after the verbs denoting fear may / might + the Infinitive the Adverbial Clause of Time the Adverbial Clause of Place the Adverbial Clause of Concession

17. should + the Infinitive (in Br.E.) the Present Subjunctive (in Am.E.) The Subject Clause It is suggested… The Attribute / Appositive Clause My suggestion that… is… The Predicative Clause My suggestion is… The Object Clause I suggest (that)…

18. My suggestion is that you should read this article. (Br.E.) My suggestion is that you read this article. (Am.E.) The Subordinate Clause begins with the conjunction that + should + the Infinitive (in Br.E.) + the Present Subjunctive (in Am.E.) The Principal Clause begins with the phrase: My suggestion / request / proposal etc . is… The Predicative Clause It is suggested that you should read this article. (Br.E.) It is suggested that you read this article. (Am.E.) The Subordinate Clause begins with the conjunction that + should + the Infinitive (in Br.E.) + the Present Subjunctive (in Am.E.) The Principal Clause begins with the phrase: It is suggested / necessary / requested / important etc . The Subject Clause

19. I suggest that Tom should read this article . (Br.E.) I suggest that Tom read this article . (Am.E.) The Subordinate Clause begins with the conjunction that + should + the Infinitive (in Br.E.) + the Present Subjunctive (in Am.E.) The Principal Clause contains the following predicate – verbs: suggest / propose / demand / request etc . The Object Clause My suggestion that Tom should read this article was not accepted. (Br.E.) My suggestion that Tom read this article was not accepted. ( Am.E.) The Subordinate Clause begins with the conjunction that + should + the Infinitive (in Br.E.) + the Present Subjunctive (in Am.E.) The Principal Clause begins with the phrase: My suggestion / request / proposal etc. that… The Attributive / Appositive Clause

20. should the Infinitive (in Br.E.) the Present Subjunctive (in Am.E.) may/might + the Infinitive The Object Clause After the verb denoting fear  lest + should + the Inf. (Br.E.) lest + the Present Subj. (Am.E.) that + may/might + the Inf. The Adverbial Clause of Purpose  lest + should + the Inf. (Br.E.)  lest + the Present Subj. (Am.E.) that + may/might + the Inf.

21. I fear lest I should miss the train . (Br.E.) I fear lest I miss the train . (Am.E.) I am afraid that I may/might be late for the train . The Subordinate Clause begins with the conjunctions lest (= lai ne) + should + the Infinitive (in Br.E.) + the Present Subjunctive (in Am.E.) or that + may / might + the Infinitive The Principal Clause contains the predicate-verb denoting fear: fear, tremble, dread, etc . The Object Clause

22. I opened the window lest it should be hot in the room. (Br.E.) I opened the window lest it be hot in the room. (Br.E.) I opened the door so that the cat might come in. The Subordinate Clause begins with the conjunctions lest (= lai ne) + should + the Infinitive (in Br.E.) + the Present Subjunctive (in Am.E.) or that, so that, in order that + may / might + the Infinitive The Principal Clause contains any predicate-verb, except the verbs denoting fear The Adverbial Clause of Purpose

23. may / might + the Infinitive The Adverbial Clause of Time Whenever…  may / might + the Inf. The Adverbial Clause of Place Whenever…  may / might + the Inf. The Adverbial Clause of Concession Though/Although/Whatever/ No matter/etc. …  may / might + the Inf.

24. The Adverbial Clause of Time The Subordinate Clause begins with Whenever… + may/might + the Infinitive Whenever we may / might visit them, they seem to be busy. (a sim. action) Whenever he may / might have gone to London, we are expecting him back for Christmas. (a prior action) No matter how difficult it may / might be , I will do it. (a sim. action) Whoever may / might have done it, we … (a prior action) The Subordinate Clause begins with Though… / Although… / No matter… / Whoever… / Whatever… / However… etc. + may/might + the Infinitive The Adverbial Clause of Concession Wherever he may / might be now, he will be back soon. (a sim. action) Wherever he may / might have gone , he will come back. (a prior action) The Subordinate Clause begins with Wherever… + may/might + the Infinitive The Adverbial Clause of Place

25. The Emotional should It is wonderful / nice / strange … should + the Infinitive It is wonderful that you should … I’m glad / sorry / pleased… should + the Infinitive I’m glad that you should like… It is a pity / pleasure … should + the Infinitive It is a pity that he should have missed the train. In some exclamatory sentences should + the Infinitive Who should I meet but you!

26. Thank you and good luck!