Running head: TRANSPORT PROBLEMS FACING BUSINESSES 1 TRANSPORT PROBLEMS FACING BUSINESSES 3 Transport problems facing businesses Student name: Institution: Air Plane The Airmail Act of 1925 bestowed the Post Office with the powers to contract with private airlines to transport mail. Not until the Air Commerce Act came into law in 1926, the Aviation industry in the United States was unregulated. The Act created an Aeronautic Branch within the United States Department of Commerce with regulatory powers over civil aviation. The Aeronautic Branch was tasked with functions such as pilot testing and licensing, issuing aircraft airworthiness certificates, establishing and enforcing safety regulations. The agency was also responsible for establishing airways and operating and maintaining aids to air navigation, in addition to investigating accidents and incidents. The Aeronautics Branch was rebranded the Bureau of Air Commerce in 1934. This was followed by takeover of air traffic control centers previously operated by commercial airlines in 1936 by the Bureau, and the eventual expansion the air traffic control system. Signed into law by President Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 that formed the Federal Aviation Agency that later changed to Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) that replaced the Civil Aeronautics Administration (CAA). The act empowered the FAA to oversee and regulate safety in the airline industry and the use of American airspace by both military aircraft and civilian aircraft. Communications between the contents were opened up by the airmail act of 1925; families were able to reconnect with one another. This originally started off as just letters from the service men coming back to their family but we now write and ship packages back and forth(Learning-to-fly.com, 2008-2014). The Air commerce Act of 1926 played a great role in setting up policies that help ensure the public’s safety by requiring pilots to become licensed and setting up a board to deal with testing procedures, licensing and certificates and enforcing safety regulations. According to (Learning-to-fly.com, 2008-2014), the Air commerce Act of 1926 also set up airways and operated and maintained aids to assist in navigation in addition to investigating accidents incidents. In 1934 the Aeronautics Branch was renamed the Bureau of Air Commerce. In 1936 they took over air traffic control centers from commercial airlines and expanding the control system (Wright-Brothers.org, 2010). The Federal Aviation Act of 1958 empowered the FAA to oversee and regulate safety in the airline industry and the use of American airspace by both military aircraft and civilian aircraft (Learning-to-fly.com, 2008-2014). It is beyond doubt these regulations have in a great way helped change how things were done then and now. Their implementation is t.

1. Running head: TRANSPORT PROBLEMS FACING
BUSINESSES 1
TRANSPORT PROBLEMS FACING BUSINESSES
3
Transport problems facing businesses
Student name:
Institution:
Air Plane
The Airmail Act of 1925 bestowed the Post Office with the
powers to contract with private airlines to transport mail.
Not until the Air Commerce Act came into law in 1926, the
Aviation industry in the United States was unregulated. The Act
created an Aeronautic Branch within the United States
Department of Commerce with regulatory powers over civil
aviation. The Aeronautic Branch was tasked with functions such
as pilot testing and licensing, issuing aircraft airworthiness
certificates, establishing and enforcing safety regulations. The

2. agency was also responsible for establishing airways and
operating and maintaining aids to air navigation, in addition to
investigating accidents and incidents.
The Aeronautics Branch was rebranded the Bureau of Air
Commerce in 1934. This was followed by takeover of air traffic
control centers previously operated by commercial airlines in
1936 by the Bureau, and the eventual expansion the air traffic
control system.
Signed into law by President Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Federal
Aviation Act of 1958 that formed the Federal Aviation Agency
that later changed to Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
that replaced the Civil Aeronautics Administration (CAA). The
act empowered the FAA to oversee and regulate safety in the
airline industry and the use of American airspace by both
military aircraft and civilian aircraft.
Communications between the contents were opened up by the
airmail act of 1925; families were able to reconnect with one
another. This originally started off as just letters from the
service men coming back to their family but we now write and
ship packages back and forth(Learning-to-fly.com, 2008-2014).
The Air commerce Act of 1926 played a great role in setting up
policies that help ensure the public’s safety by requiring pilots
to become licensed and setting up a board to deal with testing
procedures, licensing and certificates and enforcing safety
regulations.
According to (Learning-to-fly.com, 2008-2014), the Air
commerce Act of 1926 also set up airways and operated and
maintained aids to assist in navigation in addition to
investigating accidents incidents. In 1934 the Aeronautics
Branch was renamed the Bureau of Air Commerce. In 1936 they
took over air traffic control centers from commercial airlines
and expanding the control system (Wright-Brothers.org, 2010).
The Federal Aviation Act of 1958 empowered the FAA to
oversee and regulate safety in the airline industry and the use of
American airspace by both military aircraft and civilian aircraft
(Learning-to-fly.com, 2008-2014).

3. It is beyond doubt these regulations have in a great way helped
change how things were done then and now. Their
implementation is the best thing to have happened to the United
States aviation industry by helping ensure the public welfare
and safety are taken care of for example with regulations in
place that require pilots operating airplanes to get the necessary
training, get licensed and ensure their aircraft certification is
current.
Auto Mobile
Introduction of Flashing turn signals (1935)
This was a design of the Delaware Company to help improve
safety on the roads and ease traffic flow. It employed the
technology of thermal interrupters that shrink and terminate
contact depending on the amount of power flowing in the circuit
to influence the final signal on the light bulb. Transistor circuits
introduced in the 1960s came in to replace the thermal
interrupters to do an effective job of directing traffic and
ensuring general safety of the public of road users.
Efforts to reduce harmful emissions
Nobody can stand the wrath of Mother Nature. It is because of
this fact that actions to take care of our environment lead to the
Automakers community put in place measures to reduce harmful
emissions into the environment with the introduction crankcase
ventilation through connection of PCV valves route gases back
to the cylinders for further combustion. Hydrocarbon emissions
reduced by 95 percent compared to emissions in 1967 thanks to
the introduction of catalytic converters in the 1970s. In support
of this course, the Energy Policy Act of 1992 encouraged the
use of alternative fuel vehicles. It suggested alternatives such as
the use of mixtures of alcohols and gasoline that are
environmental friendly and also economical and affordable.
The introduction of the turn signals that were operated by
thermal interrupters and later introduction of transistor circuits
have in a great deal in reduction of car accidents and ensure
safety of the pedestrians and other road users then and even in

4. the present day. Despite the presence of a couple of accidents
on our roads, the introductions of these turn signals have a
significance role in reducing the number of road accidents
today.
The implementation of the Energy Act of 1992 help in lowering
the cost of fuel and its consumption a factor that directly
translates to less emission to the environment hence helping
conserve the environment and ensure high air quality for the
population that lived then and the present one.
Sea
The International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea
(SOLAS) established in 1914 was charged with the
responsibility of ensuring the safety of sea users. The
requirement by ships to carry enough lifeboats for all those on
board is an example of the regulations passed by SOLAS. In
2010 SOLAS also prohibited the use of combustible materials in
new cruise ships. This body was also a good ambassador of the
environment and this can be proved by regulations in 2011 that
banned ships from carrying heavy fuel oil in the Antarctic in a
bid to protect the environment in the event of a fuel leak and
effectively hindering larger ships from entering the region.
These regulations to ensure the safety of sea users was also
backed up by the Radio Act of 1912 that requires of all
passenger ships to be in operation 24 hours a day and have a
secondary power supply in order to prevent distress calls being
missed. Others safety measures also implemented like back up
of voyage data carried in boxes similar to black boxes used by
aircrafts, regular emergency drills, regular testing of lifeboat
equipment and fire detecting devices are all preventive
measures put in place to ensure the safety of the sea users and
enable fast rescue missions in case of tragedy hence avoid loss
of lives and goods.
Cars’ come in various shapes and sizes and are multi-purpose.
Whether you have a big or small family and or company there is
a vehicle to match. Most people do not go on road trips anymore

5. yet for the ones that do you have RV’s better known as a home
on wheels. The typical family will have a standard vehicle or
opt for an SUV for room and comfort. Much like an
organization makes use of company vehicles for different tasks
and event. Buses get people across great distances travelling
inner city or even state to state. Casino Hotel resorts have
satellite buses which will pick you up at your car and transport
you to the front of your specific hotel. Depending on which city
you are in it will deliver you your casino of choice.
Vehicles are also good for shipping across land transcontinental
and or from one side of the country to the next. Some
companies within the United States higher fleets of Semi-trucks
to disperse their goods nationwide. Fleets travel from one state
to Canada and back and even Mexico and Baja California.
Bridges were built to close gaps between masses of land over,
rivers, gorges, and in some location ocean. In instances where
the water is too deep and the distance from shore to island is
small cars and trucks may utilize barges and farriers to get to
their desired location. Transportation across land has come a
long way from the wagon to motor vehicle. Roads and highways
help the flow of traffic as well as with proper mapping the
reduction of travel time.
Over sixty percent of travel today is done by car. An agency
such as police department utilizes vehicles for patrol and
transportation of criminals to prison facilities. This mode of
transportation has impacted society through value, need, and
economic boosts. In order to move you need to have fuel so the
fueling industry has made money. Transportation has made it
easier for consumers to get from point A to point B that much
quicker. Vehicles are a convenience to society providing ways
for family to spend time together on long road trips.
Transportation of Goods from one warehouse to another; the
uses of vehicles and their convenience goes on and on.

6. The U.S transport system
Introduction
The United States transport system is a complex and effective
one as compared to that of other nations. It has contributed
massively to the economic development of the country since its
development. However, the transport system has its drawbacks
and negative effects to the nation in general. This paper
discusses some the advantages and disadvantages of some of the
modes of transport in the U.S transport system.
The U.S Highway System
This consists of the numbered roads and highways
integrated in a network between different states. These
highways and roads are of economic significance to the
residents of U.S and the government. They facilitate fast and
easy transport of bulky goods between states. They also
facilitate transportation of people between the different states.
The drawbacks associated with highway system is that it passes
through numerous states with different rules and regulations.
Also, much time is spent on the roads and this will not be
suitable in the transportation of perishable goods. These two
prove to be the major drawbacks associated with the U.S
highway system.
The Interstate Highway System
This is a major form of road transport in the United
States. It was established in the 1956 when the federal
government decided to split the road building costs with the
state governments (“The Interstate,” 2014). They consist of
roads and wide highways linking different states and also
exiting major cities. The advantages of these roads is that
supplement the highways and reduce congestion on the roads.
They enhance the effectiveness of the roads system. The
interstate highways are also designed with multiple lanes with
high-speed lanes that enable people to drive faster as compared
to the highway (“The Interstate,” 2014). The drawbacks
associated with the system started long since their introduction.
The roads damaged many city neighborhoods during their

7. construction which inconvenienced the locals (“The Interstate,”
2014). Also, the width and the length of the highways tend to
displace many people and occupy land that could be used for
better development purposes.
The U.S Rail System
The U.S rail system consist of a huge network of
railroads. The system links major cities in the U.S and also
provide speedy transport of people within big cities. The
introduction of the electric trains in the U.S have enabled this to
happen. One of the major advantages of this is that it enables
faster transport of bulky goods that cannot be transported by air
to different states. It has also eased congestion and traffic in the
cities through the subway system. The major drawbacks
associated with this is that railways are expensive to construct
as compared to roads. Consequently, this means that railway
transport would always need to have another mode of transport
to complete the transfer of goods and property to their
destination.
Air transport system
Air transport system in the U.S has developed and
modernized a lot since the 20th century. There are numerous
international airports and airstrips in the US. This has
developed to be a major transport for people between different
states. The development of the air transport is down to the
advantages accruing to it which include speed, easy access and
the fact that there is low infrastructure investment (Pushparaj,
2014). The drawbacks to the air transport system is the high
costs associated with obtaining the aircrafts and maintenance.
Aircrafts have small carrying capacities which inconvenience
the transport of bulky goods (Pushparaj, 2014).
Conclusion
The transport system in the United States is highly
developed and modernized. The use of electric trains, dense
network of highways and investment in air transport has boosted
the economy to a great scale. Evidently, the advantages
accruing to the investment in state of the art system surpass the

8. drawbacks.
Transport Problems Facing Businesses
Businesses in the modern world are faced with a big problem in
transportation. However, these problem cannot be evaded
because transportation is a key area for businesses. Most of the
problems are usually beyond the control of the businesses hence
they are forced to continue with operations in those conditions.
The highest impact of those problems are felt by businesses
located in highly urbanized areas or cities.
Traffic congestion and lack of adequate parking spaces are a big
transport problem to businesses (Rodrigue, 2013). This problem
aroused in the 20th century when industrialization and
urbanization was at its peak. The growing development of
infrastructure and an increase in the number of vehicles in the
urban centers has led to the reduction in space available to park.
The economic impact of this is that it has it has increased by a
major scale the costs incurred in transportation (Rodrigue,
2013). Business entities with large shipment have to offload
their products in areas outside the city then transport small
batches to the business premises. Businesses are also forced to
incur extra costs of establishing warehouses outside the cities
so as to accommodate smooth loading and offloading.
Long commuting hours affect the performance of employees and
business owners. This problem has been in existence for many
years since residential places are located far from the business
premises (Rodrigue, 2013). This trend is also generated by the
fact that residential places located outside big cities tend to be
cheaper. The social effects of this problem is that it is
associated with isolation and poor health to employees and
business owners (Rodrigue, 2013). The most affected people
however are the employees who are supposed to meet strict
deadlines.
Businesses in the modern world are faced with the problem of
high maintenance costs to the aging vessels and infrastructure

9. (Rodrigue, 2013). High road maintenance costs has forced some
governments to completely ignore the conditions of roads.
These poor conditions lead to higher wear and tear to vehicles
used by businesses in transportation. The economic impact of
this is that there is reduced efficiencies in production. The
financial burden however is passed on to the society in form of
high prices of commodities.
Conclusion
Most of the transport related problems are caused by the
rapid rate of modernization in the modern world. Business
entities have less to do to solve this problem, as solving one,
leads to another. However, strategies can be adopted to reduce
the impact of the transport problems on the businesses since
they are most affected by it.
Reference
Rodrigue, J.P., (2013). Urban Transport Problems. Retrieved
from,
http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch6en/conc6en/ch6c4en.h
tml
In 6 pages
Length: The final paper must be a minimum of six (6) full
pages, doublespaced
Cambria, Times or another standard font (size 12) (NOT
including the
bibliography). .
Format: MSWord or PDF file. Please put your full name in the
title of the
document: e.g. JaneSmith.docx or JohnSmith.pdf
1) Explain and evaluate Descartes’ doubts and how he escapes
from doubt

10. in the Meditations on First Philosophy. Why is Descartes so
obsessed with
doubt? In the First Meditation Descartes attempts to
systematically doubt
everything that he had previously believed and in the Second
Meditation
Descartes claims to have found one point of indubitable
certainty: “I am, I exist”
(p.18). How does Descartes escape from his hyperbolic doubts
and find this
one “Archimedean point” of certainty which cannot be doubted?
What are the
three waves or phases of doubt? What, if anything, does
Descartes not doubt
when he claims to be doubting everything that it is possible to
doubt? In other
words, is there anything that he still presupposes when he
claims to be doubting
everything? Why can’t the evil genius convince Descartes that
he does not
exist? Do you think that Descartes successfully overcomes these
doubts? Can
we ever escape such doubts? Can we know anything for certain?
Use direct
references to the text to support your interpretation.