The Social And Environmental Impact Of Road Infrastructure...

The Social And Environmental Impact Of Road Infrastructure...
2.1.2 The social and environmental impact of road infrastructure
A general impact which is possible to observe and experience in a short period, developed by road
infrastructure and road transportation system is the environmental impact. road infrastructure and
Transportation development brings parallel changes to the environment. Mobilization demand of
road infrastructure and transportation of urban areas to the rural areas by the passenger freights are
eventually linked to the international market. Road infrastructure and road Transportation has
become a numerous part of the society which is also considered as the main element of the
development. Road infrastructure and Transportation has a grand influence on human choices like,
urbanization. Extensive development of road infrastructure influences the people to choose the
different place to live, establish their business, leisure travel, shopping and vacations etc, which
directly helps a country to develop different parts of a country that helps to parallel development
(Kulash 1999, 4.) Environmental impacts of the road infrastructure and ... Show more content on
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As study carried out in Morocco 1994 examined a inter linkage between road transport and school
attendance. According to the studies, in the lack of a paved road, only twenty one percent of girls
and fifty eight percent of boys ever attended school. On the other hand where a paved road existed,
the school participation rate increases to forty eight percent for girls and seventy six percent for
boys. Access to education can be made more possible by the better provision of transport and road
infrastructure. In areas were communities do not good certain basic educational facilities because of
threshold reasons, an effective and efficient transport plan when put in place will make mobility
simple for inhabitants of these small communities to the bigger ones to have access to schools
(Klein et al
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Review and Evaluate Supply Chain
Evaluate and Monitor the company's Transport Performance – inova Pharmaceuticals pty ltd.
Unit: TLIL1907C/TLlL2007C Implement and Monitor Transport Logistic/Develop and Maintain
Operational procedures for Transport and Logistics Enterprises–
Teacher: Bob Day
Prepared by: Ravisanthiran Shanmugarajah
Date: 13 June 2012
To: CEO, inova pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd
Introduction
iNova Pharmaceuticals(Australia ) Pty Limited, develops and markets over–the–counter and
prescription medicines. The product portfolio includes in–licensed and in–house developed drugs in
the areas of weight management, pain management, allergy, sexual health, dermatology, cardiology
and respiratory health. the company offers its products through a network of ... Show more content
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As the Logistics/Supply Chain Manager for inova Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd it is my responsibility to
build up industry knowledge to have a sound understanding of a particular segment of the transport
industry in the following areas to be a competent integrated logistic manager.
* Industry knowledge. * Transport policy. * Strategic planning. * Services marketing. * Human
resources management. * Finance and accounting. * Operations management. * Sales and marketing
management. * Integrated logistics management.
Coordinate multi–modal transport activities
Today's world many options are available for transporting products from one point to another. A firm
may select any one or more of five basic transportation modes–motor, rail, air, water, or pipeline.In
addition, certain modal combinations are available, including rail–motor, motor–water, motor–air,
and rail–water. Such intermodal combinations offer specialized services and sometimes lower costs
not generally available from a single transport mode. Also other transportation options exist,
including indirect, special carriers, or non–operating third parties, which offers a variety of services

to shippers. These transporters include freight forwarders, shipper cooperatives, parcel post, UPS,
FedEx, DHL, EGL, Star Track express, Toll priority and other specialty carriers.
A customer service is a vital component of logistic management. While each activity of logistics

Management Information System Essay
Exchange of data and its communication over Internet and/or extranets
Management of information and its dissemination using the organization's intranet facilities
Information on transportation should be easily generated and presented over the Internet; and
Sources of information on transport should also be integrated a cross–platform
Databases on transport should also be integrated with the each of these three information
technologies.
These measures lead to great reduction of the speed between obtaining goods from a tier 1 or tier
two supplier to the point of access to customers. In the near future, technology as far as the field of
transport is concerned is expected to experience great changes – key among them being the
penetration of vehicle computers as well as hand held ones; both of which technologies are set to
revolutionize the industry as a whole. Hand held computers can now operate vehicles, in recent
times even those without a driver. Amazon is currently doing experiments on drones – flying
airplane–like objects that can carry goods over long distances; unmanned. They are instead remote–
controlled. Nowadays, most newly–developed drones come with built–in autonomous control
systems to increase efficiency while reducing the dependence on human labor. This also enables the
drones to locate their way home, should the need arise. The costs, therefore, associated with
employing a pilot, or alternative shipping costs are greatly minimized with such

The Development Of Engineers Without Borders
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Engineers without Borders aims to provide those living in poverty a higher standard of living
through initiatives specifically engineered for their regions. One such project designed by Engineers
without Borders is the Bambui initiative. Bambui, a village located in the North West Region of
Central Africa's Cameroon contains a small portion of Cameroon's total population of 22.25 million
people. Bambui, with a population of 50,000 people and its poor standard of living proves to be an
obstacle. Due to the lack of infrastructure and urban planning of the markets which provide the
village with much needed income, Engineers without Borders aims to improve the area by
addressing these current problems with solutions.
2.0 PROBLEM DEFINITION
The market of Bambui is one of the largest and most important aspects of the region, providing a
source of income to the local community as well as the surrounding population who sell clothes,
shoes and raw foods as well as food stalls and restaurants. The pollution identified throughout the
markets comes mainly from the inability for them to dispose of waste properly due to lack of
transportation in and out of the market, and also the sprawl of stalls. The accessibility of owners and
locals through the market comes as a struggle and therefore require a plan in which would assist
owners to receive their transported goods and also dispose of waste that was not sold throughout the
day.
The pollution affects both the

1800's Transportation Us History
1800's Transportation
In order to create regional, national and international markets, strong commerce, trade and
transportation are necessary. During the 1800's, social change became more prominent in different
areas of the country such as the South and Midwest. As economic prosperity grew, the need for new
and more efficient means of transportation grew as well. Through the development of new
transportation technologies such as canals and railroads, America saw a large increase in the
monetary flow and stability of the economy along with a changing social and political climate
during the period of 1820–1860.
The growth of the American economy began to boom in the first portion of the nineteenth century,
when industry and agriculture ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This culture gap only helped to further the South's growing sense of insecurity within the union.
Although the north and south became more socially distanced, the vast system of railroads in the
United States moved goods and people across great distances, facilitated the settlement of large
portions of the country, created towns and

A Hovercraft Is An Air Vehicle
INTRODUCTION
A hovercraft is an air vehicle, or ACV, is a craft capable of travelling over Land, water, on the ice ,
soil or other surfaces, both travel Speed and stop.
Transporting vehicle also called a hovercraft, that rides slightly above the Earth 's surface on a
cushion of air. The air is continuously forced under the vehicle by a fan which generates the cushion
that greatly reduces friction between the moving vehicle and the surface.
The air is usually delivered through ducts and injected at Periphery of the vehicle in a downward ,
inward direction. This has been due to various reasons. The inability to control and maneuver
minute maintenance and noise levels are relatively high compared with the car hard enough to
overcome to keep the car and the air cushion in the margins of modern transportation. It also came
along more than fifty years after the accepted standard cars as a means of transport in many guises,
cars, trucks, recreational vehicles and so forth.
4
WHO DISCOVERED HOVERCRAFT ?
British inventor Christopher Cockerel in the early 1950s during the experiments were carried out
with a device called the hovercraft. . He is known as the father and innovator of the hovercraft.
Christopher has given a direction to the new generation of hovercraft. The basic principle of the
vehicle resting on a cushion of air and the propeller to provide forward motion. It is a type

Early American Transportation
Transportation, a system for moving people or goods from one place to another. Throughout the
history there are many ways of transportation, such as road, boat, airplane that only appeared around
last century, etc. People use these tools to transport goods or themselves from one destination to
another. Even though different vehicles provide different speed and volume for transportation, the
most common and beneficial route is the land route. The dominant way of transportation on land is
always the train. The train not only can travel at a high speed it can also carry many things. The
railroad played a huge role in the human history making it one of human's best invention.
Since ancient times, old civilizations developed their own land trading ... Show more content on
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Under the influences from the Europeans, American began developing its own railroad system. With
the vast amount of land available, the Americans were able to build railroads with far larger scale
than those built in Europe. The earliest railways in the United States were just like those earlier
railroads in Europe. They were short, wooden railways built by quarries and mines along which
horses pulled loads to nearby water ways. In the 1827, the mine and quarry operators built the first
full–size railways. In 18329, the first locomotive for the railroads was imported from Europe.
Although some Americans such as Horatio Allen had been experiencing with locomotives, their
locomotives were proved to be too heavy for the tracks that had been constructed and was
subsequently abolished. ("Railroads." Dictionary of American History) The railroad era in America
truly began in the 1830s when Peter Cooper's locomotive, Tom Thumb, first steamed along 13 miles
(21 km) of Baltimore and Ohio railroad track. (Rail transport, Early railroads in the US, Wikipedia)
Tom Thumb traveled at speeds approaching fifteen miles per hour while pulling a car filled with
thirty people. This led the beginning of train transportation of human not minerals or ore. However,
not until the 1850s, though, did railroads offer long distance service at reasonable rates. Not only the
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad was the first carry passengers but also the first to evolve from a single
line to a network in the United States. Railroads were connected to each other between some cities.
However, in order to get from one city to another, the passengers had to transfer train multiple times.
In addition, only at places like Bowling Green, Kentucky, were the railroads connected to one
another. Soon following the

Causes And Effects Of Oil Spills
An oil spill is a manmade disaster that has had an environmental impact as well as an economic
impact on the various countries that they have occurred in. Oil spills have not only been a problem
in the United States, but they have also caused damage in many other countries. However, there is a
set of safety measures and regulations that can be taken to help prevent this manmade disaster from
occurring. While drilling for and extracting oil, mistakes can be made that cause an oil spill to occur;
however, there are also various methods to cleaning up an oil spill. Commonly, oils spills are caused
by a human error, or a faulty piece of equipment. However, there are times when an oil spill occurs
but is not the result of a manmade error. "Oil spills into rivers, bays, and the ocean most often are
caused by accidents involving tankers, barges, pipelines, refineries, drilling rigs, and storage
facilities" ("How Do Oil Spills Happen?"). For example, an oil spill can result from natural disasters
such as hurricanes; oil spills may also be caused by deliberate attacks by other countries or those
who illegally dump oil ("How Do Oil Spills Happen?"). Once the oil has begun to spill it will begin
to infiltrate the source of water in which it has come into contact with. Depending on the type of
water the oil will react in different ways. For example, if oil comes in contact with salt water,
commonly found in the ocean, the oil will float on top of it ("How Do Oil Spills Happen?"). If

The World That Trade Created By Globalization Essay
Globalization has been in existence for the past hundreds of years; it has exercised control over the
transformation and development of the trade world as we know it. It has impacted trade in a good
way, and overall as a positive force. Globalization has given rise to the job market and increased
trades of many products. Without trade, the world would not have been able to further its economy
as it has. When deciphering between what could be seen as a positive and negative force, different
definitions come to mind. When I think of a positive force as it comes to the economy, I think of an
upward moving building block as the world went through globalization by increasing the worlds
organization of economies. Resulting in the growth of trade of goods, services, and international
capital. This was also accompanied by a new spread of technologies and global international trade.
Before the invention of the railroad, transportation by land was the only way to transport items to
other areas. Inside of the novel, The World that Trade Created, it says ... Show more content on
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Trade has had a positive impact, especially on the levels of imports and exports. Globalization has
made barriers to trade all over the world. In areas like commodity trading which has existed for over
the last 700 years. Inside of Dr. Phoenix's lecture she discussed trading in the United States, Eli
Whitney's," Cotton Famine" in Lancaster England. The expansion of cotton in the United States led
to an industrial increase of money flow. The cotton staples were very thick and required slave labor
to contribute to helping pick and spool it. Many of the slave labors who were working for the farms
were getting paid with either food at night or paying off debts that they had owed. Trade was very
slow during this time because the amount of time that it took to spool enough cotton was not worth
the price they were selling it

The Impact of Railroads in America
Nineteenth century America was a time of rapid growth and expansion. The movement of settlers
further and further west accompanied by technological advances led to the major growth of cities
and industries across the American frontier. However, it was the major innovations of transportation
that had the most significant impact on the expansion of Midwestern and western America. The
construction of canals and roads led to the increase in the use of stagecoaches, steamboats, and
ultimately railroads. Railroads became extremely popular in America in the 1800's. The railroad
industry itself began to boom; it was supported by its reputation for speed and efficiency. But, along
with the booming industry of railroads came the strong debate that ... Show more content on
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And it was there that railroads began to have a significant impact on the development and expansion
of American society. At the peak of expansion in the 1800's, communication between the east and
west was at the forefront of importance. A document from the State of Pennsylvania regarding
railways in 1825 remarked that there is extreme "importance and necessity of effecting a
communication between the eastern and western divisions of the commonwealth" (Wade, 5). The
appearance of the railroads in the early 19th century decreased and nearly diminished the
communication gap as it provided a reliable and speedy method of communication. As the railroads
became more prominent across the United States, the western states naturally became linked to the
Midwestern and eastern states through the Union Pacific Railroad. This railroad running from the
east coast to the west coast opened up new doors in trans–continental communication. Businesses
between the east and the west were able to communicate more effectively, and thus, trans–
continental trade became more defined throughout the United States. The mail services began using
railroads as well, which was a large factor in improving communication across the US. Trans–
continental communication was broadened simply by the increased number of people traveling
across the country. And, even when the railroads seemed an impractical method of transportation,
"they might make possible long

How Transport Engineering Improve Inter Urban Goods Movement
CV3311 Transportation & Highways
Coursework 2: Transport Engineering Technical Essay
How can transport engineering improve inter–urban goods movement?
Nashwa Hassanaly
Student number : 090038812
Content
Abstract 3
Introduction 4
I. Traffic planning strategies 4
1.1 Inter urban travel 4
1.2 Road freight 4
1.3 Rail freight 5
II. Transport planning 5
2.1 Congestion 5
2.1.1 entrance ramp controls on motorways 6
2.1.2 traveller information systems 7
2.1.3 Incident management 8
2.2 Night deliveries 8
2.3 Joint deliveries 9
2.4 Driver training 9
2.5 Create and Publish a Comprehensive Truck Routing Map. 10
2.6 Implement Intelligent Truck Traffic Management 10
2.7 Develop Intelligent Lane Utilization Programs. 10
2.8 Truck Lanes on or Adjacent to Highways. 10
2.9 Move Freight on Rapid Transit. 11
2.10 Mutlinodal connectivity 11
Conclusion 12
Abstract
During the 1920s and 1930s, Britain saw a movement of its inner–city industries moving out to

adjacent sites which lead to Britain's road network to be redeveloped.
Britain's first motorway , the 13 km Preston bypass was opened in 1958, and following this the
Goverment planned to improve 6750km of road to at least dual carriageway standard to form
strategic inter–urban network for England. This network was marked as a national commitment,
which would enhance road safety, be easily connected to all major centres of population, promote
economic growth and regional development.

Alaska, Canada, And Canada
When you think of sending a package, the first thing that strikes your mind is efficient and prompt
delivery. This is the major trait you look for in a courier company by which you are sending your
shipments.
Alaska can be a challenging place to move freight. With a total area of 591,004 square miles, you
need a company that knows the ins and outs of Alaska. Alaska is more than twice the size of Texas,
the next largest state, and occupies 16% of the total US land area; the e–w extension is 2,261 mi
(3,639 km); the maximum n–s extension is 1,420 mi (2,285 km).
With the lack of highways in Alaska most shipments go by air or sea. There is no railroad service
from lower 48 states or from Canada to Alaska. The Alaska Highway, which extends 1,523 mi
(2,451 km) from Dawson Creek, British Columbia, to Fairbanks, is the only total road link with the
rest of the United States.
In Alaska, conditions are often extreme, costs are always high, and time is precious. Given the state
's geographic breadth, fickle weather, and the cost of transporting freight across great distances,
ensuring seamless transportation handoffs is a necessity.
Background
Anchorage is the state 's largest general cargo port, with over three million tons per year. Ted
Stevens Anchorage International Airport is one of the world 's leading cargo airports. In 2014, nearly
2.5 million metric tons of cargo moved through the airport, which ranked fifth in metric tons of
cargo loaded and unloaded, and reported a

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Air Transport
Using the right type of transport is very important in the supply chain. As we have learnt earlier the
use of the transport mode is of strategic importance to stock holding decisions. Air transport is much
quicker but the costs are high as opposed to shipping by boat or rail. Sea or rail transport requires
having higher levels of inventory in–house to meet quick customer demands. Most importantly,
customer service levels must be met, and this often determines the mode of transport used.
The options for consideration include: rail, road, water (sea and river) or air transport.
Rail
Railway offers the logistics manager cost–effective, energy–efficient mode of transport for large
quantities of goods over long distances. Though often associated with the movement of low–value/
high–volume cargo like ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Figure: The route of the CMA CGM Liner service and one the vessels one the route
Air
Air transport is often viewed as a premium, emergency–type service that is used when all else fails.
The most expensive of all the modes of transport, airfreight offers the logistics manager fast, on–
time service, but at a relatively high price. However, for firms supporting global markets, air may in
fact be the most cost–effective mode of transport when inventory and customer service issues are
considered.
Air transportation is best suited to moving relatively small high–value / low–volume items long
distances, although things as diverse as livestock and automobiles routinely move by air as well. The
best example of air transport is jewellery, watches, diamonds, gold and gemstones. Like trucking, air
transport industry is made up of many small companies dominated by a few large airlines.
Transportation of goods by air is regulated by appropriate rules. Commodities are shipped in
appropriate air containers. There is also a set of special equipment

Brazilian Culture : Brazil And Brazil
Brazil Brazil is an up and coming BRIC country located in South America. Portuguese is the
"official and most widely spoken language" within the borders of Brazil. In 2014, Brazil had the
population of 206,077,898 (Brazil: Intro, n.d.) individuals. Over half of Brazil's ethnicity is white
individuals, while approximately a third of the country is a mixed white and black. A small portion
of the region is black. Furthermore, less than ten percent of the country is remaining ethnicities, and
the remainder is unspecified per the 2000 census (Brazil: Intro, n.d.). Brazil carries a narrow margin
of different religious backgrounds within its population. At 64.6%, over half of Brazil's population is
Roman Catholic with 0.4% being "other catholic" (Brazil: Intro, n.d.). However, Protestants make
up 22.2%, while 0.7% remains "other Christians" (Brazil: Intro, n.d.). 2.2% of the population
belongs to the label "Spiritist" (Brazil: Intro, n.d.), while 1.4% categorizes the group labeled "other"
(Brazil: Intro, n.d.). Eight percent of the population in Brazil claims no religious affiliation while the
remaining 0.4% claims an unspecified status (Brazil: Intro, n.d.). President Dilma Rousseff is the
head and chief of state running the Federal Republic government style of Brazil (Brazil: Intro, n.d.).
A two round voting system, held every four years, by an election of the Brazilian citizens determines
the "commander–in–chief" (Brazil: Intro, n.d.). Brazil adopting its seventh

Ff 91 Research Paper
Whether it be intelligent cooking or self–driving cars, it is quite evident that technology is
continually being integrated into our lives. From people salivating over the new iPhone 7 to tech–
fanatics gushing over the Project Ariana, technology has surely surpassed what most could even
fathom.
One company that has equipped the ordinary car with intuitive technology is Faraday. The model FF
91 is claimed to give each and every driver a personalized experience via smart technology. This
vehicle's host an innovative "smart glass" as its sunroof; with a simple touch the entire glass can be
blackened. Over 30 cameras outfit the entire vehicle, coming together as the basis for the car's
ultimate feature: 3–D Lidar Technology, which grants the driver a 360° view of their surroundings.
Another new concept has been introduced that embraces the driver: zero gravity seating. Using the
notion that the natural human body takes on a neutral body posture, Faraday encapsulates this
natural approach into seats that "diminish gravity's stress and pressure." As if this car couldn't get
any more innovative, the driver can program the car to park itself and summon it to a specific
location with the simple use of an app! ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This compact product combines 12 functions into one and requires little to no effort when it comes
to cooking. Labeled as a "versatile kitchen appliance," it mixes, steams, blends, weighs, stirs, grinds,
whips, emulsifies, heats, kneads, cooks, and chops. Not only does it perform all the effort of
preparing a meal, but it also comes with customised recipes that take the thinking out of prepping as
well. Fitted with a color touchscreen, it presents step–by–step recipes that "make it simple to
achieve excellent results every

Case Study On Ocean Shipping
Shipping industry is a huge field that widely expand all over the world. "Almost all international
trade in goods is transported by sea. Ocean shipping plays a central and essential role in the world
economy and in world trade. In recent years, international trade has become a dominant factor in
economic growth for most industrialized countries. Many newly industrialized countries have
become so through major trade growth." (Fearnleys, 1982) However, without our noticed, the
increase the technology, the larger the business, the more the problems will arise. As we know,
sometimes there is an article about damaged cargoes, ships on fire, the ship was attacked by pirates
and etc. When refer back to the main issues in the case study, there are ... Show more content on
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When too many containers, the ship will more heavily than it's supposed to carry due to the weight
of a container is in range about 26,500 kg while weight of container ship around 14 tons. It is very
heavy so if the containers are overboard, they will affect the ship by make it more sink and hard to
carry the containers. So, that may be the reasons why containers can fall into the water.
The containers dropped into water after lashing and secured or before it was done?
Basically the stevedores are responsible on doing the lashing work and make sure the containers are
secured on board. However, the statement does not mention that the containers dropped before or
after lashing. So, this issue arise that it may be because of the containers not lashing yet, they fall
rightly into the water without hesitation.
The ship listed due to stability on board which under captain/chief officer control?
In this matter, the ship could be held liable. Sometimes, captain who handles the ship may make
mistake. To handle a ship is not an easy work, only the professionals that get certificate can drive
and handle the ship on sea. So, he may slip from handling the wheel and on the same time harm the

Case Study On Yamato Transport
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Yamato Transport TA–Q–BIN which means "personal express delivery" in Japanese is Japan's
leading logistics specialist, covering an array of transport services under the Yamato Group.
Originally formed as Yamato Transport in 1919, TA–Q–BIN has become an important social
infrastructure by creating more convenient lifestyles through innovative logistics systems. Formerly
known as 'Takkyubin' in Japan, the company made a decision to re–establish itself as 'TA–Q–BIN' to
fulfill a more global presence.
Yamato Transport–TA–Q–BIN establish in Malaysia since year 2012, TA–Q–BIN Malaysia set up
the delivery services in Malaysia for four years. Mr Yamauchi Shuji is the Managing Director of
TA–Q–BIN Malaysia. There are total ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1.2.1 CORPORATE STANCE
Our corporate stance expresses our core concept of carrying out the Yamato Group promise to strive
to achieve our Management Philosophy.
The Yamato Group seeks to be profitable through fair and honest competition while respecting
human rights and upholding the letter and spirit of laws and international regulations. We are
working to become a company that continues to develop together with society by always acting with
ethical integrity.
Pursuit of customer satisfaction The Yamato Group strives to provide high quality services and
customer satisfaction. We are constantly challenging ourselves to create new innovations and
services that help improve lifestyle conveniences.
Respect for life The Yamato Group regards human life with the utmost respect and endeavors to
achieve safety.
The pleasure of work The Yamato Group seeks to be a corporation where each individual
demonstrates autonomy and initiative and takes pleasure in their work. We are a company that
encourages employees and their families to pursue dreams and possess pride in their

Transport
Transport or transportation is the movement of people, animals and goods from one location to
another. Modes of transport include air, rail, road, water, cable, pipeline, and space. The field can be
divided into infrastructure, vehicles, and operations. Transport is important since it enables trade
between peoples, which in turn establishes civilizations.
Transport infrastructure consists of the fixed installations necessary for transport, and may be roads,
railways, airways, waterways, canals and pipelines, and terminals such as airports, railway stations,
bus stations, warehouses, trucking terminals, refueling depots (including fueling docks and fuel
stations), and seaports. Terminals may be used both for interchange of passengers and ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
[edit] Operation
Private transport is only subject to the owner of the vehicle, who operates the vehicle themselves.
For public transport and freight transport, operations are done through private enterprise or by
governments. The infrastructure and vehicles may be owned and operated by the same company, or
they may be operated by different entities. Traditionally, many countries have had a national airline
and national railway. Since the 1980s, many of these have been privatized. International shipping
remains a highly competitive industry with little regulation,[14] but ports can be public owned.[15]
[edit] Function
Relocation of travelers and cargo are the most common uses of transport. However, other uses exist,
such as the strategic and tactical relocation of armed forces during warfare, or the civilian mobility
construction or emergency equipment.
[edit] Passenger
Passenger transport, or travel, is divided into public and private transport. Public is scheduled
services on fixed routes, while private is vehicles that provide ad hoc services at the riders desire.
The latter offers better flexibility, but has lower capacity, and a higher environmental impact. Travel
may be as part of daily commuting, for business, leisure or migration.
Short–haul transport is dominated by the automobile and mass transit. The latter consists of buses in
rural and small cities,

What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Transport?
Transport or transportation is the movement of people, animals and goods from one location to
another. Modes of transport include air, rail, road, water, cable, pipeline and space. The field can be
divided into infrastructure, vehicles and operations. Transport is important because it enables trade
between persons, which is essential for the development of civilizations.
Transport infrastructure consists of the fixed installations including roads, railways, airways,
waterways, canals and pipelines and terminals such as airports, railway stations, bus stations,
warehouses, trucking terminals, refueling depots and seaports. Terminals may be used both for
interchange of passengers and cargo and for maintenance.
Vehicles traveling on these networks may include automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains, trucks,
people, helicopters, watercraft, spacecraft and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Human–powered vehicles have also been developed for difficult environments, such as snow and
water, by watercraft rowing and skiing; even the air can be entered with human–powered aircraft.
Animal–powered
Animal–powered transport is the use of working animals for the movement of people and goods.
Humans may ride some of the animals directly, use them as pack animals for carrying goods, or
harness them, alone or in teams, to pull sleds or wheeled vehicles.
Air
A fixed–wing aircraft, commonly called airplane, is a heavier–than–air craft where movement of the
air in relation to the wings is used to generate lift. The term is used to distinguish this from rotary–
wing aircraft, where the movement of the lift surfaces relative to the air generates lift. A gyroplane is
both fixed–wing and rotary–wing. Fixed–wing aircraft range from small trainers and recreational
aircraft to large airliners and military cargo

The Iraqi Dry Canal Profile
1.2 Iraqi Dry Canal Profile
Iraqi leaders have a larger vision called "The Dry Canal project" to transport goods between the
North and South of the world quickly, safely and inexpensively. Road and rail schemes should be
planned to run this project in Iraq could change the ordinary shape on the regional trade. In short:
Shipments (Cargo) coming across the Gulf will be loaded in trains and trucks from the Iraqi Grand
port of Al–Faw Southern of the country, and then will travel across the country to Turkey and then
to Europe. This would give shippers companies an alternative to traditional but no longer route
around the Arabian Peninsula, up through the Suez Canal of Egypt.
Iraq is a very rich country and has a lot of potential and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is not enough, especially with respect to rural roads. In accordance with international standards,
and require every 100 people in the km need 1 km of public roads in this area; Road 's density in
Iraq stands at 0.18 km sq.km "currently, it 's impossible to know exactly how many kilometers of
roads that will be built under the new planned master plan, Amer A.Saeed, President of the project
management (Ministry of construction and housing) says; "It depends on the output of the study we
will finance the project accordingly". Estimating the scope of the rehabilitation of the road also
depends on the results of the study. What is clear is that the initial efforts would focus on improving
the situation of the existing roads network. Authorities will consider that the expansion of services
for the new roads is the first step in the project, including highways and bypass roads, finally,
linking new urban centers in the country and reducing congestion in large cities [2].
In 2020, it could be a challenge in the case of the Suez Canal, the busiest trade connection with
more roads in the region, a series of regional rail line connects to Europe via ancient trade routes
through Iraq to Turkey and Syria. With the improvement of the security situation in Iraq, Baghdad
city is beginning to formulate a new long–term development plans in the

The Supply Chain Is All Parts Of The Company That Fulfill...
The supply chain is all parts of the company that fulfill a customer's order. This can include direct or
indirect contact with the customer. Suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, and retailers make up
some of the parts of a supply chain that are needed to fill a customer's order. One of the major parts
of the supply chain is the transportation of the raw material or the finished product. Transportation
can be done many ways, which include truck, pipeline, air, water, package carriers, rail, and
intermodal. Air transportation can have its advantages and its disadvantages. Transporting products
by air has advantages such as the speed of travel. Air is the fastest way to transport products across
the world in a reasonable amount of time. Another advantage of transporting products by air is the
fact that they can go "as the crow flies", which means they can make direct paths to the nearest
airport. This makes for a speedy travel across the world. As RC Argawal Transportation says "It has
no physical barriers as in the case of other mode of transport" (RC Argawal Transportation). There
are several disadvantages that companies will incur when they ship their products by air. Just like
any other shipping mode planes can be hi–jacked and the products can be stolen. Planes can crash,
very costly, cannot carry large cheap items, and there are legal restrictions on what can be flown in
the plane. Since September 2011, airlines have increased their security at the airports. This

How Did The Industrial Revolution Change Transportation
Transportation in the eighteenth century changed dramatically because of the industrial revolution,
the industrial revolution changed transportation on land and sea forever from slow to decently fast.
The first technological advancement is the train. The train is a steam powered metal machine that
ran across the country at tremendous speeds. The train was a technological marvel anong the slow
stagecoaches and row boats. The train truly changed transportation forever. The second
technological advancement in transportation are railroad tracks. The railroad track is what made the
train the train because without the railroad track than the train wouldn't be able to go anywhere. The
railroad tracks are what the train road on. Made of iron the tracks

Globalization And Its Impact On Human Advancement
Globalization is the procedure by which all people and societies come to encounter an undeniably
basic monetary, social and nature 's turf. By definition, the methodology influences everyone all
across the globe. Globalization has been the characterizing pattern in the end decade of the twentieth
century and the beginning of new thousand years proclaiming another time of collaboration among
countries, economies and individuals. Globalization is an on–going methodology of worldwide mix
that includes: (i) Economic mix through trade, venture and capital streams; (ii) Political
communication; (iii) Information and data innovation and (iv) Culture. While all measurements of
globalization influence the characteristic environment and through it human advancement. Monetary
globalization affects nature and feasible advancement in a mixed bag of courses and through a large
number of channels. Globalization helps financial development and subsequently influences the
earth in a large portion of the same ways that monetary development does, antagonistically in a few
phases of advancement, positively at others. Globalization quickens structural change, subsequently
adjusting the mechanical structure of nations and henceforth asset utilization and contamination
levels. Globalization diffuses capital and engineering; contingent upon their ecological qualities in
respect to existing capital and innovation, nature 's turf may enhance or weaken. Globalization
transmits

Questions and Answers on the Carrier Industry Essay
1. What are the various factors used in classifying commodities for tariff purposes? The National
Motor Freight Classification (NMFC), as determined by the Surface Transportation Board (STB), is
the tariff system that has classification and description of commodities based on four main
characteristics. These are density of the commodity, liability, handling and storability of the
commodity. Carrier companies negotiate the rate and terms of transporting the commodities on the
basis of these four characteristics. It is important to mention that product density is the dominant
factor that determines use of carrier's vehicle and cost per hundredweight. Higher product density
results in lower cost per hundredweight but higher capability of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
During 1980, the TL motor carriers fared quite well. These companies include J.B. Hunt, MS
Carriers and Werner. There was 30% to 40% annual increment in their revenues during 1980s. For
instance, J.B Hunt's revenues at the start of 1980 was around $25 million but increased to $732
million starting 1991. MS Carriers increased from $35 million in 1980 to $152 million in 1991.
During 1980s, TL segment of the motor–carrier industry rapidly outgrew other segments such as
LTL, rail boxcars, and long–haul private fleets. 3. Railroads have abandoned a significant number of
miles of track (over 260,000 miles) since 1916. Why has this trend developed? Will it continue into
the future? Why or why not? The major reason of railroads abandoning significant number of miles
of track (over 260,000) has been the rapid inter–model transportation competition. Since the gradual
deregulation of railroad industry, the two major industry segments in motor carrier transportation
have been truck load (TL) and less–than truck load (LTL) industries. TL and LTL industry segments
have rapidly developed after the US government reregulated the transportation industry. There has
been an increasing competition of rail boxcars with trucking industry. The improvement of water
ways carried out by the engineering corps of the U.S army has also led to increased competition
between inter–modal transportation carriers. The trend is

Case Study Of Logistics At Ambuja Cement
Over the years ACC has reported an average capacity consumption rate of 86%, and Ambuja's
average utilisation pace stands high at 93%. During certain years, Ambuja Cements somehow
managed to produce even more than their total installed capacity. So the company has not only
added their capacity at a rapid, swift, pace, but has also attained high utilisation rates throughout
most of its operations. This shows the top level of efficiency in Ambuja Cement's operations.
Logistics at Ambuja Cement
Inbound logistics today is highly inefficient. Most retailers use multiple systems to manage the
process and so suffer from fragmented visibility. Prioritisation and scheduling of orders are done on
an ad hoc basis, with little consideration of current demand and inventory, while scarce resources,
such as dock door and yard capacity, are often poorly utilised.
Integrated Logistics System ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The costs of key inputs coal, power and transport by rail or road are spiraling year–on–year. The
coal is of poor quality, with high ash and low calorific value content. There is need to introduce
competition for improving quality, regularity in supply and reduced prices. The power from public
utilities is of poor quality due to frequent power cuts and fluctuating voltage.
Transport by rail or road is a cost–intensive component and amounts to almost 15–20 per cent of the
delivered cost to the consumers. The railway tariff is high and need to be rationalised for an
essential product like cement. Road transport on the other hand, provides limited alternative because
of inadequacy of road network and rising cost of road transport due to continuously rising fuel cost.
Inland water transport is eco–friendly and cheap mode especially for bulk commodities like cement.
Coastal shipping and inland waterways will help in bringing down the transportation cost.
To Increase Use Of

Essay On Travel
Hire A Cozy Taxi And Have A Peaceful Journey
Cyprus is this a gorgeous island that brings people as well as tourists from all over the world. You
certainly can do plenty of activities here however if you don't have a vehicle, you'll have a lot of
problems. I don't imply you need to purchase a car. There are lots of Cyprus car hire services and
you also can choose the one you want. But, the challenge is how you are going to choose the very
best look after you in the event you would not need connection with just how to feel the heartbeat of
the market. You can get in touch with offline as well as online Cyprus car hire agency however
ensure what kind of car you would love. Various brands and models have different price range.
The caterer ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Before starting with or doing anything for the first time, it's a very wise idea to get information from
those who have already taken the road. The internet is a great way to obtain information. You will
find a few reviews on each Miami Airport Limo Transportation leasing service.
Whenever you have plans to go travel somewhere, transport service can be the headache. Your
transport service should be affordable and comfortable. Reliably, a indication of great service it
wont crack in the center of the tour, goes time and safely to your destination, like a Singh Limo
Service DC. On other hand comfortable means that if it is too cold to outside, your car should own a
good warm up for a relaxing atmosphere as well as the chairs should be clean and neat and
comfortable like individuals at a Singh Limo DC. Anyone can't travel in limousine that's dirty and
smelly.
Quite simply, you can find thousands of orders for containers must be leased from interstate trucking
company's. (those vacationers with pockets full of cash) and also maybe not containers (at the
present time) to go around. That really is your "prime piece of realestate" as we say. How long will
they rent your container? Think of a steady, ironclad, 6–year lease contract? However, who can
manage all of the specifics? Well thankfully, not you! The organization who has these containers
"For Sale" will deal with every tiny detail to you.
Transport to

What Is The Evolution And Components Of The Tariffs In A...
One of the most notable government regulation is a tariff. Tariffs are taxes added to the goods that
come into the country. This tax makes goods that are imported more expensive than those that could
be produced inside of the country. Another regulation enforced by governments are export subsidies.
Subsidies can offer lower prices for products being produced than in other foreign markets. The goal
of subsides are to offer domestic producers sales by avoiding the price that is charged by foreign
countries (Import Restrictions). Custom tariffs in the country are free due to the fact that they are a
part of MERCOSUR. Exceptions for this free tax are present in certain goods, this is the case for the
automotive industry. Countries that are not ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They also own warehouses and work under a free zones act that exempts taxes (eximcargo.com).
Knowing and understanding the types of inventory your company is dealing with when importing or
exporting can help to meet the main goals of your business. There are essential 3 types of inventory
a company may encounter in logistics; raw materials, work–in–process, and finished goods. When
dealing with raw materials, the business will be receiving or sending out goods that will eventually
be used to make other goods. Raw materials can be thought of as ingredients for another product.
The next inventory type is work–in–process, this type of inventory are goods that are currently being
made but are not yet completed and ready to be shipped out. The last inventory type is your finished
goods, this type of inventory is goods that are completed and are ready to be shipped out to the
businesses customers. The goal is to maintain an equal amount of inventory in each category. If your
work–in–process inventory were to be greater than your finished goods, you may need to look into
having a faster order fill time. If your raw materials are being to get lower than your finished goods,
it may be time to order more raw materials to be able to produce more finished goods. Once the
goods are finished and ready to be shipped, packaging and handling of the goods becomes important
(Types of

Economic Conditions Within The International Markets
A description of the following for the 3 countries or geographic regions within countries you
identified and based on your research findings:
– Economic conditions within the international markets, as well as expenditure on the products or
services the company provides and trends in use of such products or services;
Selected overseas countries Economic conditions
Overseas country 1: Indonesia GDP: 4.02 % by the end of this quarter National currency:Rupiah
Local currency to Australian Dollar rate:
1 AUD = 9.967 Rupiah Inflation, deflation and stagflation: Indonesia 's currency had stabilized and
consumer–price inflation slowed to 3.8%.
Overseas country 2: Japan GDP: 0.40 % by the end of this quarter, National currency:Japanese yen
Local currency to Australian Dollar rate:
1 AUD =79.4118JPY Inflation, deflation and stagflation:For an economy ensnared in a liquidity
trap, monetary policy isn 't enough. Only genuine confidence will spur companies to hike wages and
to unleash the virtuous cycle Abe desires. Instead, Japan may be experiencing some of the same
pitfalls that befell Europe when its single–currency.
Overseas country 3: Thailand GDP: 2.80 percent by the end of this quarter, National currency: Thai
baht Local currency to Australian Dollar rate: 26.8203THB Inflation, deflation and stagflation: in
Thailand, countries around the world are increasingly worried about problems of rising inflation and
risk of economic slowdown.
Selected overseas

Merchant Shipping Ordinance in Malaysia
MERCHANT SHIPPING ORDINANCE 1952
MERCHANT SHIPPING (CENTRAL MERCANTILE MARINE FUND) RULES 1984
In exercise of the power conferred by subsection (8) of section 467 of the Merchant Shipping
Ordinance 1952, the Minister makes the following rules:
1. These Rules may be cited as the Merchant Shipping ( Central Mercantile Marine Fund) Rules
1984 .
2. In these Rules, unless the context otherwise requires– "adopted children"–
(a) in relation to a seaman who does not profess the religion of Islam, means the children legally
adopted by the seaman at when he had reasonable means of supporting them ;
(b) in relation to a seaman who professes the religion of Islam, means children adopted by the
seaman. Whether or not any written law, custom or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
6.
(1) Subject to these Rules , any seaman or in the event of his death , any dependant of such seaman,
desiring financial assistance from the Committee may apply to the Committee.
(2) An application for financial assistance by a seaman qualified under paragraph (3) of rule 4 shall
be made in writing to the Committee.
(3) The Committee on receipt of such application shall cause investigation to be made and may after
such investigation authorise and make payment of financial assistance to the applicant.
7.
(1) Subject to these Rules, the Committee may grant two types of financial assistance, namely–
a. regular financial assistance; and
b. temporary financial assistance.
(2) Regular financial assistance is financial assistance in the form of regular periodical payments.
(3) Temporary financial assistance is financial assistance in the form of a single or several payments
for a specific period.

(4) Regular financial assistance shall not, except where the applicant is in the opinion of the
Committee especially deserving of assistance , be given to any person other than a Malaysian
citizen.
8.
(1) Subject to these Rules, the Committee may grant financial assistance at such amount and for
such period as may be determined by the Committee and may review each case from time to time
and decide whether the assistance shall be continued or revise in any way.

Connectivity Of Nagpur
8.3. Connectivity
Nagpur has good connectivity with other parts of the country via road, rail as well as air transport:
1. Roadways: Nagpur is the junction of two major National highways and an Asian highway (ah46).
NH 44 which runs from connects Nagpur to the northern and southern parts of the country whereas
NH 53 which runs from also passes through Nagpur providing east–west connectivity. The roads
within the city are also well developed as part of the governments Integrated Road Development
Project [x].
2. Railways: Nagpur railway station is an important railway station with rail links to almost all
major cities of the country. Container Corporation of India (CONCOR) is also establishing a rail
terminal near MIHAN on 66 Acres of land which will further boost the case of Nagpur as a logistics
hub.
3. Airways: Nagpur has an international airport which is in close proximity to the major industrial
areas. The airport is equipped with a 10500 [x] foot runway and is capable of handling all kinds of
aircrafts. A cargo terminal is also present at the airport. A major cargo hub has been proposed at the
airport which will
4. Waterways: No major inland waterway flows through Nagpur nor it is located on the sea coast
which can be considered as a negative, but considering the fact that only 0.15 % [x] of India's
domestic transport ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The summer season usually lasts from April to June and the average maximum temperature in these
three months is 40.4°C. Winter season lasts from the month of November to February and the
average minimum temperatures is 14.3°C. The region also witness sufficient rainfall. The average
annual rainfall of Nagpur is 120.5 cm. The rainy season extends from the month of July to
September. The hot climate is not suitable for warehousing of cold storage goods, the power
consumption for maintaining low temperatures will be high. However the conditions are favorable
for non–perishable

Innovation In Medieval Period
Technological innovations encourage and motivate people to develop product and services that
positively contribute to both economic and social prosperity of their life. In ancient times,
technology innovations in medial period begin in British and rapidly spread in other countries such
as Islamic. Medieval period refers to the period between 15th century to 18th century. Both in
medieval and early modern periods there was a need to improve culture, and technological
innovation played a vital role in the modern technology we have right now. In China there was not
much scientific revolution because of traditional culture, lack of concepts (laws of nature),
Confucianism and analogical thinking (yin/yang). Chinese mainly focused on moral learning ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Farming is arguably the most beneficial sector in the human history. Farming feeds the whole world
population, that is, over six billion people. To conclude, we can fairly say that medieval periods
gave birth to agriculture. Without innovations in agriculture, we would face hard times to feed ever
growing population. Construction of Taj Mahal marks the most significant innovation to ever been
carried out in ancient periods in Islamic empire. The construction began started in 1632, and took
approximately 22 years to be completed (Islamic Empire, 2017). In the current world Taj Mahal has
been modernized using similar design and measurements as used in ancient times. The dome from
the ancient building to modern one is still 58 feet in diameter and the height of the guard towers are
162.5 feet standing 213 feet tall with the dome topped off with a gold ornament (Islamic Empire,
2017). Additionally, the invention of giant bombard was a crucial innovation as the weapon helped
the empires fight the enemies. The weapon was made of Bronze cannon cast, 29 feet long with a 24
in. caliber that could fire 628 lb. stone balls (Islamic Empire, 2017). The skills used to construct
these weapons were exceptional as it lasted for

Emergency Maneuvers Specialists : Emergency Exercises
{Protective Service Personnel|Emergency Maneuvers Specialists|Law Enforcement Officers}
{Protection of safety of individuals and keeping military property intact is the primary duty of the
Protective Service Personnel|Protective Service and Emergency specialists will help keep military
personnel and equipment safe|Law Enforcement and Protective Service officers do their bit to keep
military units safe and protected}. {They look after the vessels, vehicles and property and enforce
emergency procedures in preparation for disasters|All the vehicles and equipment come under their
purview and they keep them all safe|Every piece of equipment and all vehicles come under their
protection}. {They tend to the response, evacuation and warning procedures during disasters|During
disasters, these personnel will check the response and evacuation procedures|When there is distress
or danger, they will make sure that the response and action is properly adhered to by all}.
{Transportation Officers|Personnel for Transport|Specialist dealing the Movement of Military
Personnel and Equipment}
{All activities related to movement of military equipment and personnel are regulated by the
transportation officers|Transport officers help regulate the movement of men and vehicles over air
and water|All the movement of vehicles and men is coordinated by the transport personnel}. {When
moving over water, engineers along with navigators help coordinate the movement of the
ship|Movement using ships is

Essay on Transportation and How it Affects Logistics
Transportation is one of the largest industries in the world. It is the most costly and time consuming
of the supply chain. Transportation refers to the movement of products and raw materials from one
destination to another. This process begins from the supply chain to the shipping of the finished
product to the consumer. For we know that products are rarely produced in the same location. We as
people depend on transportation because it moves goods and people from one place to another.
Transportation is a key element in the logistic chain. It joins together those components that are
considered to be separated. In order for transportation and logistics to work together successfully,
there must be good management between them. It plays a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
To achieve the lowest total cost means that financial and human assets committed to logistics must
be held to an absolute minimum (Pieplow, Daniel, & Calhoun [Pg. 29]).
SCM can be divided into three main groups: purchase, manufacture, and transport (Thomas et al.,
1996). The focus is on transportation. There are different modes of transportation. These modes of
transportation fall under three basic types and they are: land (road, rail and pipelines), water
(shipping) and air. Transportation plays a connective role among the several steps that result in the
conversion of resources into useful goods for the ultimate consumer. It is the planning of all these
functions and sub–functions into a system of goods movement in order to minimize cost and
maximize service to the customers that constitutes the concept of business logistics. The system,
once it's put in place, must be effectively managed (Fair & Williams, 1981). What are the
advantages and disadvantages of these modes of transportation in logistics?
Initially, there is the mode of land transportation. Roads, rails and pipelines fall under this category.
These land logistics are very important because they extend the delivery services for air and water
transport from airports and seaports. The main transport mode of land logistics are railway, road
freight and pipeline transport. The advantage of railway transport is that it has carrying capacity and
lower influences by weather conditions

Green Cabs Case Study
MANT 303 – Entrepreneurship Assignment One – Green Cabs case study 1. Green Cabs has many
opportunities to grow their business into other locations and also diversify into other services (e.g.
courier services, shuttles, vans). They have resisted these opportunities to date. Should Green Cabs
be taking these growth opportunities? Why or why not? I believe the decision to expand areas of
Green Cabs opertaions is one that Callum Brown should offer more thought. Green Cabs currently
possesses strong market positions in Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch and a distinct image
with their bright green cabs. They have recently secured priority spaces at New Zealand's three main
airports and are increasing their exposure to consumers ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Publically listing his company on the share market would be a great way to raise capital through
share purchase. Investors would be attracted to the positive results Green Cabs have already
achieved and would not hestitate to buy shares in the business. This would make expansion more
feasible and allow for and easier entrance into some of harder areas. As a sole proprietor, Callum
Brown is solely in charge of the direction of the firm. The case study does not stipulate whether or
not he has any external influences to aid his decision–making. As Green Cabs begins to grow, it will
make Callum's workload much heavier, and he may struggle to make the best decisions for the firm.
Raising capital through selling shares would allow positive growth within the firm as Callum Brown
can afford to hire a management team in order to make more efficient and calculated business
decisions. This could have negative effects to the business. With a strong set of values set by
Callum, Green Cabs has a very positive image which attracts customers. Introducing new
management introduces new ideas and potentially differing values. Callum is open with the fact that
he doesn't desire millions of dollars from Green Cabs. However when you have investors wanting a
premium return on their shares, Green Cabs will be required to make as much profit as possible.
This could have a potentially negative impact on their attempts to be

The Positive And Negative Impact Of Technology In The...
The modern world is changing with new innovations everyday. Technology is getting more and
more advanced, and more and more people have access to it. As good as this advancement may
sounds, it comes with both positive and negative effects on the modern world. For example,
technology can positively make transportation easier and faster, mechanized agriculture, and boost
our education system. On the other side, it can place privacy and safety at risk, replace humans labor
skills, cause pollution, and isolation.
The modern agricultural technology allows human to do things that we were unable to do before. On
top of that it also enable us to do it faster and easier, therefore more efficient. For example,
technology make it possible for a small number of people to grow vast quantities of food in a short
period of time with less input which results into high productions and return on investment. Some of
the technology used in agriculture include machines for tilling the soil, planting seeds, irrigating the
land, cultivating crops, protecting them from pests and weeds, harvesting, threshing grain, livestock
feeding, and sorting and packaging the products.This allows farmers to gain a lot of profit without
investing much human labor skills.
However a lot of farmers can't afford to adapt to the agriculture because of machine and other costs.
Through government subsidies, small and medium sized farmers have managed to get ploughing,
sowing, watering and harvesting machines. Which all

Physical Distribution Channel
Physical Distribution Management
Part of logistics management, physical distribution is concerned with the transporting of
merchandise, raw materials, or by–products, such as hazardous waste, from the source to the
customer. A manager of physical distribution must also assess and control the cost of transporting
these goods and materials, as well as to determine the most efficient way to store them, which
usually involves some form of warehousing. Hence, physical distribution (PD) is concerned with
inventory control, as well as with packaging and handling. Customer relations, order processing, and
marketing are also related activities of PD.
In essence, physical distribution management (PDM) involves controlling the movement of
materials ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Physical distribution activities have recently received increasing attention from business managers,
including small business owners. This is due in large part to the fact that these functions often
represent almost half of the total marketing costs of a product. In fact, research studies indicate that
physical distribution costs nationally amount to approximately 20 percent of the country 's total
gross national product (GNP). These findings have led many small businesses to expand their cost–
cutting efforts beyond their historical focus on production to encompass physical distribution
activities. The importance of physical distribution is also based on its relevance to customer
satisfaction. By storing goods in convenient locations for shipment to wholesalers and retailers, and
by creating fast, reliable means of moving the goods, small business owners can help assure
continued success in a rapidly changing, competitive global market.
A SYSTEM APPROACH
Physical distribution can be viewed as a system of components linked together for the efficient
movement of products. Small business owners can ask the following questions in addressing these
components: * Customer service–What level of customer service should be provided? *
Transportation–How will the products be shipped? * Warehousing–Where will the goods be
located? How many warehouses should be utilized? *

Canadian Oil Pipelines
There is a continuous debate on whether or not oil pipelines are useful or detrimental to Canada. The
Canadian government should approve the proposal of the continued development of oil pipelines, as
they are beneficial to the economy and the environment. The pipelines that would run through
Canada would benefit the country by creating more job opportunities, achieving an increase in tax
revenue and being a more environmentally safe option for the transport of oil across a country.
The development and manufacturing of the oil pipelines would bring a tremendous amount of job
opportunities to the Canadian economy. Creating more jobs is important in the development of a
country. According to CBC, it is projected that the development of oil pipelines ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The construction of pipelines means that companies would have to dig up ground, which could lead
to several issues. The most notable issue of the oil pipelines is the destruction of the life cycle.
Deforestation, homeless wildlife, and soil erosion are the main factors that would be greatly affected
in the life cycle. (Williams, 2012). Although this issue is of great concern, there is not a more
effective, efficient, and safer way to transport oil across the country. All other modes of
transportation cause greater emissions of detrimental gases to the environment from the pulling of
the heavy amounts of oil. Lastly, pipelines have valves that can block off spillages, while other
methods have no possible way of stopping these spillages, causing the same environmental defects
as the construction of the

The Erie Canal Linked Transportation and Trade in the...
The Erie canal was very important to the United States. It was designed to link our nation through
transportation and trade and was the fastest way to transport goods. It also linked many parts of the
country. The Erie Canal was a vital part of Henry Clay's plan known as the American System, which
was designed to link our nation through trade and transportation.
The canal that links the waters of Lake Erie to the west of the Hudson River in the east, is the Erie
Canal. The Erie Canal is an example of Henry Clay's vision to harmonize and balance the country's
agriculture, economy and industries. The building of this canal was first proposed in 1808 and was
eventually completed in 1824. At the time, New York State Governor De Witt Clinton envisioned a
canal that would link Albany to Buffalo. The idea was criticized by some and given the name
"Clinton's ditch". The idea turned out to be a critical turning point for the country since it opened up
many new possibilities. In the early 19th century the transportation of goods between the east and
west was expensive and time consuming. The normal way of transportation before the canal, was by
horse drawn carriages. Then the bold idea of the Erie Canal was proposed to ease the tiring
commute. The Erie canal was intentionally built to open the country west of the Appalachian
Mountains to settlers. The canal would also provide a safe, cheaper way for produce to be carried to
various markets. The canal then became the fastest way

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