3. 1.“RESPONSIBILITYTO PROTECT”
• New international security and
human rights norm (R2P) - World
Summit 2005
• This norm derived from the need
to have ‘humanitarian intervention’
in the conflicts of Rwanda, Bosnia
and Kosovo
• This issue challenges the concept
of state sovereignty - responsibility
not a right
5. •Nations are sovereign - enjoy
exclusive jurisdiction
•UN Charter 2(7) - Non-
Interference
•UN Charter 2(4) - non-use of force
•Governments are responsible for
protecting human rights.When they
fail they lose the right to rule
State Sovereignty -
double edge sword
6. • Onus is placed on nation states and international
organisations
• Also includes the ‘responsibility to warn’ for nation states
• Designed to prevent mass atrocity crimes
Legal Responses
7. •Adhoc commission 2001, Gareth Evans involved for Australia
•Promoting International Humanitarian intervention
•3 components were made: prevent,react, rebuild
International commission on
intervention and state sovereignty
The African union included r2p into their founding charter in
2005
9. Kofi Annan Speech - UNGA 1999
To those from the Kosovo action heralded a
new era when states and groups of states
can take military action outside the
established mechanisms for enforcing
international law
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10. • NGO’s are at the forefront of this principle (ICG).They have
been involved in:
• strengthening the acceptance of R2P
• building NGO skills to apply pressure to governments
• dealing with country specific situations
• The International Coalition for the Responsibility to Protect
(ICRTOP) was raised by NGO’s
Non-legal
Responses
11. •Two contradictory aspects of the
UN Charter are developed
•The non-interference principle in
relation to state sovereignty
•Obligation of UN members to
act against human rights
violations
Hint: R2P is a norm not a law.Therefore jus cogens is developed
through this principle
13. •Why the use of R2P with Libya not Syria?
•UNSC takes different action - UNSC resolution 1973, then
uses veto power
•Both countries are different which changes nation’s states
political will to intervene (Russia/Syria PoliticalTies)
Theme and Challenge time
•the impact of changing values and ethical standards on world order
•the role of law reform in promoting and maintaining world order
Hint:These case studies must be used in any world order essay
15. Libya syria
Armed forces 50000 Armed forces 325000
Rebel forces organised and held
most of eastern libya
Protesters are failing to hold
permanent territory
Gaddafi had enemies worldwide.
Venezuela only friend
Iran,Turkey are allies. Links with
Hamas and Hezbollah
Limited regional impact,Arab
League endorsed
Unpredictable conflict. Could
involve Israel and Iran
16. How does R2P link with the
themes and challenges and the
assessment task essays?
What are the main conflicts that
R2P can be used in your writing?
DiscussionTime
17. 2. REGIONAL AND GLOBAL SITUATIONSTHAT
THREATEN PEACE AND SECURITY:THE
NUCLEARTHREAT
• Nuclear Weapons are the
greatest threat to peace and
security globally
• There has been a reduction of
nuclear weapons. However, the
detonation of only a few hundred
would cause massive ecological
and humanitarian disasters
21. •BilateralTreaties have been established to disarm
nation states
•USA and USSR(Russia)
•1983-begin talks
•1991 - Start 1 - which reduces their arsenals of
warheads
•2002 - SORTTreaty signed - criticism was made
because many nuclear arms were simply stored
Legal Responses
24. •The Nuclear Non-ProliferationTreaty (NPT) 1968 -
reducing countries that possessed nuclear weaponry
•ComprehensiveTest BanTreaty (CTBT) by 1996. 183
signatories and 159 ratifications.The United States has
not ratified the treaty
Multilateral treaties
Hint:These are excellent treaties to integrate into the international
documents and instruments section
25. •UNSC and Nuclear Disarmament
•Tug of war between the Cold War years
•UNSC has strived to work on a case by case
basis with countries of interest
26. •Resolution 687 in 1991 -
destruction of all chemical,
ballistic and biological weapons
by Saddam Hussein
•Comply to rigorous UNSC
weapons inspections
•Still today, weapons of mass
destruction (WMD) have not
been found in Iraq
28. •In the early nineties, North Korea began
developing nuclear weapons that were
known to the worlds powers
•Agreements were made with the USA
but in 2003 N. Korea withdrew from the
NPT
•2006 and 2012 it detonated a nuclear
bomb (as a test apparently), followed by
UNSC pressure, which still remains today.
UNSC Resolution 2094
Hint:The issue of non-compliance can be used when integrating the
case of North Korea
30. •UNSC Resolution 1887 - Maintenance of international peace
and security: Nuclear non-proliferation and nuclear
disarmament
•all 15 members of the UNSC voted yes
•Strong support for NPT
•Pressure was applied to non signatories such as India,
Pakistan and Israel
31. •International Weapons of
Mass Destruction
Commission
•Begun in 2003 - President
Hans Blix
•The International
Commission on Nuclear
Non Proliferation and
Disarmament
Non-legal Responses
33. How does Global/ RegionalThreats link with
the themes and challenges and the
assessment task essays?
What are the main conflicts that Global/
RegionalThreats can be used in your writing?
DiscussionTime
34. 3.THE SUCCESS IN ACHIEVING
WORLD ORDER
• Many disputes have been resolved through international
courts and treaties
• In comparison to previous interventions, EastTimor and
Libya are considered successful
• Some level of success has been achieved with the adhoc
tribunals in bringing individuals to justice
Hint:This section will be critical when evaluating with the
effectiveness criteria
35. •UNSC Resolution 1246 -Ballot to Decide on Special
Autonomy for EastTimor
•UN established the United Nations mission in East
Timor (UNAMET)
Case study: East
Timor
36. •UNSC Resolution 1264
•Established INTERFET - (International Force for
EastTimor) peacekeeping force under Australian
command, agreement by UNSC
•Humanitarian assistance was given and eventually
violence stopped, giving success to the resolution
37. Success for the UN in EastTimor
•Deemed a success due to the willingness of
Australia providing military assistance and will of
the P5
•The final outcomes - new independent state, this
may have not been possible without UN
intervention
38. 4. RULES REGARDINGTHE CONDUCT OF
HOSTILITIES: INTERNATIONAL
HUMANITARIAN LAW
• International Humanitarian Law (IHL) refers to the body of
treaties and humanitarian principles that regulate the conduct
of armed conflict and seek to limit its effects
• Treaties include:
• The Hague Conventions 1899 and 1907
• The four Geneva Conventions 1864, 1949
• The Geneva Protocol 1977
39. Hint:This issue is linked to the impact of changing values and
ethical standards on world order theme
40. •In 1863 the International Committee for Relief to
the Wounded was established
•The treatment of people injured in war was
random.There were no international standards for
the conduct of war
Henri
Dunant -
Founded
the ICRC
41. •Today, all nation states know the standards of decent
conduct in war
•The Geneva Conventions are the most signed and ratified
set of treaties in the world, with 194 signatories.
•The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)
becomes a legal response due to its incorporation in
treaties
Legal Responses
43. •The First Geneva Convention (1864) protects wounded and
sick soldiers on land during war
•The Second Geneva Convention (1949) protects wounded,
sick and shipwrecked personnel at sea during war.
•TheThird Geneva Convention (1949) protects prisoners of
war
•The Fourth Geneva Convention (1949) protects civilians,
including those in occupied territory
45. •The ICRC was instrumental in
the creation of the International
Criminal Court
•1945–46 the NurembergTrials -
Nazi leaders on trial for war
crimes and set a precedent of
holding leaders accountable for
their actions
International Courts
46. •In the 1990s, the UN Security Council established ad hoc
international tribunals in response to the mass killings
•2002 the GC entered into force with the International
Criminal Court.The ICC finally gave teeth to the Geneva
Conventions
47. •Breaches of the GC by the USA
•USA labelled alleged terrorists as
‘unlawful combatants’ therefore outside
the protection of the GC
•Additionally, the military made it difficult
for the Red Cross to visit
•Finally, Guantanamo prison was
established to ignore domestic law within
the USA
Abu Ghraib and Guantanamo
49. •Iraqi victims being tortured in Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq
were released to the media
•Other allied countries were dismayed that the USA were
using such tactics
•In 2009 President Obama announced that Guantanamo Bay
prison facilities would be closed
50. •The International Committee of the Red Cross
(ICRC) plays a significant role
•acts as a neutral party and helps people on all
sides in a conflict
•visits prison camps, internment camps or labour
camps of both sides
•evaluating the conditions of prisoners of war held
in detention
Non-Legal
Responses
