2. What is a compound?
• A compound is a lexical change
• A compound is the combination of two or more free morphemes
• For example
Blackboard
Somehow
Football
Highlighted
Without
QUESTION 1
3. What are the three types of
Australian accents?
• Broad
• General
• Cultivated
QUESTION 2
5. Factors of language change
• International – globalisation
• Electronic – increase of technology, mobile phones, computers, internet
• Cultural - migration
• Social – gendered differences
QUESTION 4
6. Verbification
• ‘Verbification’ is a lexical change
• Ship – boat / to send something
• Train – vehicle /
• Stop – spot of breaking / to end doing an action
• Technically a noun, but has a separate meaning as a verb
2 POINTS
QUESTION 5
8. Process of stealing words from
another language
• Known as ‘borrowing’
• Classified as a lexical change
• Enables us to expand our language
QUESTION 6
9. What is the proper name for
‘verbification’?
• Conversion
• The creation of a word from an existing word without any change to its form
• Usually seen through the additional verb meaning what was originally a noun
QUESTION 7
10. Describe a lexical change
• Admission or exclusion of words – YOLO/ Jargogle
• Names
• Acronyms
• Compounds
• Affixation
• Blends
• Conversion
QUESTION 8
11. Acronym example
• Acronyms are lexical change
• YOLO – You only live once
• ANZAC – Australian and New Zealand Army Corps
• SAC – School assessed coursework
• ICT – information and communication technologies
QUESTION 9
12. Taboo word categories
• ‘Dirty words’ – associated with sex or excretion – shit, fuck
• Religious words – blasphemy – god, Christ, jesus
• Animal words – bitch, cow
2 POINTS
QUESTION 10
14. Significance of Proto-Indo-
European language
• From which English stems from
• Furthest root of the contemporary English language
• From where English originated
QUESTION 11
15. What is narrowing?
• Narrowing is a semantic change
• When a word comes to mean only a part of what it originally meant
• For example;
In the past, hound meant any type of dog
Now it refers to a specific form of dog
• The meaning of this words has been narrowed, as it is now specific
QUESTION 12
16. What is broadening?
• Broadening is a semantic change
• The expansion of contexts in which a word can appear
• For example
The word bludger used to refer to a very specific person who lived off the earnings of a
prostitute
Now it has an expanded meaning to a more generalised term of someone who lives off the
efforts of others
• The meaning of this word has been broadened as it has a more general meaning
QUESTION 13
17. How names manipulate meaning
• Usually a word is a sign to signify something specific, for example spoon
• Giving something a name, which is not a word in any language, creates a new word
specifically for the conjured idea of something
• For example GUCCI
Gucci is not a word in any language, however it carries meaning of the international
designer brand. This word has connotations of what it is, even though it is not a word in
nay language
QUESTION 14
18. What is schwa? Example
• / Ə /
• Schwa (lack of ) is a phonological change
• Schwa refers to the mid-central vowel sound or the neutral vowel sound
• A in about
• Missing schwa – I in family
2 POINTS
QUESTION 15
20. Blending
• Blending is a lexical change
• Blending refers to the contraction of two or more existing words
• For example
SMOG
SMOKE + FOG
QUESTION 16
21. Affixation
• Affixation is a lexical change
• Affixation refers to the combination of bound morphemes with free morphemes
• For example
Exploration
Ation is a bound morpheme
Yet the word it originates from, ‘explore’, is a free morpheme
QUESTION 17
22. What is etymology?
• Etymology refers to the history of words; their origins, how their form and meaning have
changed over time
• The etymology of a word refers to the origin of that word
• For example
teacher (n.) “one who teaches," c. 1300; agent noun from teach (v.). It was used earlier in
a sense of "index finger" (late 13c.).
QUESTION 18
23. One distinguishing feature of
Australian accent
• Vowel phonology – phonemic length distinction
• non-rhotic – no /r/ sound at the end of a syllable or directly before a consonant
• Pronunciation – stress and weak forms evident in isolated words
QUESTION 19
24. What is shift? Give an example
• Shift is a semantic change
• Shift refers to the complete changed meaning of a word
• For example
Wicked – used to mean evil “She was a wicked woman”
Now it means good, cool, great “That ride was so wicked, let’s do it again!”
QUESTION 20
