Explore the evolution of nanotechnology in this presentation, tracing its historical roots and emphasizing the fusion of biology, chemistry, and material science. Delve into the interdisciplinary nature of nanotechnology, highlighting key contributions from each field and showcasing pivotal milestones that shaped the convergence of these sciences, revolutionizing technology and research.

1. Overview Of Nanotechnology
Historical Perspective Of Integration Of Biology ,
Chemistry And Material Science
Aarsi Saini (221235) Amit Yadav (221236) Chhavi Saxena (221237)
Department Of Biotechnology
Central University Of Haryana

2. Nanotechnology -
-Nanotechnology consists of two words – “nano” which is a unit of measurement which is equal
to one billionth of a metre (10^-9) and “technology” which means making, usage , and
knowledge of tools, machines and techniques , in order to solve a problem or perform a specific
function.
-Nanotechnology is a field of science and engineering that focuses on the design and
manufacture of extremely small devices and structures. It is the branch of technology that deals
with dimensions and tolerances of less than 100 nanometres, especially the manipulation of
individual atoms and molecules.
-Nanotechnology devices typically have a scale of fewer than 100 nanometers (nm). A
nanometer is a very small unit of measurement equal to one billionth of a meter. For reference,
a sheet of paper is about 100,000 nanometers thick

4. Nanotechnology -
-Nanotechnology has a wide range of applications, such as electronics, medicine, energy, textiles
and more. The very small size of the materials allows them to exhibit different physical and
chemical properties than the same materials at a larger scale. Due to their small size,
nanomaterials have a large surface area-to-volume ratio, which can lead to increased reactivity,
strength and conductivity
-Additionally, the small size of nanomaterials allows them to be easily incorporated into a wide
variety of products and processes, including electronic devices, medical treatments, energy
production and environmental remediation. The properties of nanomaterials also make them
useful for creating new products and improving existing ones

5. Historical perspective-
-The integration of biology, chemistry, and material science in nanotechnology has a fascinating history.
Nanomaterials have existed in nature long before scientists could even imagine them. The history of science
behind nanotechnology and nanomaterials is, however, relatively short. To manipulate matter at such a small
scale, knowledge from many fields, such as physics, chemistry, biology, and materials science has had to be
combined.
-People have been using nanomaterials for more than 4,000 years without fully understanding the science behind
them. Many clay minerals contain natural nanomaterials and have been used for thousands of years for example in
construction, medicine, and art.
-1000 years ago, different size ‘gold nanoparticles’ were used to produce stained glass windows.
-2000 years ago, ‘sulphide nano crystals were used by romans and Greek for dye of the hair.
-Lycurgus cup (4th century)- the glass contained gold-silver alloyed nanoparticles.it made glass look green in
reflected light and bright red when light pass through it.
-Carbon nanotubes were found in pottery from keeladi, india dating to 600-300 BC .
-Nanoparticles were used by artisans during 9th century in Mesopotamia for creating a glittering effect on pots.

6. The integration of chemistry in nanotechnology has a rich historical perspective that spans several decades.
1.Early Beginnings (1950s-1980s):The groundwork for nanotechnology was laid in the mid-20th century when
scientists started exploring the properties of materials at the nanoscale.
In the 1959, physicist Richard Feynman (father of nanotechnology) delivered his famous lecture "There's Plenty of
Room at the Bottom,“ this lecture was published in the book – “Miniaturization’ which is often considered the starting
point of nanotechnology . During this period, chemistry played a fundamental role in synthesizing nanoparticles and
understanding their properties .
Norio Taniguchi coined the term “Nanotechnology” in 1974.
2.Emergence of Nanoparticles (1980s-1990s):In the 1980s and 1990s, significant progress was made in creating
nanoparticles with controlled sizes and shapes. Chemistry techniques like colloidal chemistry and sol-gel methods
became crucial for the synthesis of nanoparticles
Dr Eric Drexler gave the idea of ‘Molecular machinery manufacturing and computation’ in 1980.
-Quantum dots were discovered in 1981 by Bawendi, Louis Brus and Aleksey Ekimov .they won the 2023 Nobel Prize in
Chemistry for their discovery.
- In 1981 , scanning tunneling microscope was invented and
-In 1985 ,Fullerenes were discovered by Harry Kroto, Richard smalley and Robert Curl that caused emergence of
nanotechnology .
-Sumio Ijima discovered carbon nanotubes in 1991.

7. 3.Nanomaterials and Chemistry (2000s):The 21st century saw a rapid expansion in the integration of chemistry into
nanotechnology . Advances in chemical processes, such as chemical vapor deposition and chemical etching, enabled
the fabrication of nanostructures with precision . Functionalized nanomaterials, where molecules are attached to
nanoparticle surfaces, gained importance in various applications like drug delivery and sensors
4.Nanoparticles in Medicine and Electronics (2000s-2010s):Chemistry played a pivotal role in developing
nanoparticles for drug delivery systems, making use of controlled release mechanisms . In electronics, the synthesis
of nanomaterials like quantum dots and carbon nanotubes revolutionized device miniaturization and performance.
CDs were discovered accidentally in 2004 at the time of purification of single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) by Xu
et al. .Two years later, in 2006, Sun et al. first synthesized stable photoluminescent carbon nanoparticles of different
sizes and named them “carbon quantum dots” (CQDs)
5.Emergence of Bottom-Up Approaches (2010s-2020s):The 2010s witnessed a shift towards bottom-up approaches,
where molecules and atoms are assembled into nanoscale structures with precision. Supramolecular chemistry and
self-assembly techniques became prominent in building complex nanostructures . The inspiration for bottom-up
approaches comes from biological systems, where nature has harnessed chemical forces to create essentially all the
structures needed by life.Various methods such as sol-gel, pyrolysis, biosynthesis, spinning and chemical vapor
deposition (CVD) are commonly used for nanoparticle production using the bottom-up approach.

8. Intergration of Biology in
Nanotechnology
The integration of biology and nanotechnology represents a fascinating and rapidly evolving field
that has its roots in both the biological and physical sciences. Here is a historical perspective on
how these two disciplines have converged over time:
1. Early 20th Century: Quantum Mechanics and Biophysics
◦ The early 20th century saw the development of quantum mechanics, which provided the foundation for
understanding the behavior of atoms and molecules at the nanoscale.
◦ Biophysics emerged as a field that sought to apply principles of physics to biological systems, paving the
way for the interdisciplinary approach later on.

9. 2. 1950s-1960s: Discovery of DNA Structure
• The discovery of the double helical structure of DNA by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953 revolutionized
the understanding of genetics.
• This breakthrough was a pivotal moment in the convergence of biology and the study of nanoscale structures.
3. 1970s: Development of Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM)
• The invention of the Scanning Tunneling Microscope by Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer in 1981 allowed
scientists to visualize and manipulate individual atoms on surfaces.
• This technology marked a significant leap in the ability to study and manipulate matter at the nanoscale.
4. 1980s-1990s: Rise of Nanotechnology
• The term "nanotechnology" was coined by Eric Drexler in the 1980s, and it gained popularity as a field focused
on designing and manipulating materials and devices at the nanoscale.
• During this period, researchers began to explore the application of nanotechnology in biology.
5. Late 20th Century: Nanoparticles in Medicine
• Scientists started developing nanoparticles for drug delivery, imaging, and diagnostics in the late 20th century.
• These nanoparticles could carry drugs to specific cells or tissues, improving the efficacy of treatments and
reducing side effects.

10. 6. 2000s: Emergence of Nanobiotechnology
• The 21st century witnessed the emergence of nanobiotechnology, a multidisciplinary field that combines
biology, chemistry, physics, and engineering to develop new tools and applications at the nanoscale.
• This field encompasses a wide range of applications, including the development of nanoscale sensors,
biosensors, and imaging techniques.
7. 2010s-Present: Advances in Synthetic Biology and Nanomedicine
• Recent advances in synthetic biology have allowed researchers to engineer biological systems at the molecular
level, creating synthetic organisms and biological circuits.
• This has opened up new possibilities for combining biological components with nanoscale materials to create
functional devices and systems for various applications, including medicine, energy, and environmental
monitoring.
 Today, the integration of biology and nanotechnology continues to expand, with ongoing research in areas such
as targeted drug delivery, nanoscale imaging, biosensors, and the development of novel materials with unique
properties at the nanoscale.
 This interdisciplinary field holds great promise for addressing complex challenges in healthcare, materials
science, and many other areas of science and technology.

11. Examples of biological nanoparticles
A. Viral Nanoparticles
A. Examples: Influenza virus, HIV, SARS-CoV-2.
B. Significance: Study of viral structure, disease mechanisms, and vaccine
development.
B. Cell-Derived Nanoparticles
A. Examples: Exosomes, microvesicles.
B. Function: Intercellular communication, cargo delivery, disease biomarkers.
C. Protein-Based Nanoparticles
A. Examples: Ferritin, bacterial magnetosomes.
B. Applications: Drug delivery, targeted therapies, nanomaterial synthesis.
D. Engineered Nanoparticles
A. Examples: Liposomes, gold nanoparticles.
B. Uses: Drug delivery, imaging, biosensors, cancer therapy.

12. Physical Properties At Nanoscale
Size and Surface Area
• Size Matters: At the nanoscale, materials exhibit unique physical properties due to their small size. Quantum effects become dominant, affecting
optical, electronic, and magnetic properties. High Surface Area to Volume Ratio: Nanomaterials have exceptionally high surface area compared to
their volume, making them ideal for catalysis, sensors, and drug delivery systems.
Mechanical Properties
◦ Strength and Toughness: Nanocomposites possess exceptional strength and toughness, making them valuable for applications in aerospace,
automotive, and construction industries. Flexibility: Nanomaterials can be engineered to be flexible, leading to the development of bendable and
wearable electronic devices.
Electrical and Thermal Conductivity
• Enhanced Conductivity: Certain nanomaterials exhibit superior electrical conductivity, enabling the development of efficient electronics, conductive
coatings, and energy storage devices. Thermal Conductivity: Nanoparticles can enhance the thermal conductivity of materials, leading to improved
heat management in electronic devices and thermal insulating materials.
Optical Properties
• Tunable Optical Properties: Nanoparticles can be engineered to interact with light in specific ways, leading to applications in sensors, imaging, and
display technologies. Plasmonics: Nanoparticles can support surface plasmon resonance, enhancing lightmatter interactions and enabling
applications in biosensing and imaging.
Magnetic Properties
• Superparamagnetism: Nanoscale magnetic particles exhibit superparamagnetic behavior, crucial for applications in data storage, magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI), and targeted drug delivery. Magnetic Nanocomposites: Nanoparticles integrated into composites can enhance their
magnetic properties, enabling diverse applications in various industries.
Chemical Properties and Reactivity
• Enhanced Reactivity: Nanocatalysts provide a large surface area for catalytic reactions, leading to improved efficiency in chemical processes and
environmental remediation. SelfAssembly: Nanomaterials can selfassemble into specific structures, leading to the development of novel materials and
drug delivery systems.

13. Nanochemistry
And Material
Science
•Nanomaterial Syntheis -
•TopDown Approach:
• Lithography, Ball Milling
◦ BottomUp Approach:
•Chemical Precipitation: Precipitation of nanoparticles from a
solution of precursor salts upon the addition of a reducing
agent. Common for metal oxide nanoparticles.
• SolGel Method, Hydrothermal/Solvothermal,
Microemulsion, Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD,
Green Synthesis
Biological Methods:
• Biosynthesis, EnzymeMediated Synthesis
Physical Methods:
• Laser Ablation, Arc Discharge, Sputtering, Flame
Synthesis
Nanochemistry: The branch of
nanoscience that deals with the
manipulation of nanoscale
materials and structures,
exploring the unique properties
and behaviors of substances at
the nanoscale level.
Tailored Properties:
Nanomaterials possess
enhanced mechanical, electrical,
optical

15. Material Science
Applications
Nanoparticles: Tiny particles with at least one dimension less than 100
nanometers.
• Medicine: Drug delivery, imaging agents, and diagnostic
tools.
• Electronics: Conductive inks, sensors, and transistors.
• Catalysis: Efficient catalysts for chemical reactions.
• Eg : Gold nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles,
Nanocomposites: Materials composed of two or more nanoscale
components.
• Materials Engineering: Lightweight composites for
aerospace and automotive industries.
• Energy: High performance batteries, supercapacitors, and
solar cells.
• Biomedical: Implants, tissue engineering scaffolds, and
biosensors.
• Eg : CNT
Nanomaterial Thin Films: Thin layers of nanomaterials deposited
on surfaces.
• Electronics: Thinfilm transistors, organic lightemitting
diodes (OLEDs).
• Optics: Antireflective coatings, optical filters, and lenses.
• Sensors: Gas sensors, biosensors, and humidity sensors.
Types of Nanomaterials

16. Nano-chemistry
And Material
Science
Applications
Nanomaterials Engineering:
•Quantum Dots: Semiconductor nanoparticles with quantum
mechanical properties, used in displays and biological imaging.
•Carbon Nanotubes: Cylindrical structures with remarkable
mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties, used in
nanocomposites and electronics.
•Nanoporous Materials: Materials with nanoscale pores, used for
gas storage, water purification, and catalysis.
Functional Nanosystems:
•Nanocarriers: Nanosized vehicles for targeted drug delivery,
improving drug effectiveness and reducing side effects.
•Nanocatalysts: Enhance reaction rates due to their high surface
area, used in green chemistry and environmental remediation.

17. Applications
• Nanomedicine: Targeted Drug Delivery, Theranostics
• Electronics and Photonics: Nanoelectronics, Quantum Dots
• Energy Storage and Conversion: Li-Ion Batteries Solar Cells
• Catalysis: Heterogeneous Catalysis Environmental Remediation
• Materials Reinforcement: Nanocomposites Self Healing Materials
• Sensors and Diagnostics: Biosensors Gas Sensors
• Coatings and Surface Modifications: Hydrophobic and Oleophobic Coatings Antimicrobial
Coatings
• Nanotechnology in Agriculture: Nano pesticides Soil Remediation

18. References
•Bayda S, Adeel M, Tuccinardi T, Cordani M, Rizzolio F. The History of Nanoscience and
Nanotechnology: From ChemicalPhysical Applications to Nanomedicine. Molecules. 2019 Dec
27;25(1):112. doi: 10.3390/molecules25010112. PMID: 31892180; PMCID: PMC6982820.
•Shen X, Song J, Kawakami K, Ariga K. MoleculetoMaterialtoBio Nanoarchitectonics with
Biomedical Fullerene Nanoparticles. Materials (Basel). 2022 Aug 5;15(15):5404. doi:
10.3390/ma15155404. PMID: 35955337; PMCID: PMC9369991.
•Khandel, P., Yadaw, R.K., Soni, D.K. et al. Biogenesis of metal nanoparticles and their
pharmacological applications: present status and application prospects. J Nanostruct Chem 8,
217–254 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40097-018-0267-4
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