2. Athens and Sparta were both poleis (that’s the plural of
‘polis.’)
• These were city-states, each independent with their
own sub-culture and form of governance.
• What kinds of governments were there?
• There was no “capital city” of Greece
• While you were Greek, and proud of it, your primary
allegiance and loyalty were towards your city-state
• Squabbling among the Greeks almost did them in on
several occasions when they fought the Persians
• There were a number of city-states both in Greece and
elsewhere. We talk about Athens and Sparta the most
because they emerged as the most powerful ones.
3. What do these mean:
1.Monarchy
• Rule by a king
2.Oligarchy
• Rule by a small group of people. Usually elites
bound together by interests and wealth.
3. Aristocracy
• Rule by a small group of people, but in the classical
definition, they’re chosen for their virtue and wise
rule (though this wasn’t always the case).
4.Tyranny
• Rule by a individual with absolute power who took
power by force, sometimes with popular support
4. 5.Acropolis
• Center and citadel of city-state. Literally means
“high city” or “city at the top.”
• Usually refers to the one in Athens nowadays
6.Agora
• An open public area acting as a center of public life
and also the marketplace
5. 7.Helot
• Land-bound serfs that worked Spartan land (if all the
citizens are going to be soldiers, somebody’s gotta be
the farmers).
• Were from the surrounding land of Laconia and
Messenia that they conquered.
• Owned by the state and not individual masters and the
masters couldn’t sell them
• Sparta got half of the helot’s crops
• Significantly outnumbered the citizens.
• The potential threat they presented was another
reason why the Spartans had such a potent army
(gotta keep ‘em down) and the Spartans were
reluctant to fight too far from Sparta lest the helots
act up
6.
7. Culture
Sparta was a military culture
• The entire Spartan culture went towards developing
and fielding a strong army
• This was to preserve itself as well as to keep down the
helots
8. Spartan military
• Children were taught at home until they were seven
and they began their training
• At 13, they were dropped off in the woods in groups
with nothing and had to survive (without theft)
9. • Began military service at 20
• Soldiers were not allowed to trade or hold non-military
occupations.
• Weren’t free from military service until 60.
• To help ensure the physical superiority of their people,
babies were bathed in wine shortly after birth. If they
survived, they were taken to elders. If the elders
deemed the baby unfit, it was left exposed to die on a
hillside (other city-states practiced exposure).
10. Women
• Were more independent than in other city-states.
• Learned reading and writing and girls were also given
similar harsh physical training to the boys (many
domestic tasks were left to the helots.)
• Girls also received same amount and quality of food
as boys, which wasn’t the case everywhere.
• Could own and control property and could overtake
husband’s property while he was at war. Were
expected to defend it too and to put down revolts.
11. Athens is famous for being the primary basis of western
civilization.
• Especially in its democracy, although its democracy
wasn’t always constant, and its form is slightly different
than what we’re familiar with.
12. Solon
• The Athenian lawmaker that first established the basis
of civil democracy
• He had to strike a balance between the concerns of the
aristocracy and those of the poor.
• The poor were unhappy at the possibility of them
and their families being sold into slavery if they
were in debt to an aristocrat.
• The aristocrats wanted to prevent a revolution and
keep their wealth (and their skin).
13. • Some reforms:
• Debt-slavery was abolished. Anybody who had been
sold into slavery due to debt was liberated.
• All outstanding debts at the time were abolished.
• Death penalty only for murder.
14. Cleisthenes
• Previously, there were multiple tribes and there was
conflict among the city folk, hill folk, and plain folk.
• Cleisthenes organized ten entirely new tribes each
composed of people from the three regions and of
different family tribes.
• The broke old tribal or class loyalties and reoriented
people towards the state.
15. • This assembly became the main governing body
of Athens and dealt with day to day affairs.
• Anybody was eligible to serve for one year and it
was expected that all male citizens would serve
eventually.
16. Women
• Women didn’t have the same rights as in Sparta
• Expected to take care of the home
• Boys were taught reading and writing and girls were
taught domestic skills, like spinning and sewing, by
slaves
• Not allowed out of the house except maybe for the
near locality
• Main purpose was to produce healthy children
• Odd treatment considering that women played an
important role in some religious rites and the city’s
patron goddess was Athena
