An easy approach to translation studies

2. Topic
Types of Translation
 Presented to: Dr. Sikandar Ali
 Presented by: Muhammad Zeeshan
Muhammad Nadeem
Syyed Zeshan Ali

3. Main Points
 Intralingual, Interlingual and Intersemiotic
Translation
 Metaphrase , Paraphrase and Imitation
 Literary translation and Non-literary
Translation
 Oral and Written translation
 Equivalence in Translation

4. What is Translation?
• “Translation is rendering the meaning of a text into
another language in the way that the author intended
the text”
Peter Newmark

5. What is Translation?
“That translation consist of reproducing in the receptor
language the closest natural equivalence of the source
language message, first in terms of meaning and
secondly in terms of style”
Eugene Nida

6. Translation is a process of transferring thoughts,
meanings and message from the source language
to the target language.
In Short

7. Introduction
A Russian linguist, Roman Jakobson distinguished
three different types of translation in his seminal essay
On linguistic Aspect of Translation.

8. Introduction
• Interpretation of a verbal sign according to Roman
Jakobson can happen in three ways:
Jakobson
Intralingual
Interlingual
Intersemiotic

9. Introduction
1.
• Intralingual translation or rewording is an
interpretation of verbal signs by means of other
signs of the same language.
• It means “to put meaning in different words.”
Intralingual Translation

10. Examples
• Intralingual translation occurs when we produce a
summary or otherwise rewrite a text in same
language, say a children’s version of an encyclopedia.

11. Introduction
• Interlingual translation or translation proper is an
interpretation of verbal signs by means of some
other language.
Introduction
2. Interlingual Translation

12. Examples
• An example of Interlingual Translation would be the
Bible.
Assumed to be originally written in Hebrew, the
Bible also underwent numerous translations into the
Greek and Latin and then to into English.

13. Examples
• The king James Bible or the authorized version has
primacy in English.
• So now a days there is the Good News Bible, which
is the modern English version translated by the
American Bible society.

14. Introduction
• Intersemiotic translation or transmutation is an
interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of
non verbal sign systems. As like novel to film or story
to a play.
Introduction
3. Intersemiotic Translation

15. Examples
• Intersemiotic translation occurs when a written text
is translated into a different mode, such as music,
film or painting.
• Gurinder Chadha’s 2004 Bollywood Bride and
Prejudice is an adaptation of Jane Austen’s Pride and
Prejudice.

16. • Focuses on sense and
style
• Prose, Poetry
• Novel, etc
Literary
Translation
• Focuses on sense only
• Physical science, law
• Social science, jounalism
Non-
Literary
Translation
Major types of translation

17. • Translation of literature.
• Sense and style both under consideration.
• No definite answer to a question in literature.
• A variety of approaches to study literary text.
• The TL text must retain the “feel” of the original
text.
• Decoding of SL text and re-encoding in TL text.
Literary Translation

18. “ what is required, is the re-creation of a
situation or cohesive semantic block in
the new language in terms of the cultural
setting of that language”
(G.E. Wellworth)
Literary Translation

19. According to Chandra Sekhar Patil
• Literary translation is a transplantation of experience
from one linguistic plain to another.
• Mode of displacement always continues in literary
translation.
• Literary translation also means taking a text from SL
and giving it a new life in TL text.
Literary Translation

20. • Non-literary translation takes place the realms of
Physical sciences, social sciences, journalism, law etc.
• In these disciplines and subjects a definite question
has a definite answer.
• It is concerned with meaning not with style.
• It is meant to be “sense for sense” not “word for
word”.
Non-Literary Translation

21. Kinds of Translation
Literal
Transcriptio
n
Free
Ristricted Rank-bound
Total
Partial
Full
Grammatica
l
Graphologic
al
Phonologica
lLiteral
Kinds of
Translation

22. Types
1. Metaphrase
2. Paraphrase
3. Imitation
John Dryden

23. Metaphrase Paraphrase Imitation
Word by Word
Line by Line
Sense for Sense
Free translation, transference of the
text with liberty

24. According to Catford
“based on extent”
• Based on the extentFull translation
• It is a type of translation in which the entire
SL text is reproduced by the TL text
materials.
Partial translation
• there are only some parts of the SL text to be
translated into the TL text.

25. Based on level
• Based on the level
Total translation
• the TL material replaces all levels of the SL text.
Restricted translation
• it is the replacement of SL textual material with
equivalent TL material at only one level; whether
at the phonological level, graphological level, or
at the level of grammar and lexis.

26. Based on ranks
• Based on the rankRank-bound translation
• It means that the selection of TL text equivalent is
limited at only one rank, such as word-for-word
equivalence, morpheme-for-morpheme
equivalence, etc.
Unbounded translation
• It can move freely up and down the rank-scale

27. • It is a “restricted” translation where the
grammar of SL text is substituted by
the equivalent grammar in TL.
• Lexis is not replaced only the grammar.
Grammatical Translation

28. • A restricted translation where the phonology of SL text
is substituted by the equivalent phonology in the TL.
• The grammar and lexis remain same except a few
deviations.
• In translation of the English plural “cats” to a language
which has no final consonant cluster might be “Kat”.
• English word “had” in this type of translation into
Greek would be /xent/.
Phonological Translation

29. • It is a restricted translation where the graphology of
SL is substituted by its equivalents in TL.
• It is a difficult as the writing systems can use a
restricted range of graphic substance.
• This kind is used only by the typographers who want
to give an exotic flavour to written texts.
• An example of it would be any book about Islam
with its title written in Arabic-lie-scripts.
Graphological Translation

30. • Some translators made a distinction between Vertical and
Horizontal translations.
• Gianfranco Folena in his article on Vulgarization and
translation suggests that medieval translation might be either
described as vertical or horizontal.
• This distinction is useful because it shows how translation
could be connected to two coexistent yet distinct literary
systems.
Distinctions in Translation

31. • The translation into ones native language the TL from the
source language which has special value might be called
“Vertical Translation”.
• For instance translation for Pakistani students into Urdu
from English.
Vertical Translation

32. • This kind of translation happens when both source and
target language have the same value.
• An example for this kind can be translation from
Norman-French into English.
• Punjabi and Urdu languages can also be an example of this
type of translation.
Horizontal Translation

33. Andre Lefevere gives an interesting account of the various seven
methods of translating poetry.
1:Phenemic Translation:
It attempts to reproduce the SL sounds in the TL while at the
same time producing an acceptable paraphrase of the sense.
2:Literal translation:
when the emphasis on word-for-word distorts the sense and the
syntax of the original.
3: Metrical translation:
where the dominant criterion is the reproduction of SL meter.
Strategies of Poetry Translation

34. 4: Poetry into prose:
The distortion of the sense, communicative value and syntax
of the SL text results from this method but not to the extent
with the literal and meterical types.
5: Rhymed:
In this method the translator ‘enters into the double
bondage’ or meter and rhyme.
Strategies of Poetry Translation

35. 6: Blank verse translation:
Here the restriction is imposed on the translator by the
choice of structure, yet the greater accuracy and literalness
is obtained.
7: Interpretation:
Under this heading, Lefever discusses what he calls versions
where the substance of SL is retained but form is changed and
the translator produces the poem of his own.
Strategies of Poetry Translation

36. Another writer Popvic distinguishes four types of translation
in his discussion on translation equivalence.
• Linguistic equivalence.
• Paradigmatic equivalence.
• Stylistic equivalence.
• Textual equivalence.
Equivalence in Translation

37. • Linguistic equivalence:
Where there is homogeneity on the linguistic level of
both SL
and TL texts i.e., word-for-word translation.
• Paradigmatic equivalence:
In this type of translation there is equivalence of the
elements of grammar which is significant than lexical
equivalence.
Cont…

38. Cont…
• Stylistic equivalence:
Functional equivalence of elements in both
original and translated version aiming at an
expressive identity with an invariant of identical
meanings is observed.
• Textual equivalence:
There is equivalence of the syntagmatic
structuring of a text, i.e., equivalence of form
and shape.

39. According to Brislin
Pragmatic
translation
Aesthetic-
poetic
translation
Ethnographic
translation
Linguistic
translation

40. Pragmatic Translation
It refers to the translation of a message with an interest
in accuracy of the information that was meant to be
conveyed in the SL form and it is not conveyed with
other aspects of the original language version.
Example:
Fida: can you shut the door?
Irfan: I am playing game.

41. Aesthetic-poetic Translation
It refers to translation in which the translator takes into
account the affect, emotion, and feeling of an original
version, the aesthetic form used by the original author,
as well as any information in the message.
Example:
The translation of sonnet, rhyme, heroic couplet,
dramatic dialogue, and novel.

42. Ethnographic Translation
Its purpose is to explicate the cultural context of the SL
and TL versions. Translators have to be sensitive to the
way words are used and must know how the word fits
into cultures.
Example:
The use of the word ‘yes’ versus ‘yeah’ in America.

43. Linguistic Translation
It is concerned with equivalent meanings of the
constituent morphemes of the SL and grammatical
form.
Example:
Language in a computer program and translation
machine.

44. Conclusion
• Translation is like a woman if beautiful, it cannot be
faithful and if faithful, cannot be beautiful.
• Anon
• All types of translation have these three: loss of meaning,
addition of meaning and skewing of meaning.
• Translator becomes de-coder of SL text and re-coder of
TL text and between decoding and recoding fall the
shadow.
• Jakobson