x

2. ADVANTAGES: It is a very durable material, easy to
maintain and environmentally friendly. It has a long
lifespan and is mostly recyclable
DISADVANTAGES: This finishing can be
uncomfortable for some. The hardness of the
material can also be a draw back due to the
hazards it can create.
ADVANTAGES: It is very economical to be
used as it is engineered in required predesigned
segments. It has excellent acoustic dampening
properties which is favourable for households.
It also has great fire resistant characteristics.
DISADVANTAGES: It cannot be reshaped or
modified on site. It must be made in segments which
burdens the transportation of the segments to
the site. Shapes requiring irregular shapes are
hard and costly to fabricate.
Concrete Finishing
Hollow Core Slab
SLAB
ADVANTAGES: Shallower Foundation
which requires less excavation. More
economical due to the narrower strip
used. neighbouring properties
DISADVANTAGES: Limited load carrying
capabilities due to its design. It is also
not ideal for frame construction and is
weak against natural disasters
REASON: The suitability of trench
foundation over the others in this
application is preferred due to its lower
cost and less damage to the
surroundings as less excavation and
groundworks are carried out
COLUMNS
STRETCHER BOND
It is easy to bond and economical too
as it requires less manpower. The
simplicity of the bond allows for a
fast bonding process compared to
the others. This method of bonding is
also strong enough for a common
household.
BRICKS
Clay Bricks
ADVANTAGES: Strong and
lightweight . Better tensile strength
DISADVANTAGES: Expensive as it is
complex to manufacture.

3. First Grade Maple Wood
Flooring
Advantage:
-Easy to clean
-High quality look
-High strength
-Durability In supporting the loads
which led to less repairing cost
-Natural look
Disadvantage
-Create footsteps
Casement window (out-swinging)
Dimension: Width: 660mm Height; 1250mm
Advantage: Better ventilation than
some other type of windows
such as a fully open double hung
or gliding window
Disadvantage:
High cost and size limitations
Faux concrete wall finishes
Advantage: Easy to maintain
Disadvantage: Unable to retain
Why Faux concrete?
Better appearance compare to
Normal paint and save repairing cost
Plaster Ceiling
Advantage: Cheapest in terms of material
costs. Plaster ceiling will not reduce the
height of the room. (Max. thickness of the
layer is 5cm)
Disadvantage: It will break down or falls
over time. Repair work can be time-
consuming and expensive because have to
demolish the ceiling to reach the hidden
components
Flush door (swinging 90 degree inward)
with pull door
Handle (Longer and lower, suitable for
family with kids)
Dimension: 6'6'' x 1'9''
Advantages: Low cost (material used is cheaper) and
provide Attractive appearance (More to simple in
design)
Disadvantages: Factory-made so that correct size door
must be given
Why Flush door? Unaffected by humidity and provide
better Appearance
Brick wall
Advantage: Fire resistant since the
primary ngredient in brick is clay
which is Fired to around 20008F, it is
a Non-Combustible material.
Disadvantage: Rough surface
Cornices (ornate
moulding used to mask
the junction between
wall and ceiling)
Advantage: Provide better
look Especially between wall
And ceiling
Disadvantage: Hard to clean
since it's High
windows
Skirting
Height: 100mm
Advantage: Gives better finish and
hide the Imperfections
Disadvantages: Store dusts
Why skirting: For better and warmer
Appearance in room

4. Glazed Porcelain Tiles
-made from brucite & used for flooring
Advantages:
- durable,stain, scratch & moisture
resistant
-smooth non slip texture
-attractve appearance & easily cleaned
Disadvantages:
-Tend to crack if heavy stuff drop on it.
elrond sand tile(wall)
Advantages:
-chemiical & fire resistant
-High resistance to moisture penetration
& low water absorption rate.
-does not retain dust & dirt
Disadvantages:
-tile grout can discolour and hard to
maintain
-hard to be install and repair.
upvc window frame
-out swinging casement
window
-low maintenance as it does
not rust or rot
- cheaper as compare to
timber or aluminium
Disadvantages:
-frame can discolor over
time
-limited color available
ironmongeries:upvc
casement fastener
Others :
1.) Vitreous china toilet bowl and sink
2.) stainless steel towel hanger
Plastic ceiling
-low maintenance costas it does not
absorb water.
-Mould & termites resistance makes it
easier to maintain
- high resistance to fading & color
changes
Glass shower door
-outswinging door
material: tempered glass
ironmongeries:inset glass door
hinge,stainless steel chrome handle
Advantages:
-does not habor germ or fungi.
-provide incredible strength & enduring
capacity
Disadvantages: unable to repair once
glass cracked
Method of installation:
1.) Set the side rail in place
2.) Insert rubber spacer in the channel on
the threshold to hold the panel
3.) Attach the remaining rail and apply
glazing strip
4.) Bring in the swing door
5.) Attach hinges

5. Flooring + Skirting
-laminated wood tiles
made from brazillian
walnut wood
ad: not too hard,
pleasing to eye
DIs: not long term
water ressistant
Installation of faux concrete painting
1. apply base coat (grey). Eg. benjamin white
water.
2. SLashes of black, brown and blur applied
randomly to break the grey colour.
3. Pencil lines drawn 4 inches apart and the
wall is glazed according to the lines
windows
Bedroom 1: 2 nos
Bedroom 2: 1 nos
-outswinging glass windows
easy to clean and prevent
rain water from coming
into the room.
double layered glass to
trap heat and prevent
coldness from leaving
Door
outswinging solid
wooden panel door (4
panels)
Ironmongeries:
1.raised head screws
2.Satin finished hinge
3. marble door knob
ad: durable, long-
lasting
Ceiling finishes
-plaster ceiling
-cornices to wall
FUrniture in room
1.bed
2.Study table and chair
3.built in wardrobe
Wall finishes
-Faux Concrete painting over
concrete brick wall
AD: Easy to maintain
Dis: Unable to retain heat
Bedroom 1 + Bedroom 2
Wardrobe

6. Tasmanian oak (Hardwood
flooring)
advantageS
- Unmatched warmth and
visual appeal
- Highly durable. it can
withstand decades of use
- low-maintenance
- moisture-resistant
disadvantageS
- expensive
- require more frequent
cleaning as it shows dirt
and dust
- need special treatment
to prevent termite attack
- difficult to install and
require specialized help
nippon satin glor
(wall painting)
- highly washable with
good scrub
resistance
- long-lasting
- fungus resistant
- good scrub
resistance
- mid sheen finish
shoji screens
-dimension: 83 x 73.5 in.
-made of rice paper
-used as room
dividers & sliding as
opposed to hinged so
as to reduce valuable
floor space
- no bottom track,
install top-mounted
sliding door
handware instead
outdoor rubber tiles
advantageS
- Come in a variety of
texture, colours, and size and
extremly tough
- able to withstand element
ranging from freezing to
extreme heat
- water proof and porous
- provide a texture grip
DisadvantageS
- All rubber is flammable
- interaction with light, heat
or certain metals will cause
rubber to oxidize and become
brittle
Method of Installation
1) Measuring the area
2) preparing the installation
area
3) laying the first tiles
4) cutting the rubber tiles
5) use a roller to press the
tiles together
granite countertop
advantage
-easy to clean with
warm water and mild
detergent
-High durability and
not easily to scratch
it
- can be repair if
needed
- good heat
wood cabinet
advantage
-it is classic and beautiful
and suit for the concept
of japanese style concept
-durable material
-No space is lost when
using custom built cabinet
- required minimal
maintenance
Glazed oak venner
door
-dimension : 1981 x 838
x 35mm
-used for security
purpose and room
dividers
-high durable and
resistant to
scratches and
moisture
satin enamel

7. laminated wooden flooring
ADVANTAGES:
- long lasting
- easy to clean
DISADVANTAGES:
- easily scratched
- slippery
INSTALLATION:
1) clean subfloor before installing
2) lay down a layer of plastic sheet or vapour barrier
on subfloor
3) Lay out the unopened boxes of laminate planks in the
room
4) Measure the width of floor and start to install
laminate planks
5) Trim the last row of laminate planks to fit to wall
6) Use small section of planks as spacers
7) Remove spacers and add 15mm skirting to side of wall
WOODEN FRAME OPEN
WINDOW
ADVANTAGES:
- allow natural
light
- does not fade
disadvantages:
-may decay
-vulnerable to termites
plaster ceiling
ADVANTAGES:
- light-weight
- easily moulded into any shape
disadvantages:
- more expensive than cement
- cannot be used in moist situations
BROWN WALLPAPER
- long lasting
- able to hide surface
imperfections
FURNITURE (living room)
wooden tv
stand:
- durable
TELEVISION:
- provide
entertainment
wooden oak sofA:
- classic &
traditional
wooden
coffee table:
- provide
natural feel
WOODEN book
shelf:
- cheap
Wooden panel
door
ADVANTAGES:
- strong & durable
- able to withstand
strong wind
disadvantages:
- Shrinkage and Swelling of
Wood
- Deterioration of Wood
ironmongeries:
round wire nail, raised head
screw, steel butt hinges, door
handle, rim locks and latch
FURNITURE (dining room)
marble
tabletop
wooden
table:
- easy to clean
Wooden
chair:
- strong &
durable
wooden
cabinet:
- long lasting
- open door
design

9. PITCHED ROOF
• more structure and stability
• excellent drainage
ADVANTAGES
• much longer lifespan
• more durable and weather
resistant
• internal accommodation will
be more efficiently insulated
DISADVANTAGES
• more expensive because of a
more complex design
• additional building materials
• extra man-hours cost
CERAMIC TILES
-raw materials : clay minerals
mined from the earth's crust,
natural minerals such as
feldspar that are used to
lower the firing temperature,
and chemical additives
required for the shaping
process
iNSTALLATION OF
CERAMIC TILES
• starts from the lowest part of the
roof up to the top
• holes for nails on tiles are nailed to
parallel rows of wooden bars
• overlaps the previous one for about
30% of the surface
PROS
• most eco-friendly roofing material
• provide excellent rain, wind and heat
protection
CONS
• extreme fragility
• cost is expensive
KING POST TRUSS
• made out of wood
• 8m spans