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1. The Bar-Lock Typewriter, which had a double keyboard, was introduced in 1889. The name of the
machine refers to a mechanism that locked the type-bars in position while they printed.
In 1896, the Bar-Lock type writer's name in the U.S. was changed to Columbia Bar-Lock. During 1896-
99, U.S. ads claimed that the machine was widely used in offices and by the Navy. See illustration to the
right.
The machine was sold as the Royal Bar-Lock in Great Britain. A c. 1898 English ad for the Royal Bar-
Lock stated that the machine had "fifty thousand users." The ad stated that over 200 of the machines were
being used by Lever Brothers Ltd., over 60 in total by the London, Glasgow, and Liverpool municipal
governments combined, over 40 by the London and Lancashire Fire Insurance Co., and over 30 each by
the Secretary's Department of the General Post Office, by Arthur Guinness, Sons & Co., by the Eastern
and Associated Telegraph Cos., and by the English offices of the Mutual Life Insurance Co. of
New York. In 1899, an ad claimed that the Sunlight Soap Co. was using over 160 Royal Bar-Locks. In
1901, an ad claimed that 150 Royal Bar-Locks were used in post offices in the UK. E. H. Beach, Tools of
Business, 1905, states that the British royal palaces used five times as many Bar-Locks as all other makes
combined, that the three largest British city governments (London, Glasgow, and Liverpool) used eight
times as many Bar-Locks as all other makes combined, and that the three largest companies (The Bank of
England, the Eastern Telegraph Co., and Messrs. Dever Brothers, Ltd.) used nine times as many Bar-
Locks as all other makes combined. Beach also states that the British war office and admiralty used over
400 Bar-Locks. The photo to the right shows a number of Bar-Locks in an English office.
Other downstrike typewriters were the Horton Typewriter (1886) and Salter Typewriter (1892). The
earlier of the two Horton models weighs 19 lb. The 1892 Franklin weighs 11.5 lb.

2. Single element machines used type-shuttles, type-wheels, or type-sleeves rather than
type-bars. These type-elements rotated and moved either up and down or side to side
to position the correct letter. One of the selling points of most single-element
typewriters was that the type-elements could be changed to permit typing in different
fonts and languages. Both Hammond and Blickensderfer sold over 100 different type-
elements. Key tops could be changed to facilitate typing in different languages. It is
reported that most single-element machines were slower than typebar machines
because the single-element returned to its base position between characters.
The most successful early single-element machine, the Hammond type-shuttle
typewriter, is described in our Antique Office Typewriters gallery.

3. Index typewriters do not have keyboards. Generally, one hand operates a pointer that
selects a letter from an index while the other hand depresses a lever that moves the
type to the paper.
The first practical index typewriters, the American Hall Type Writer (1881) and the
German Hammonia Typewriter, were introduced in the early 1880s, several years
after the first keyboard typewriter. Index typewriters were much cheaper than
keyboard typewriters during the 1880s and 1890s, and advertisements for index
typewriters stressed this fact. Index typewriters generally sold for $10-$20, although
the Hall was $40. (See advertisement to the left and table below.) In 1895 the
Champion Typewriter Co. advertised that over 9,000 Champions were in use in the
U.S.

4. Malling Hansen's Writing Ball c. 1870
The Hansen Writing Ball was invented in 1865 by the reverend and principal of the Royal Institute for
the deaf-mutes in Copenhagen, Rasmus Malling-Hansen, 1835-1890. The writing ball was first patented
and entered production in 1870, and was the first commercially produced typewriter. In Danish it was
called theskrivekugle. The Hansen ball was a combination of unusual design and ergonomic innovations,
but like most of the early 19th century typewriters, it did not allow the paper to be seen as it passed
through the device.
Its distinctive feature was an arrangement of 52 keys on a large brass hemisphere, causing the machine
to resemble a giant pin cushion. From the book Hvem er Skrivekuglens Opfinder, written by Malling-
Hansen's daughter Johanne Agerskov, we know how Malling-Hansen made experiments with a model of
his writing ball made out of porcelain. He tried out different placements of the letters on the keys, to work
out the placement that led to the quickest writing speed. He ended up placing the most frequently used
letters to be touched by the fastest writing fingers, and also placed most of the vowels to the left and the
consonants to the right. This, together with the short pistons which went directly through the ball, made
the writing speed of the writing ball very fast.
The first models typed on a paper attached to a cylinder, and included an electromagnetic escapement
for the Ball, thus making Malling-Hansen's machine the first electric typewriter. He made several
improvements on his invention throughout the 1870's and -80's, and in 1874 he patented the next model,
and now the cylinder was replaced by a flat mechanical paper-frame. The electromagnetic battery was
still used to move the paper along as the Ball typed upon it, and the design led to a lower possibility for
error. Malling-Hansen improved further on his design, and created a semi-cylindrical frame to hold one
sheet of paper. This best known model was first patented in 1875, and now the battery was replaced by a
mechanical escapement. All these improvements made for a simpler and more compact writing
apparatus.

5. The IBM Selectric typewriter (occasionally known as the IBM Golfball typewriter) was
an influential model line of electric typewriters. It was introduced in 1961.
Instead of a "basket" of pivoting typebars the Selectric had a pivoting type element
(frequently called a "typeball") that could be changed so as to display different fonts in
the same document, resurrecting a capacity that had been pioneered by the moderately
successful Blickensderfer typewriter sixty years before. The Selectric also replaced the
traditional typewriter's moving carriage with a paper roller ("platen") that stayed
stationary while the typeball and ribbon mechanism moved from side to side.
Selectrics and their descendants eventually captured 75 percent of the United States
market for electric typewriters used in business.

6. Sholes was a U.S. mechanical engineer who invented the first practical modern typewriter,
patented in 1868. Sholes invented the typewriter with partners S. W. Soule and G. Glidden,
that was manufactured (by Remington Arms Company) in 1873. He was born February 14,
1819 in Mooresburg, Pennsylvania, and died on February 17, 1890 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
Before the computer, the typewriter may have been the most significant everyday business
tool. Christopher Latham Sholes and his colleagues, Carlos Glidden and Samuel Soulé,
invented the first practical typewriting machine in 1866. Five years, dozens of experiments,
and two patents later, Sholes and his associates produced an improved model similar to
today's typewriters.
The type-bar system and the universal keyboard were the machine's novelty, but the keys
jammed easily. To solve the jamming problem, another business associate, James
Densmore, suggested splitting up keys for letters commonly used together to slow down
typing. This became today's standard "QWERTY" keyboard.

7. It was called the "Sholes & Glidden Type Writer," and it was produced by the
gunmakers E. Remington & Sons in Ilion, NY from 1874-1878. It was not a great
success (not more than 5,000 were sold), but it founded a worldwide industry, and it
brought mechanization to dreary, time-consuming office work.
.
The idea began at Kleinsteuber's Machine Shop in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in the year
1868. A local publisher-politician-philosopher named Christopher Latham Sholes spent
hours at Kleinstuber's with fellow tinkerers, eager to participate in the Age of Invention
to produce devices to improve the lot of Mankind.
.
It's said Sholes was working on a machine to automatically number the pages in books,
when one of his colleagues suggested the idea might be extended to a device to print
the entire alphabet. An article from "Scientific American" was passed around, and the
gentlemen nodded in agreement that "typewriting" (the phrase coined in SA) was the
wave of the future.
.
Sholes thought of a simple device with a piece of printer's type mounted on a little rod,
mounted to strike upward to a flat plate which would hold a piece of carbon paper
sandwiched with a piece of stationery. The percussive strike of the type should produce
an impression on the paper. Sholes' demonstration model looked like this:

8. Keyboard typewriters
Keyboard typewriters are typewriters that are operated by pushing a key, or combination of keys in
order to print a letter or character onto the paper.
Between the 1880s and 1910s many people favored the so-called full keyboard that had individual
keys for each individual letter, capital, figure and symbol (for samples, see Upstrike typewriters). The
best knowns full keyboard machines were the Caligraph and the Smith Premier.
The division we use here between different sorts of keyboard typewriters is not based on the keyboard
itself, but on the way the characters are actually typed onto the paper. The difference is explained on
each of the linked index pages, that can be found when you click the links on the left.

9. Upstrike Keyboard typewriters
If you put type on the end of a typebar, and print by swinging the bar
against the paper, the typebar needs to fall back into its original position.
Otherwise, you would have to pull it back manually, before striking the next
key. The easiest way to achieve this is by using gravity.
It wasn't even Christopher Latham Sholes who followed this train of thought
for the first time. He was just the first to build such a machine that was
actually mass-produced.
The Austrian carpenter Peter Mitterhofer had built a typewriter with the
same odd upstrike system ten years earlier. The only difference was that his
machine was made completely out of wood, and nobody was interested in
mass production.
Obvious as it may seem today that you can see what you writer, the 'blind
writing' upstrike typewriter was the benchmark machine for more than 20
years and the Remington Typewriter Company kept up production of this
clumsy system until 1915, despite the fact that the first truly visible writers
had already appeared in 1895.
This section of the museum presents only upstrike typewriters, with single
keyboards and a shift key, and with 'full keyboards' where each character
had its own key.

10. Downstrike keyboard typewriters
If you can't read what you write when the letters hit the paper from below,
the most logical thing to do would be to have the letters strike the paper
from above. So there they are: the downstrike typewriters.
Striking down onto the paper creates new design problems, because the
upright typebars are inevitably in the way. And so the designers came up
with every possible solution. Downstriking from the front, from the side,
from the back, from above, with a grasshopper jump and at an angle.

11. Frontstrike Keyboard Typewriters
The most comfortable way to type of course, is with the written text at a
pleasant angle in front of you. But it took 20 years after the introduction of
the Sholes & Glidden until the Daugherty appeared, the first 'modern'
typewriter.
The typebars lay backwards in the type basket, swung up when a key was
hit, printed a letter on the front of the platen and fell back. The Daugherty
failed miserably in the market, but next came the Underwood that set a
standard for mechanical typewriters that would last a century.
But there were other frontstrike typewriters also, like the so-called thrust-
action machines, that actually pushed the type against the paper. Good
examples are the Ford, the Wellington/Empire, the Adler and the Kanzler.

12. Single element machines
When IBM introduced the famous golf ball system on its electric typewriters
in the 1950s, this was generally regarded as a major breakthrough in
typewriter technology. Few people realized that the concept of the single
element typewriter was already 70 years old at the time.
It was James Hammond, inventor of the Hammond typewriter who was the
first to combine all the characters he needed on his typewriter on a single
piece of metal.
The advantage of this was that the rest of the mechanism would be used
only to bring the right character to the front.
The advantages were obvious. Single element machines never jammed, their
alignment was perfect, type faces could easily be changed and they didn't
need as many parts and regular machines, which meant that they were also
usually cheaper.
There were disadvantages also. Unless the actual type element struck the
paper (as on the Blickensderfer), a hammer system had to be used to strike
the paper against the type. And this led to strange contraptions to hold the
paper (Hammond and Fitch).

13. Thürey
First year of production: 1909
Company: Thürey Schreibmaschinen Gesellschaft, Cologne, Germany
Serial nr: n.a.
The Thürey typewriter is one of these rare attempts to completely break with
conventions that were already in place in 1909 and build a machine that was
one of kind. And it is. It was also a commercial failure.
The keyboard of the Thürey consists of six vertical rows of keys attached to
bars that are positioned sideways on the top of the machine. By pressing a
key a typewheel is turned into position with the correct character facing
forward, while a hammer swings forward from behind the paper (see pic 6).
The hammer however, is not spring-driven as it is on the Hammond, but
receives its momentum from the force with which a key is struck. Inking is
done with two ink rolls.
The machine, with a charming wooden handle on the right for lifting, is
exactly twice as wide as the carriage, and one of the flattest designs around.

14. Travis Typewriter
First year of production: 1895
Company: Philadelphia Typewriter Company, Philadelphia, USA
Serial nr: 2006
Information is scarce about the Travis Typewriter. Different sources date this
machine in 1905. However, documentation exists that shows that the Travis
was invented by Byron Brooks who had, in 1885, developed the Brooks
typewriter, a backstroke machine with a double shift.
Brooks sold the patents for his new machine to William Travis of the
Philadelphia Typewriter Company. The PTC built the machine and put it on
the market locally. The company apparently ceased to exist by 1900. Very
few Travis Typewriters were produced. The machine is extremely rare today.
The Travis featured a four-row keyboard and a horizontally placed
typewheel. The paper was struck by a hammer from behind and pressed
against the typewheel, much like the Chicago and Hammond. The paper had
to be rolled into a cylinder under the hammer.

15. Sterling (improved)
First year of production: 1905
Company: Sterling Typewriter Co, New York, USA
Serial nr: 3309
The Sterling typewriter was a three-row swinging sector typewriter,
developed by C.J. Paulson. The machine was produced with the name Eagle
in 1905. Production was apparently resumed in 1910 or 1911 as the
Sterling.
The principle of the Sterling is very similar to that of the Hammond, with a
single type element swinging around a vertical rod (see pic 6).
Not many details are known about its production history.

16. Postal 3
First year of production: 1902
Company: Postal Typewriter Co.,New York, USA
Serial nr: 10619
The Postal seems like a cross breed between the Blickensderfer and the
Hammond. The machine had a typewheel almost identical to the Blick and
the way it turned was controlled by a series of upright pins, similar to the
Hammond turret.
The Postal printed through a ribbon, that was fixed to two parallel ribbon
spools, right behind the platen. With the typewheel striking down onto the
platen, with the ribbon under it, the writing was in effect invisible.
There are said to be 8 different models of the Postal, but in fact only three
have been reported, of which the number 7 is very rare.
The Postal 3 (presented here) and 5 (with a raised scale above the platen)
are the relatively most common Postals.
The Postal was exported to Germany, Austria, Russia and France.

17. Phönix
First year of production: 1908
Company: Gesellschaft fur Apparate-und Maschinenbau, Berlin,
Germany
Serial nr: n.a
The Phönix was originally called Merkur but the name was changed to Phönix
(the firebird) after the producer changed its name to 'Company for the
production of machines and appliances'. With the Lambert, the Phönix is the
only machine with a fixed keyboard. But the first comparison of course is
with the Blickensderfer.
The raised typewheel that strikes down onto the platen is very close to the
system that made the Blick great. But the keyboard on this machine is very
odd. When a key is pushed, the entire keyboard tilts and goes down, while
turning the typewheel into position and printing the paper. The keyboard has
28 keys and there are two shift keys for capitals and characters.
The machine was produced for a very short time only and few examples
survive.

18. Munson 2
First year of production: 1890’s
Company: Munson Typewriter Company, Chicago, USA
Serial nr: 7877
The Munson 2 is the machine that was re-released after a couple of years as
the Chicago typewriter. It was a covered version of the Munson 1, a machine
introduced in 1890 of which the mechanism was virtually identical to that of
the later Chicago.
The Munson was designed by S.J. Siefried and J.E. Munson of New York. The
machine was produced in a factory in Chicago, owned by Fred and Louis
Munson.
The Munson 2 had a horizontal type sleeve with the hammer that struck the
paper from behind to push it against the sleeve, similar to the Hammond.
Before the machine could be used, the typist would have to slide the rail
holding the hammer out to the left to bring the hammer into position.
The Munson company produced the machine until 1897, when the patents
for the machine were sold to Edgar Hill of Chicago who took up production of
the Chicago typewriter.

19. Moya Visible 3
First year of production: 1906
Company: Moya Typewriter Company.,Leicester, UK
Serial nr: 3979
Hidalgo Moya was a Spanish-American who married a girl from Leicester, England.
When he moved back to Europe, he brought an interesting invention with him: the
Moya Typewriter. He went into business with his father-in-law and built a factory in
Leicester.
The Moya typewriter, that operated with a typesleeve similar to the Crandall, was
not a very successful machine. Not too many were sold between 1902 and 1905,
when the improved Moya Visible 2 appeared.
The type sleeve with six rows of characters was turned and shifted by an intricate
system of gears and levers. Printing was done by the sleeve that moved forward
onto the platen. Some further improvements to the mechanism were made and in
1906 the Moya 3 appeared, that is presented on this page.
Although few machines were built and sold, the Moya was exported to several
countries, where it appeared with different names, such as Sekretar, Ideal and
Baka (see Pic 6-Mantelli coll.)
In 1908 production of the Moya was stopped in favor of a new invention by Hidalgo
Moya, a downstrike machine that would become a major success: the Imperial. The
Imperial Typewriter Company of Leicester would continue to produce typewriters
until well into the 1960s.

20. McCool 2
First year of production: 1909
Company: Acme-Keystone Manufacturing Co.,Beaver Falls, Pa, USA
Serial nr: 1718
The Acme-Keystone Manufacturing Co. of Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania, was
not the most successful of typewriter producers. The three machines it
produced, the Keystone, the Sterling and the McCool 2 (there is no McCool
1) are all very rare today.
The McCool was a relatively cheap 3-bank keyboard typewriter. It used a
typewheel similar to the Blickensderfer, a hammer that strikes from behind
from a sliding rail like the Chicago, and an impression strip along the
carriage, similar to the Hammond (photo 3).
Very little is known about the history of the machine. It was invented by
William A. McCool who was granted a patent in 1910. The machine was
apparently for sale in 1909. Not many were made.

21. Lambert
First year of production: 1902
Company: Lambert Typewriter Company, New York, USA
Serial nr: 3205
Frank Lambert was a French immigrant to the United States. He started work on his
typewriter in the 1880s, with the earliest patent dating back to 1884. The machine wasn't
marketed until 1902 and it was a remarkable success.
The Lambert typewriter is unique in shape and technology. It is the only keyboard typewriter on which
the keyboard consists of one single piece. On pushing a key, the entire keyboard and the attached
type stamp (pic 6) swivelled into position and printed the correct letter onto the paper. The Lambert is
often mistaken for an index typewriter.
There were three models of the Lambert Typewriter. The first 3000 machines had a keyboard that
could be rotated to the left and right, to allow it to write a crude form of italic letters. In fact they
were normal, Roman style letters printed at an angle.
This feature was dropped on the Lambert 2 (after serial number 3000) that had a fixed keyboard. The
machines were otherwise identical, with the embossed name on the base plate.
A small handle to the left, under the keyboard (pic 5) allowed for 'shifting' - it put the stamp in
position to print either lower case, capitals or figures.
Later, a Lambert 3 appeared with a slightly wider carriage and a non-embossed base. That machine
bore a decal with the name Lambert. The difference in size of the carriage and body is clearly visible in
the next picture:
The Lambert 3 also appeared as the Butler and the Garden City. Outside the United States the
machine was produced in London by the Gramophone and Typewriter Company, and in Lambert's
home country France.