TEİAŞ STAJ RAPORU (1)

ATILIM UNIVERSITY
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Energy Systems Engineering
Vural Cantuğ Akkaş
100310004
4
ENE 499-SUMMER PRACTISE II
Summer Training Report
2014

Atılım University/Faculty of Engineering/Department of Energy Systems Engineering
ii
Contents
SUMMER TRAINING EVALUATION FORM......................................................................................................iv
Weekly Schedules: 1st
Week...................................................................................................................v
Weekly Schedules: 2nd
Week.................................................................................................................vi
Weekly Schedules: 3rd
Week ................................................................................................................vii
Weekly Schedules: 4th
Week ...............................................................................................................viii
Week .................................................................................................................ix
Week ..................................................................................................................x
ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................................. 1
1. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................... 2
2. ABOUT THE COMPANY ....................................................................................................................... 3
3. PRACTICAL TRAINING ........................................................................................................................ 4
4. CONCLUSIONS..................................................................................................................................... 24
REFERENCES............................................................................................................................................ 25

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SUMMER TRAINING EVALUATION FORM
(To be filled by Atılım University Academic Staff)
Training Evaluation:
1) Is the company that the student has chosen to do his/her training at, appropriate?
Yes No
2) Is the score in the Training Register Form greater or equal to 2.5/4.00 ?
Yes No
3) Has the company executive officer approved the training?
Yes No
Student is: Succesful Unsuccesful in the training.
Report Evaluation:
1) Is the format and the content of the report appropriate?
Appropriate Not Appropriate
2) Is the content of the report original and satisfactory?
Yes No
Correction Offerings:
Student is: Succesful Unsuccesful in the training and report.
Training Evaluation Committee:
Member1 Member2 Member 3

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Weekly Schedules: 1st Week
Date Tasks Accomplished
16/06/2014
A presentation was done about the job security. General information was given
about the occupational health & safety. I was delivered to my own specific
department. I was placed in the department of measurement system management.
17/06/2014
Some information about TEIAS was given by Chief Engineer of the
measurement system management. Some authorities and me went to Osmaniye
Organized Industrial Area which is the one of developing city of Çukurova
region.Couple counter were installed, 30kv level unit was learned and seen.
18/06/2014
Some authorities and me went to Osmaniye Organized Industrial Area, I learned
how to read AUTOMATIC METER READING (AMR).I learned what the
parameters are in counter.Also,we want to have signed a protocol with Osmaniye
Tedaş and organized industrial zone officials. Unfortunately, the protocol could
not be signed for technical reasons.
19/06/2014
Circuit breakers and arrester’s theoretical knowledge learned.Their types and
usage has learned.
20/06/2014
Substations, Voltage and currency transformers theoretically their working
principles were learned.Also,we went to Seyhan Substation-1, I had the chance to
see old type kV units and we has tried to solve technical problems in sending
information of counter.
Executive Officer

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Weekly Schedules: 2nd Week
23/06/2014
I went to the Berke hydroelectric power plant for Annual maintenance of
counters. General information about control room was given. General information
about cycles and systems was given,also the working principle is described.And i
witnessed the starting and stopping of the all units.
24/06/2014
Electric Power Transmission theoretically was learned, also and distribution
transformers was learned.
25/06/2014
Breaker compartment was learned. How to test counter in the lab was seen and
learned. Main and backup counter was tested for the entire day.
26/06/2014
We went to the Kozan substation and there was seen. Automatic meter reading
were installed , preparation was made before Sunday.
27/06/2014
Electricity production and consumption of the Çukurova region were analyzed.
Executive Officer

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Weekly Schedules: 3rd Week
30/06/2014
Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) was learned, theoretically. (types, properties,
using area, methods,tests)
01/07/2014
After controlling, the consumption data ,where in substations, entered into the
system,EDW3000 was seen.
02/07/2014
Unit service transformers and industrial area datas entered into system.
03/07/2014
Electric generation plants data entered into system and the data ,which were
wrong, were corrected from the local area.
04/07/2014
Ottoproductor, Eligible consumer and reverse supply substation terminology
were learned. Feeder protection methods learned.
Executive Officer

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Weekly Schedules: 4th Week
07/07/2014
We visited the Atlas Coal Power Plant. I have learned the technical and general
information about Atlas CPP, the system has been described. Gas Insulated
Substations were seen.We visited to Güriş Wind power plant in Belen,Hatay. I
have learned the technical and general information about Güriş WPP.
08/07/2014
Thermal and tank protection methods learned.
09/07/2014
Disconnectors, relays and insulators theoretically their working principles were
learned.
10/07/2014
We visited the Egemer natural gas combined cycle power plant in Erzin,Hatay. I
have learned the technical and general information about Egemer NGCCPP.
11/07/2014
Grounding and busbar theoretically their working principles were learned.
Executive Officer

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14/07/2014
Overvoltage protection methods were learned, fault occurrence, effects and
properties were also found.
15/07/2014
I visited the Sanko Sanibey Hydroelectric Power Plant. I have learned the
technical and general information about Sanibey Hydroelectric Power Plant, the
system has been described.
16/07/2014 Cables and fuses theoretically their working principles were learned.
17/07/2014
Communications and how to maneuver has learned. Insulators were learned.
18/07/2014
Reactive Power and Power Calculations were learned.
Executive Officer

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21/07/2014
I visited the Alarko Karakuz Hydroelectric Power Plant. I have learned the
technical and general information about Karakuz Hydroelectric Power Plant, the
system has been described.
22/07/2014
I visited the Ceyhan-2 Subsitation. I have tested automatic meter reader in
Ceyhan-2 Subsitation.
23/07/2014
Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) was learned, theoretically. (types, properties,
using area, methods,tests)
24/07/2014
I visited the Osmaniye Subsitation. I have tested automatic meter reader and
periodic maintenance was performed in Osmaniye Subsitation.
25/07/2014 General information about sector was given.
Executive Officer

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ABSTRACT
This is my second summer internship.In my summer internship, I chose TEİAŞ because this
company one of biggest electricity company in Turkey. During 30 working days, I saw Kadirli
TM, Kozan TM, Osmaniye OSB TM,Seyhan-1 HES,Alarko Karakuz HPP,Sanko Sanibey
HPP,Berke HPP,Güriş Belen WPP,Atlas and Egemer CPP. I saw that generation,transmission
and distribution of electricity especially about transmission. I had a idea about some electric
machines such as transformers, relay, busbar, circuit breaker and disconnector etc.
During my summer internsip, I learned a lot of thing.I had the opportunity to use theoretical
information.I learned the duties and responsibilities of engineers in the working life.I had the
opportunity to observe the business management.I learned to find solutions to the problems.I
learned work safety,team work and code of ethics.
To sum up, This work I performed helped me in gaining practical experience that served as
complementary knowledge to my theoretical backround. It was challenging and fun. Finally, I
completed my summer practice with good impressions and experiences.

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1. INTRODUCTION
I have performed my first summer practise at TEİAŞ (Türkiye Elektrik İletim A.Ş) in
Adana. My summer practise took thirty work days which started on 16 June 2014 and
ended on 25 July 2014.
First day, I went education department in TEİAŞ and I met chief of education department
Ahmet Beşkazak.He sent me Measurement System Management and I met with technicians and
electrical-communication engineers in this department.My departmant have three engineers and
four technicians. I have completed my work under the group chief engineer Fuat YILDIZ.He
gave me general informations about history of TEİAŞ and how to generation and transmission of
electricity.
During my internship, I learned about electricity production, transmission and measurement .
When I compare my point of view before the internship and after the internship, it has
significantly improved.

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2. ABOUT THE COMPANY
Name of the Organization : T.E.İ.A.Ş. (Türkiye Elektrik İletim A.Ş. )
Location of the Organization : 18th Group Management ( Beyazevler Mah. Seyhan Barajı
İçi TEİAŞ 18. İletim Tesis İşletme Grup Müdürlüğü PK: 01170) Seyhan / ADANA
Brief History :
T.E.İ.A.Ş. carries out its activities in accordance with the new market structure.
T.E.İ.A.Ş. has taken training license from the Energy Marketing Regulatory Authority (EPDK)
as a state-owned enterprise, under the provisions of the main status and the existing legislation,
on 13.03.2003.
T.E.İ.A.Ş. has some responsibilities like expandig the transmission infrastructure, making
new transmission facilities, expanding their own communications infrastructure, operating
Turkey’s Electiricity System in an International standarts, high quality, economical and reliable
way in line with technology, population, and infrastructure development.With this purpose;
T.E.İ.A.Ş. is also in charge of creating new projects, to achieve these projects, and carrying out
the electricity market services.T.E.İ.A.Ş operates these duties through with the Head Office in
Ankara and 22 Transmission Installation and Operation Group Offices and 10 Load Dispatch,
Business Offices in different parts of Turkey.
T.E.İ.A.Ş transmission network consists of 50,485.6 km long power transmission line,
632 transmission centers, 109,862 MVA transformer capacity and a total of 11 interconnection
lines with neighboring countries. T.E.İ.A.Ş. operates its Interconnected Electric System which
has 57,059.4 MW installed capacity, 39,044.9 MW sudden peak, 799.4 million kWh maximum
daily consumption, 239.49 billion kWh, the annual production of electrical energy, 242.36
billion kWh, the annual electrical energy consumption in a seamless, high-quality and reliable
way, by the end of the 2012.

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With International interconnection projects ; T.E.İ.A.Ş carried out its electricity transmission
connection with all neighboring countries in order to ensure the exchange of electricity.It’s
intended that mutual aid when important fault happens, providing operational savings, a result of
the common use of spare capacity, sharing of natural resources between the countries in a rational
way and increasing the trade of electricity, the development of relations with other countries and
protecting the environment. To achieve maximum benefit from international Interconnection
system, the intended method of systems should work in synchronous parallel. As a result of many
years of ongoing work and preparation, our National Electricity System trial conducted with
ENTSO-E European Continental Europe Synchronous Area System in parallel connection on 18th
September 2010. After successful completion of the test the connection, it’s aimed that the
connection becomes permanent and it’s also aimed that the membership of ENTSO-E. It’s
ongoing the studies within the scope of the creation of the electricity market that competitive,
stable and transparent, and it’s carried out new projects.
Missions and Visions:
To operate the electricity system and electricity market to ensure that the transmision of
electricity in a consistent, reliable and affordable way, while creating a powerful transmission
system, is the mission of the organization.
Being a reliable and router enterprise while contributing to the formation of competitive and
transparent energy market, to strengthen Turkey's Electricity Transmission System, to transmit
the electricity in high quality, continuous and economically, developing links with neighboring
power systems is the vision of the organization.
Values:

Non-discrimination in access to the transmission network,
Effectiveness and efficiency,
Openness to change and development,
Environmental sensitivity,
The belief in team work,
Responsibility, knowledge, experience, and power-sharing,
Reliability and integrity,
Transparency,
Employee satisfaction,
Dynamism.
Developing interconnection with neighboring countries
Contributing to the development of the electricity market
Increasing the customer satisfaction,
Increasing job security, efficiency and satisfaction of the employees
Creating a dynamic and corporate organization which sharing a common culture, has a stable
structure, adopting the concept of total quality management.

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Creating a strong electricity transmission system infrastructure in world standarts.
Operating the electrical system so as to offer electricity reliable, continuous and high quality.
Keeping the Electricity Transmission System running in parallel with European Electricity
System (UCTE).

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3. PRACTICAL TRAINING
THE SWITCHYARD
The switchyard is a place which provide connection between electricity generation station and
interconnected grids and where located high units.
In a switchyard following components are available ; transformers, circuit breakers,
disconnectors, busbars, current and voltage transf ormers, sur ge arresters, coupling capacitor
and similar electric devices.
As you see from photo Osmaniye Substation switchyard is outside in such a swithyard the
construction costs are always lower than inside but for construction large area is needed. In such

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switchyards the units are located on concrete columns, and busbars are located between tightly
located chain-isolators which are assembled to concr ete columns. The current and voltage
transformers on switchyard are controlled from control room.
CIRCUIT BREAKERS
A circuit breaker is an automatically-operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical
circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect
a fault condition and by interrupting continuity, to immediately discontinue electrical flow.
Types of breakers;
i. Oiled Type Breakers
ii. Magnetic Circuit Breaker
iii. Air Circuit Breakers
iv. SF6 Gas Breakers
v. Vacuum Breakers
TYPES OF BREAKERS
i) Oiled Type Circuit Breakers:
In above figure you see a oiled type circuir breaker in HES 1 SEYHAN , for each
phase there is another oil container these oil is serving as isolator material, and used
in order to avoid from arcing, but because of oil leakage it is not a most used method.

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ii) Magnetic Circuit Breakers:
Magnetic circuit breakers use a solenoid (electromagnet) whose pulling force increases with
the current. Certain designs utilize electromagnetic forces in addition to those of the solenoid.
The circuit breaker contacts are held closed by a latch. As the current in the solenoid increases
beyond the rating of the circuit breaker, the solenoid's pull releases the latch, which lets the
contacts open by spring action. Some magnetic breakers incorporate a hydraulic time delay
feature using a viscous fluid. A spring restrains the core until the current exceeds the breaker
rating. During an overload, the speed of the solenoid motion is restricted by the fluid. The delay
permits brief current surges beyond normal running current for motor starting, energizing
equipment, etc. Short circuit currents provide sufficient solenoid force to release the latch
regardless of core position thus bypassing the delay feature. Ambient temperature affects the time
delay but does not affect the current rating of a magnetic breaker.
iii) Air Circuit Breakers:
Rated current up to 6,300 A and higher for generator circuit breakers. Trip characteristics are
often fully adjustable including configurable trip thresholds and delays. Usually electronically
controlled, though some models are microprocessor controlled via an integral electronic trip unit.
Often used for main power distribution in large industrial plant, where the breakers are arranged
in draw-out enclosures for ease of maintenance.
iv) SF6 Gas Breakers:
A sulfur hexafluoride circuit breaker uses contacts surrounded by sulfur hexafluoride gas to
quench the arc. They are most often used for transmission-level voltages and may be incorporated
into compact gas-insulated switchgear. In cold climates, supplemental heating or de-rating of the
circuit breakers may be required due to liquefaction of the SF6 gas.
v) Vacuum Breakers:
With rated current up to 6,300 A, and higher for generator circuit breakers. These breakers
interrupt the current by creating and extinguishing the arc in a vacuum container - aka "bottle".
Long life bellows are designed to travel the 6 to 10 mm the contacts must part. These are
generally applied for voltages up to about 40,500 V,[7] which corresponds roughly to the medium-
voltage range of power systems. Vacuum circuit breakers tend to have longer life expectancies
between overhaul than do air circuit breakers.
DISCONNECTOR
Disconnector or isolator switch is used to make sure that an electrical circuit can be completely
de-energized for service or maintenance. Such switches are often found in electrical distribution

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and industrial applications where machinery must have its source of driving power removed for
adjustment or repair. High-voltage isolation switches are used in electrical substations to allow
isolation of apparatus such as circuit breakers and transformers, and transmission lines, for
maintenance. Firstly always circuit breakers breaks the current, than disconnectors seperate the
connection physicaly.
Types of disconnectors:
i. knife-contact disconnectors
ii. rotary disconnectors
iii. two column vertical break disconnectors
iv. single-column disconnectors
i. Knife-contact disconnectors:
The classic design of the disconnecto ris the knife-contact disconnector.Their moving contacts
have the knife shape.There are indoor and outdoor types.They can be actuated manually and in
remotely operated installations by motor or compressed air drives.
ii. Rotary disconnectors:

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This disconnector type is used for rated voltages of 72.5 to 420kV preferably in smaller
installations and also in larger switch gear installtions as incoming feeder or sectionalizing
disconnector.An earthing switch can be installed on both sides.
iii. Two column vertical break disconnectors:
This type of disconnector is preferred for higher voltages (>170KV) as a feeder or branch
disconnector. It differs from two-column rotary disconnectors by smaller space savings
(withside-by-sideconfiguration)and higher mechanical terminal loads.In it's open state there is a
horizontal isolating distance with the contact arm open upwards.
iv. Single column (pantograph) disconnectors:
In installations for higher voltages (>170kV) and multiple busbars the single column
disconnector (also referred to as pantographor vertical-reach disconnector) requires less space
than other disconnector designs.For this reason and because of the clear station layout ,it isused in
many switch gear installations.The switch status is clearly visible with the vertical
isolatingdistance.
TRANSFORMERS
A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through
inductively coupled conductors—the transformer's coils. A varying current in the first or primary
winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core and thus a varyingmagnetic
field through the secondary winding. This varying magnetic field induces a varying electromotive

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force (EMF) or "voltage" in the secondary winding. This effect is called mutual induction. If a
load is connected to the secondary, an electric current will flow in the secondary winding and
electrical energy will be transferred from the primary circuit through the transformer to the load.
In an ideal transformer, the induced voltage in the secondary winding (Vs) is in proportion to the
primary voltage (Vp), and is given by the ratio of the number of turns in the secondary (Ns) to the
number of turns in the primary (Np) as follows:
By appropriate selection of the ratio of turns, a transformer thus allows an alternating current
(AC) voltage to be "stepped up" by making Nsgreater than Np, or "stepped down" by making Ns
less than Np.
In SEYHAN 1 HES there are three transformers which is in above picture, their rate is
13,2kV/69kV. 2 transformer with rate 31,5k/154kV and one transformer with rate 66kV/154kV.
In Osmaniye Substation, there is a transformer which is in below picture, its rate is
31.5kV/154kV. In Kozan Substation, there is a transformer which rate is 31.5kV/154kV.

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In transformers there is no movement so there is no friction and heat consequently the efficiency
of transformers are high. In a generation station mostly used step up transformators, than that
high voltage transmitted to consumer and according to consumer' s demand by means of step
down transformators the voltage is decreased.
CURRENT TRANSFORMER
Current transformer (CT) is used for measurement of electric currents. Current transformers,
together with voltage transformers (VT) (potential transformers (PT)), are known as instrument
transformers. When current in a circuitis too high to directly apply to measuring instruments, a
current transformer produces a reduced current accurately proportional to the current in the
circuit, which can be conveniently connected to measuring and recording instruments. A current
transformer also isolates the measuring instruments from what may be very high voltage in the
monitored circuit. Current transformers are commonly used in metering and protective relays in
the electrical power industry. Current transformers used in metering equipment for three-phase
400 amper electricity supply.
Like any other transformer, a current transformer has a primary winding, a magnetic core, and a
secondary winding. The alternating current flowing in the primary produces a magnetic field in
the core, which then induces a current in the secondary winding circuit. A primary objective of
curren transformer design is to ensure that the primary and secondary circuits are efficiently
coupled, so that the secondary current bears an accurate relationship to the primary current.

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The most common design of CT consists of a length of wire wrapped many times around a
silicon steel ring passed over the circuit being measured. The CT's primary circuit therefore
consists of a single 'turn' of conductor, with a secondary of many hundreds of turns. The primary
winding may be a permanent part of the current transformer, with a heavy copper bar to carry
current through the magnetic core. Window-type current transformers are also common, which
can have circuit cables run through the middle of an opening in the core to provide a single-turn
primary winding. When conductors passing through a CT are not centered in the circular (or
oval) opening, slight inaccuracies may occur.
VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER

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Voltage transformers are used, in order to measure high voltage or activate the protecting relays.
The secondary voltages of voltage transformers are 100 or 110 V. Because of tanger of high
voltade this transformers must be perfectly isolated. These are step down transformers. Three
phase voltage transformers have wye connection. The measuring range of these transformers are
over 600 V. To a voltage transformer can be connected more than one measuring devices but
power of these devices should be lower than power of the transformer.Each phase of voltage
transformer are protected by a fuse. The fuses in primary side protect the system from short
circuit, fuses in secondary side protect from overloading.
Transformers are used to increase voltage before transmitting electrical energy over long
distances through wires. Wires haveresistance which loses energy through joule heating at a rate
corresponding to square of the current. By transforming power to a higher voltage transformers
enable economical transmission of power and distribution. Consequently, transformers have
shaped the electricity supply industry, permitting generation to be located remotely from points
of demand. All but a tiny fraction of the world's electrical power has passed through a series of
transformers by the time it reaches the consumer.
REACTIVE POWER AND POWER CALCULATIONS
Reactive Power : The portion of electricity that establishes and sustains the electric and
magnetic fields of alternating-current equipment. Reactive power must be supplied to most types
of magnetic equipment, such as motors and transformers. It also must supply the reactive losses
on transmission facilities. Reactive power is provided by generators, synchronous condensers, or
electrostatic equipment such as capacitors and directly influences electric system voltage. It is
usually expressed in kilovars (kvar) or megavars (Mvar).
AC power flow has the three components: real power (also known as active power) (P), measured
in watts (W); complex power (S), measured in volt-amperes (VA); and reactive power (Q),
measured in reactive volt-amperes (var).
Active Power → P=V*I*CosQ (WATT)
Reactive Power → Q=V*I*SinQ (VAR)
Complex Power → S=V*I (VA)
Apparent power →|S| (the magnitude of complex power S)
Phase of voltage relative to current →φ (the angle of difference between voltage and current)
In the diagram, P is the real power, Q is the reactive power, S is the complex power and the
length of S is the apparent power.

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RELAYS
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a
switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used. Relays are used
where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation
between control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by one
signal. The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits, repeating the signal coming
in from one circuit and re-transmitting it to another. Relays were used extensively in telephone
exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations.
In any trouble, the rate of short circuit which occures transmission lines is too high because in
interconnected system one grid is supplied from more than one source. Thus it is important that if
there is a fail in somewhere in system, this should be immediately determined and disconnect
from the system, this is very important to save the other components in system. Otherwise the
transformers and generators are damaged so they can cause the electricity drop for everywhere in
system for long time. To avoid from these problems, the distance relays are used mostly.
A distance relay that it is called as resistance relay because they adjust their resistance according
to length of the transmission line. As measurement of line distance , which have to protect , the
relay benefits from empedance of line.
INSULATOR
The network materials which provide that used in the transport air lines the determination of
conductors to poles, carry conductors and isolate them against other conductors network is called
insulator. The resistance of insulators against electric current is very large.Insulators are made of
high degree temperature-resistant porcelain, glass, epoxy resin and silicone. High-voltage
overhead line insulators provide that high voltage conductor been at a specific safety distance
from iron parts (or concrete).These insulators are made of porcelain or glass.
Types of Insulator:
Dead End Suspension Insulators
Pin Type Insulators
Line Post Insulators

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Station Post Insulators
Cut Outs
GROUNDING
The earth is a conductor mass and transports the building has electric plants or open air plants
within it. Very small currents pass from earth in no fault network operation. In network error
state, big currents can pass. In this state, if the current on earth pass over someone has been in
fault location, it can die that someone. Fault currents passing from earth can cause to fire. The
resistance of the earth is 0,05 ohmkm. It is a little value. This resistance determines the value of
current passing f rom earth. In some state, the contact of the resistance with the earth occurs
coincidental in the result of an isolation error. In some states, the contact is supplied with earth
over a grounded electrode which fixed to earth. This event is called the grounding. Here the
important part, the resistance must be very small. In the electric plants, the grounding
establishments provide that the short circuit current pass without endanger human’s life.
Therefore the calculation of the grounding establishment must be correct. In the calculation of the
grounding establishment, we must apply these steps, respectively:
The calculation of the probable biggest error current
The determination of the biggest earth current
The calculation of diffusion resistance
The determination of earthing voltage
Find the step and contact potential
BUSBAR
In electrical power distribution, a busbar is a strip or bar of copper, brass or aluminium that
conducts electricity within a switchboard, distribution board, substation, battery bank or other
electrical apparatus. Its main purpose is to conduct electricity, not to function as a structural
member. The cross-sectional size of the busbar determines the maximum amount of current that
can be safely carried. Busbars can have a cross-sectional area of as little as 10 mm2 but electrical
substations may use metal tubes of 50 mm in diameter (20 cm2) or more as busbars. An

17
aluminium smelter will have very large busbars used to carry tens of thousands of amperes to the
electrochemical cells that produce aluminium from molten salts.
Advantages of Busbar:
Reduce System Costs
Improve Reliability
Increase Capacitance
Eliminate Wiring Errors
Lower Inductance
Lower Impedance
Provide Wider Variety of Interconnection Methods
Improve Thermal Characteristics
Provide Denser Packaging
ELECTRIC POWER TRANSMISSION
Electric-Power transmission is the bulk transfer of electrical energy, from generating power
plants to electrical substations located near demand centers. This is distinct from the local wiring
between high-voltage substations and customers, which is typically referred to as electric power
distribution.
Transmission lines, when interconnected with each other, become transmission networks. The
combined transmission and distribution network is known as the "power grid" in the United
States, or just "the grid". In the United Kingdom, the network is known as the "National Grid".
A wide area synchronous grid, also known as an "interconnection" directly connects a large
number of generators outputting AC power with the same phase, to a large number of consumers.
For example, there are three major interconnections in North America (the Western
Interconnection,

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the Eastern Interconnection and the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) grid), and
(one large grid for most of continental Europe.
Historically, transmission and distribution lines were owned by the same company,
but starting in the 1990s, many countries have liberalized the regulation of the electricity
market in ways that have led to the separation of the electricity transmission business from
the distribution business.
AUTOMATIC METER READING(AMR)
Automatic meter reading, or AMR, is the technology of automatically collecting consumption,
diagnostic, and status data from water meter or energy metering devices (gas, electric) and
transferring that data to a central database for billing, troubleshooting, and analyzing. This
technology mainly saves utility providers the expense of periodic trips to each physical location
to read a meter. Another advantage is that billing can be based on near real-time consumption
rather than on estimates based on past or predicted consumption. This timely information coupled
with analysis can help both utility providers and customers better control the use and production
of electric energy, gas usage, or water consumption.
AMR technologies include handheld, mobile and network technologies based on telephony
platforms (wired and wireless), radio frequency (RF), or powerline transmission.

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Advantages:
Increased Data Security
Reduced operation costs
Reduced cost over the life time of the AMR system
Improved cash flow budgeting and management
Improved customer service
SURGE TANKS
In Hydro electrical stations the Surge Tanks serve in order to protect the water transmissin
tunnels an forced pipes from instantaneous pressure increasing or decreasing they protect these
components by damping of temporary and instantaneous pulses . If turbine adjustment vanes are
closed suddenly , the velocity of water in forced pipes and water transmission tunnel , would be 0
in small time arrival and consequently in forced pipes mostly under side occures suddenly a huge
pressure increasing . The Surge Tanks absorbe the very big amount of these pressure pulse inside
of tank so the water transmission system would be prevented to any damage of pressure.
The other important duty of Surge Tanks is prevending the irregular water flow to generator
turbines, if water flows spontaneously the the regulation of electric generation would not be clear
but by means of Surge Tanks the regulation of generation is provided. In that picture you can see
the Surge Tanks in SEYHAN HES-1 , there are three Surge Tanks which are established by
VÖSY company. for each turibune there is one Surge Tanks.

20
GENERATORS
Usually a hydroelectric generator is a salient-pole synchronous generator whose rotor is
connected to the rotor of a hydraulic turbine. The design of a hydroelectric generator is basically
determined by the position of its rotor’s axis, as well as by the frequency of rotation and power of
the turbine.
High-capacity, low-speed generators are usually manufactured with a vertical axis of rotation
(with the exception of capsule-type hydroelectric units), whereas high-speed units with a bucket-
type hydraulic turbine are made with a horizontal axis of rotation. There are also experimental
industrial generators of original design (with phase rotors; counterrotating or flow-through types).
In below photo you see the generator used in HES 1 SEYHAN, there are three generator, and
each has output voltage 13kV. That voltage increased to 66kv by passing through a power
transformer than transfered to switchyard. 66 kV in switchyard firstly increased to 154 kV than to
380 kV after all the elecrticity is transfered to city by means of high voltage transmission lines.

21
VOLTAGE REGULATOR
A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant
voltage level.It may use an electromechanical mechanism or passive or active electronic
components. Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate one or more AC or DC voltage.
In HES 1 the load of generetors which supplies the grid is change hour by hour. These loads are
mostly inductive loads, and inductive loads are let the generator output voltage decreases so thats
why we need adjust out put voltage of generator under load situations. If we change the rev/min
number of generator than frequncy will automaticlly changes thus it is a useless application
instead of that we change voltage by adjusting excitation current. So under changing load
conditions we use voltage regulators in order to keep output voltage stabil we use automatic
voltage regulators.
Automatic voltage regulator works briefly in such a principle; If the output voltage decrease,
related relay make close the conductor so the resistance would be short circuit as a result of this
excition current value and magnetic flux value will increase, than induced voltage would
increase, likewise , if there is a increasment on output voltage , the condactor will opened and
because of resistance current decrases so induced voltage also decreased.

22
SPEED REGULATOR
Speed regulator keep the turning speed of adjustment wings constant under changing load
condition on generator. Stabil magnet generator flyer engine, pilot valve, distributor valve restore
mechanism, servo motors, pressed oil tank pressed air tank copressor oil pomping regulator are
the main parts of speed regulator.
Working principle of speed regulator:
The flyer motor make activate the pilot valve according to impulse which coming from stabil
magnet generator, pilot valve by controlling the distributor valve, make open or close the valves
on pressed piped which carry oil to servo motors. While this operation occures, the pressed oil
which flows to servo engine, by means of servo motor arms order to adjustment wings either, to
open or to close. The rev/min value of tribune is tent to slow down when the load is much, and
tend to speed up when the load is less. from this tendency of turbine can be avoided in case slow
down by opening the adjustment wings a bit to allow more water flow and in case speed up a bit
closing of adjustment wings to make flow of water less.

23
BATTERY ROOM
In case of electric shut down or any problems which make necessary to shut down of electricity
the batteries starts to operate , firstly supplied DC voltage invert to AC and by means of invertors
than used to supply controll room and emergancy lighting systems.
These batteries play very important rolle in case of emergancy conditions, for example while
making emergancy drainage ac power is needed to activate the pomp motors the energy
requirament of motors are supplied from batteries otherwise flood can be occured in generation
station.
In SEYHAN 1 HES the battaries in emergency cases can work with 310 Amper/hour capasity.If
we consider in emergancy cases only the most important units are supplied that need 30-31 amper
per hour that means we can supply energy to these units for 9-10 hours non-stop.

24
4. CONCLUSIONS
I have performed my first summer practise at TEİAŞ (Türkiye Elektrik İletim A.Ş) in Adana.
My summer practise took thirty work days which started on 16 June 2014 and ended on 25 July
2014.
This is my second summer internship.In my summer internship, I chose TEİAŞ because this
company one of biggest electricity company in Turkey. During 30 working days, I saw Kadirli
TM, Kozan TM, Osmaniye OSB TM,Seyhan-1 HES,Alarko Karakuz HPP,Sanko Sanibey
HPP,Berke HPP,Güriş Belen WPP,Atlas and Egemer CPP. I saw that generation,transmission
and distribution of electricity especially about transmission. I had a idea about some electric
machines such as transformers, relay, busbar, circuit breaker and disconnector etc.
During my summer internsip, I learned a lot of thing.I had the opportunity to use theoretical
information.I learned the duties and responsibilities of engineers in the working life.I had the
opportunity to observe the business management.I learned to find solutions to the problems.I
learned work safety,team work and code of ethics.
To sum up, This work I performed helped me in gaining practical experience that served as
complementary knowledge to my theoretical backround. It was challenging and fun. Finally, I
completed my summer practice with good impressions and experiences.

25
REFERENCES
http://www.teias.gov.tr/
http://www.megep.meb.gov.tr/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_meter_reading
http://en.openei.org/wiki/Definition:Reactive_Power
http://www.busbar.com/bus-bar-advantages/general-advantages/
Seyhan-1 Specifications For Generator Book
Seyhan-1 Transformer Book
High Voltage Engineering Fundamentals by John Kuffel, E. Kuffel, W.S. Zaengl, 2000
The Electric Motor and the Transmission Power by Edwin J. Houston, Arthur E. Kennelly
1896

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