2.  From the fourth century BC onwards, we find
incresingly clear differentiation between groups of
people in the Eastern Mediterranean area.
 In Antiquity as in other eras, interligual behavior was
determined by the specific situation and, within it, by
individual human decisions.

3.  Dominant civilization
 Foreign races were considered wretched barbarians.
 They have treats with: Asiatics, Libyans and Nubians.
 The interpreter established relationships with other
linguistic community (trade).
 Harkhuf first interpreter, live in Elefantina.

4. Interpreter
Dragomans
Supervisor of
targumms
Targumms
Called: the
speaker of
strange tongues
Translated holy
books
Trucheman
Worked in
trade
Divides in

5.  Civilization that had dealings with the Roman Empire
and the Egyptians.
 They thougt their own language was a human being.
 The interpreter established relationships with other
people in wars and serve as negotiators.
 They were called Hermians.
 Within the most celebrated was Temistocles, who
spoke persian and miritita as well as twenty two
languagues.
 The fundamental roll was in administration.

6.  Clemens of Alexandria, declared that God had no need
of an interpreter in order to express His will.
 Linguistic mediators were required at religious
services.
 Epiphanius , refers to the exorcists and interpreters
from one to the other language, sandwiched between
lectors and undertakers.