2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to the “ ACADEMIC
WRITING” who bestowed me with the opportunity to complete this project.
In the process of completing the project I learned a lot new information.
Secondly, I would like to thank my professors who introduced the
SWAYAM – an online education course and informed about the ACADEMIC
WRITING course. I pay deep sense of gratitude for valuable guidance and
support.
Lastly , I would also like to thank my parent for their moral and
financial support and friends who helped me in finalizing the project within
the limited time.
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4. What is Psychology
Psychology is the scientific study of human behaviour and mental
processes. Behaviour includes all the outward or overt actions and
reactions, such as talking , facial expression, and movement.
Mental processes refers to all the internal, covert activity of our
minds such as thinking, feeling and remembering.
“The science of behaviour and cognitive process.”
-by Baron
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5. Schools of Psychology
Structuralism
Early perspective in psychology associated withWilhelm
Wundt and EdwardTitchener, in which the focus of the study
is the structure or basic elements of mind.The focus of
structuralism was on reducing mental processes down into
their most basic elements.The structuralists used techniques
such as introspection to analyse the inner processes of the
human mind.
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6. Functionalism
Early perspective in psychology associated withWilliam James, in
which the focus of study is how the mind allows people to adapt,
live, work, and play.
Functionalism was strongly influenced by Darwin’s theory of
natural selection; its proponents argued that since consciousness
is a uniquely human characteristic, it must serve important
functions for us- otherwise it would never have evolved.
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7. Gestalt Psychology
Gestalt psychology is a school pf psychology based upon the idea
that we experience things as unified wholes.This approach to
psychology began in Germany and Austria during the late 19th
centaury in response to molecular approach of structuralism.
instead of breaking down thoughts and behaviour to their
smallest elements, that you must look at the whole of experience.
According to the Gestalt thinker, the whole is greater than the
sum of parts.
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8. Psychoanalysis
It is a school of psychology founded by Sigmund Freud, this
emphasizes the influence of the unconscious mind on behaviour.
Freud believed that the human mind was composed of id, ego,
superego.The id consist of primary urges while the ego is the
component of personality charged with dealing with reality.The
superego is the part of personality that holds all of the ideals and
values we internalize from our parents and culture. He believed
that interaction of these 3 elements was what led to all the
complex human behaviours.
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9. Behaviourism
Behaviorism became a dominant school of thought during the 1950s. It
was based upon the work of thinkers such as:
John B.Watson
Ivan Pavlov
B. F. Skinner
Behaviorism suggests that all behavior can be explained by
environmental causes rather than by internal forces. Behaviorism is
focused on observable behavior.Theories of learning including classical
conditioning and operant conditioning were the focus of a great deal of
research.
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10. Humanistic School
Humanistic psychology developed as a response to
psychoanalysis and behaviorism. Humanistic psychology instead
focused on individual free will, personal growth and the concept
of self-actualization. While early schools of thought were
primarily centered on abnormal human behavior, humanistic
psychology differed considerably in its emphasis on helping
people achieve and fulfill their potential.
Major humanist thinkers include:
Abraham Maslow
Carl Rogers
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11. Cognitive School of Psychology
Cognitive psychology began to emerge during the 1950s, partly as
a response to behaviorism.
Cognitive psychology is the school of psychology that studies
mental processes including how people think, perceive,
remember and learn. As part of the larger field of cognitive
science, this branch of psychology is related to other disciplines
including neuroscience, philosophy, and linguistics.
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14. FEEDBACK
SUBJECT: Experience of the SWAYAM online course “ACADEMICWRITTING”.
Thanks to the team of academic writing course which provided with the best knowledge
about the subject academic writing. It was great experiencing the new way of learning that
is online learning method which is slightly different from the regular offline course.
Facilities and information provided was upto the mark and came to be very helpful in
learning this new course.
Though, the frequent repetitive emails were quite disturbing.
Thankyou.
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