Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive lung disease characterized by obstructed airflow from the lungs. The main causes are smoking, occupational exposures, and air pollution. Symptoms include chronic cough, sputum production, wheezing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves lung function tests, chest X-rays, and blood gas tests. Treatment focuses on medications, oxygen therapy, surgery, and lifestyle changes to manage symptoms and prevent further disease progression and complications like pneumonia and respiratory failure.

1. COPD[CHRONIC
OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY
DISEASE]

2. DEFINITION:
 Copd is the progressive and partially reversible disease of the airway.
 Chronic obstruction of the flow of air through the airway and out of the lung permanent and
progressive obstruction over time.

3. Causes
 SMOKING
 OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE
 AIR POLLUTION
 SUDDEN AIRWAY CONSTRICTION IN RESPONSE TO INHALED IRRITENT
 BRONCHIAL HUPERRESPONSIVENESS(IT IS A CHARACTERISTIC OF ASTHMA)
 GENETICS

4. COPD

5. Clinical Features
 Chronic cough
 Sputum production
 Wheezing
 Chest tightness
 Dyspnea on exertion
 Weight loss
 Respiratory insufficiency
 Respiratory infections

6. Physical Signs
 Barrel shaped chest
 Expiratory through pursed lips

7. COPD Includes
 BRONCHITIS
 EMPHYSEMA

8. BRONCHITIS
It is a inflammation of bronchi Leading to increase in mucus production
, cough and eventual scaring Of the bronchial lining.
It us defined as a Production of cough and sputum for 3 months.

9. EMPHYSEMA
 It is a distention of the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchiole with destruction
of alveolar septa,
 Types of Emphysema:
* Paraseptal Emphysema
* Panacinar Emphysema
* Centriacinar Emphysema
* Irregular Emphysema

10. RISK FACTORS

11. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY


12. PATHOLOGY
 Chronic inflammation
 Increase in number of goblet cell
 Mucus gland hyperplasia
 Fibrosis
 Narrowing and reduction of small airways
 Airway collapse due to the Loss of tethering
caused by alveolar wall destruction in
Emphysema

13. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
 Frequent productive cough during winter
 Chronic sputum production
 Dysnea
 Hemoptisis
 Hypercapnea
 Hypoximia

14. DIAGNOSIS
 Chest X Ray
 Sputum testing
 Lung functioning test
 ABG(Arterial Blood gas)
 CBC(Complete blood
Count )

15. MANAGEMENT
 Medications
 Surgical management

16. MEDICATION
 Mild copd- Beta 2 Agonist { Formetrol ;
Salmeterol;Terbutalin}
 Moderate copd- Along with beta 2 agonist {Ipratropium
bromide;oxitropium bromide} and anticholinergics
{Tiotropium}
 Severe copd- inhaled glucocorticosteroids
{Beclomethosone;Budesonide;fluticasone}

17. MEDICATIONS
 Very severe copd
*Long term o2
*Ventilatory assistance
*Management of cardiac failure
*Consider surgical management
*All drugs are followed

18. Surgical management
 Bullectomy
 Lung volume reduction
 Lung transplantation

19. O2 therapy
 Goals of O2 therapy
Its is used to treat hypoxia
 To refuse the work of breathing
 To maintain the PaO2
 To reduse workload of the heart

20. COMPLICATIONS
 Pneumonia
 Respiratory failure
 Cor pulmonale

21. PREVENTION
 Vaccination regularly

22. PREVENTION
 Stay away from infectious person

23. PREVENTION
 Quit smoking

24. PREVENTION
 Eat regular balanced diet

25. PREVENTION
 DrInk plenty fresh water at least 1.5 L/day

26. PREVENTION
 Get plenty of sleep

27. 🙏 THANK YOU