A hemoglobin test measures the amount of hemoglobin in your blood. Hemoglobin is a protein in your red blood cells that carries oxygen to your body's organs and tissues and transports carbon dioxide from your organs and tissues back to your The ABO group consists of four possibilities: A, B, AB, and O. The Rh type is either positive or negative. Individuals with AB Positive blood are known as universal recipients because they can receive any one of the blood groups or Rh types in a blood transfusion

2. Experiment 4
Performed by:
Vijay Hemmadi
Fiona Fernandes
Kavya Chandra
Sanvidh Narkhede
Supervised by:
Prof. Dibakar Chakrabarty

3. Experiment 4
Measurement
of
Haemoglobin Content in Human
Blood
and
Determination of ABO-Rh Blood
Typing

4. B. ABO-Rh Blood typing
A. Estimation of Hemoglobin content

5. • Blood, a type of connective
tissue, is a complex mixture
of cells, chemicals, and fluid.

8. Blood functions

9. 1. Deliver O2, nutrients to all body cells
2. Transport waste products from cells
for elimination
3. Transport hormones
4. Maintain body temp (distribute heat)
5. Maintain pH (carry buffers)
6. Maintain fluid volume
7. Prevent blood loss (clotting)
8. Prevent infection (WBCs,
antibodies)

11. • Red respiratory pigment – RBC of the blood
• Iron containing pigment – Heme- attached- protein-
Globin
• Heme- Iron- porphyrin complex – 4 membered ring st.
• Iron- divalent Ferrous form- Fe2+
• Globin- 4 polypeptide chain - a, b, g and d
• 2-α- Chain and 2-β- Chain- HbA
• 65,000Da

12. Age or stage of the fetus Hb type Structure
In early embryonic life Gower 1 ζ2 ε2 (zeta and
epsilon)
Gower 2 α2 ε2 (alpha and
epsilon)
At 6th weeks of gestation Fetal Hb α2 γ2 (alpha and
gamma)
At 28 the week of gestation Hb A α2 β2 (alpha and
beta)

13. • Dissolved oxygen is about 0.2 ml O2 per 100mL blood
• Hb- 20ml O2 per 100mL blood.

14. N/10 HCl
Hemoglobin is converted into hematinic acid (brown in color)

15. • Standard hematin by the hemometer
• The percentage of hemoglobin in the RBC under normal condition almost constant.
• Male -15.8gms in 100ml of blood
• Female -13.7gms in 100ml of blood.

16. Increased Hb Is Seen In:
1. congestive heart failure.
2. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COP).
3. After vigorous exercise.
4. Hemoconcentration like dehydration, burns,
severe vomiting.
5. Intestinal obstruction.
6. Severe dehydration like diarrhea, and burns.
Decreased Hb Is Seen In:
1.Anemia.
2.Drugs that cause aplastic anemia.
3.Drugs that cause hemolysis ( G6PD deficiency ).
4.Immune hemolytic anemia.
5.Iron deficiency anemia.
6.Thalassemia.
7.Pernicious anemia.
8.Hemoglobinopathies.
9.Liver diseases, and Cirrhosis.
10.Hypothyroidism.
11.The hemorrhage acute or chronic like bleeding
hemorrhoids, or ulcers.
12.Malignancies:
1. Hodgkin’s disease.
2. leukemia.
3. Lymphomas.
4. Carcinomatosis.
5. Multiple myelomas.
13.Autoimmune diseases.
1. SLE.
2. sarcoidosis.
3. Rheumatoid arthritis.
14.Dietary deficienc

17. • Karl Landsteiner - four different immunological human
blood typing
• There are 4 main blood groups (types of blood) – A, B, AB
and O. Your blood group is determined by the genes you
inherit from your parents.
ABO Blood Typing

20. Representation of ABO sugars on red blood cells.

22. • The Rh factor is a protein that can be found on the surface of
red blood cells. If your blood cells have this protein, you are
Rh positive. If your blood cells do not have this protein, you
are Rh negative
• D-antigen
• Rhesus macaque

26. Erythroblastosis fetalis
-Haemolytic
anaemia/anemia of new
born
Prevention is Rho(D) immune globulin injection for
female who are Rh-negative.

27. • Rh –do not occur naturally

32. The Blood Pressure Reading
•Your blood pressure reading is written in a format like this: 120/80.
•It is spoken like this: “120 over 80.”
•The systolic blood pressure reading is the higher number.
•The diastolic blood pressure reading is the lower number.
•The units are millimeters of mercury (mmHg).