Multimedia

1. PRINCIPLES OF
MULTIMEDIA LEARNING
By Victoria Ortiz

2. Agenda
• Multimedia Principle
• Contiguity Principle
• Modality Principle
• Redundancy Principle
• Coherence Principle
• Personalization Principle

3. Introduction
• The following principles are used for media in eLearning.

4. Multimedia Principle
• People learn better from words and pictures than from
words alone

5. Multimedia Principle Violations
To many bullet points
Bullet points are not consistent
Font sizes are different sizes
Violations:
Too many different fonts
The box colors are too similar
The are no arrows indicating the process
Violations:
The background does not need a pattern
The red circle does not indicate anything
Violations:

6. Multimedia Principle Revisions
The information was separated into two slides
The images are enlarged
All font sizes are consistent
All bullet points are consistent
Corrections:
Adding the arrows to show the process
All text are consistent
All the boxes are different colors
Corrections:
Added an arrow
Added the text
Emphasized in red what you are looking at
Removed the background pattern
Corrections:

7. Contiguity Principle
• People learn better when corresponding words and
pictures are presented near rather than far from each
other on the page or screen.
• People learn better when corresponding words and
pictures are presented simultaneously rather than
successively.

8. Contiguity Principle Violations
This slide shows only the different
the levels
Violation:
The levels and the corresponding
information are separated.
Scrolling two screens to put the
information together
Violation:

9. Contiguity Principle Revision
Both levels and descriptions are on
one slide. Using an arrow to connect
the description to each level.
The colors for the boxes, arrows and
text also correspond to each level.
Corrections:

10. Modality Principle
• People learn better from animation and narration than
from animation and on-screen text.

11. Modality Principle Violation
With too much information that
describes each process on one
screen that might be too much to
understand if it is fast-paced.
Violation:

12. Redundancy Principle
• People learn better from animation and narration than
from animation, narration, and on on-screen text.
• People learn better when the words include cues about
the organization of the presentation.

13. Redundancy Principle Violations
Showing the same information but in
different formats
Having concurrent information and
the audio and visual of the same thing
can be overwhelming and distracting.
Violations:

14. Modality and Redundancy Principle
Revisions
Cleaning up the slide with no text to
read. Just listening the audio as it is
narrating through the each step of the
process
The attention is being focused on
understanding the process and not being
distracted or overwhelmed with the both
the audio and the text.
Corrections:

15. Coherence Principle
• People learn better when extraneous words, pictures, and
sounds are excluded rather than included.

16. Coherence Principle Violations
The use of the graphics,
fonts styles and on screen
text are all irrelevant and
distracting.
Violations:

17. Coherence Principle Revision
Cleaning up the slide with no
distracting images and
irrelevant wording.
Corrections:

18. Personalization Principle
• People learn better when the words are in conversational
style rather than formal style.
• People learn better when words are spoken in a standard-
accented human voice than in a machine voice or foreign-
accented human voice.
• People do not necessarily learn better from a multimedia
lesson when the speaker’s image is added to the screen.

19. Personalization Principle Violation
The pedagogical agent
does not narrate the
information in a
conversational style.
Violation:

20. Personalization Principle Revision
The pedagogical agent is
friendly and conversational.
Correction:

21. Summary
• Now you should be able to correctly apply all the
principles for multimedia learning.