Research

1. SUMMARY OF
FINDINGS,CONCLUSION AND
RECOMENDATIONS

2. Summary of main findings
 A researcher should identify the findings of the study and discuss them
briefly.
 The methodological problems encountered should be outlined so that
future/others researchers may take the relevant precautions.
 The researcher should clearly pinpoint if the objectives were achieved or
not.
 Qualities of good summary
 It bases on the results from the study

3. Summary of main findings …
 It is brief, all statements are concise, and pinpoint to the
contributions that the researcher has made.
 All statements are factual
NOTE: One way to present the summary is to use one
paragraph for each idea or
Use a point-by-point format.

4. Conclusion
 The conclusion section should be a brief, about half a page.
 It should indicates what the study results reaffirm.
 It should briefly discuss some of strategies highlighted by the
respondents.
 The researcher should clearly state how the study has contributed to
knowledge.

5. Recommendations
 This section is often exposes further problems and introduces more
questions.
 As a researcher, there is a time limit to the research project, it is unlikely
that the study would have solve all the problems associated with the area of
the study.
 The researcher is thus expected to make suggestion about how his work can
be improved, and also based on the study findings, point out whether there
are areas that deserver investigation.
 Note: This party should be written using a punchy style and should not be
too long.

6. References
 The term reference applies to materials that have been referred to or
quoted in the study.
 The references list should contain the most relevant and important
publications. These materials include articles, magazines, journals,
conference proceedings, books, dissertation, theses and research reports.
 General order of organizing references

7. References …
1. Surname of the author
2. Initials of the author
3. Date of publication
4. Title of the material
5. Place of publication
6. Publisher
Author’s surname, initials, (year of publication). Title of materials. Place
of publications: Publisher

8. Presentation Format
 Journal Articles
1. Surname of the author
2. Initials of the author
3. Year (date) of publication
4. Title of the article: The first letter of the title is capitalized and the lest
lower case.
5. Name of the journal( underlined or italicized). You may use an abbreviated
form for the journal, but make sure it is the recognized one.

9. Presentation format …
 6. Volume, followed by number of issue. Instead of issue number,
some journals have a month of issue. In such cases substitute the
month for the issue number.
 7. Pages in the journal where the article appear.
Example:
Johnson, U. W., Stanne, M, and Garibaldi, A. (1990). Impact of group
processing on achievement in cooperative groups. Journal of Social
Psychology, 130, 507 - 516

10.  Conference proceeding: Papers presented at conferences.
 The format is as follows
 Author(s),(year), Article title, Name of conference, Location of
conference, page range
 Example:
 Dore,S.D.,Perkins, J.D. (1994), Application of geometric nonlinear
control in the process industries: a case study, Pro. IFC Symposium,
ADCHEM ‘94, Kyoto, Japan, pp 501-506

11.  Books
 Format
 Surname of author, initials of the author. (year of publication). Title
of the book. Edition number, place of publication, publishers.
Example
Awuondo, C.O. (1993). Introduction to Sociology: Basic Books
Limited.
Gay, L.R. (1992). Educational Research Competence for Analysis and
Applications. 4th Edition, New York: Macmillan Publishers.

12. Dissertations, Theses and Research
Reports
Format
 Author(s), (year). Title in italics. Types of publication, Research
group, Name of Institution, Country.
Example
 Peel, C. (1995). Aspects of Neutral Networks for Modeling and
Control. PhD Thesis, University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.

13. Company Reports and Manuals
Format
Name of the company or organization, (year). Title in
italics. Place of publication
Example:
Mathsoft Inc., (1999). Mathcad 2000 Reference Manual.
Cambridge, MA.

14. Information from the World Wide
Web (www)
 Format
 Name of author(s) or company or organization, (year), Title of the
article, URL, date found.
 The URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is the full Internet address of the
article.
 Example
 Tham, M.T.(1997). Distillation: an introduction,
http://Iorien.ncl.ac.uk/ming/distil/disti0.htm, 30 May 2001

15. Personal Communications
Format
Name, (year). Personal communication, Affiliation of named person.
Example
Blogg, J. (1996). Personal communication, University College
London, UK.

16. Appendices
 This part contains information which may be interest to the reader but
not critical to the study.
 Things which are typically included in appendices are;
- tables, figures, the budget and work plan.
- data files that are two large to be presented simply in the result chapter/
- pictures or diagrams of the results which are not important enough to
keep in the main text and time frame.
- research instruments.

17. Format of research proposal
a) Cover page: This page consist of the following
 Title : should not be more than twenty words. Should be clear
and focused.
 Author(s)
 Caption
A research proposal submitted for the degree of (specify e.g Master
of Education) in the School Faculty of, then specify the institution
 Date e.g (May, 2018)

18. 2. Declaration
3. Abstract
4. Abbreviations and Acronyms
5. Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study: it intends to indicate where the problem
lies
1.2 Statement of the Problem: It must indicate clearly that there is a
problem
1.3 Purpose and Objective of the Study

19. 1.4 Research Questions and Hypothesis
1.5 Significance of the Study: Shows the importance of the study
when completed
1.6 Scope and Limitations of the Study: Aims at indicating the
boundaries or limits of the study in terms of the contents, sample
geographic spread and the period to be covered by the study
1.7 Assumptions of the Study
1.8 Conceptual/theoretical frame work
1.9 Definition of terms

20. 7 . Chapter 2: Literature review
This section consists of the current studies that address the issues in the
proposal. Clear gaps in quoted studies should be indicated.
8. Chapter 3: Methodology
This chapter highlights the methodology appropriate to the study. This
includes the following
3.1 Research design
3.2 Location of the study
3.3 Target Population
3.4 Sample Selection
3.5 Research Instruments
3.6 Data Collection Techniques

21. 3.7 Data analysis
 9. Reference
 10. Appendices

22. COMPONENTS OF A RESEARCH
REPORT
 Preliminary pages
• Title page
It should indicate the following
- Research topic
- Name of the researcher
- Name of institutional that initiated the study (Awarding institution/university)
- Degree requirement
- The date indicating when a final copy of a report was made public.

23. • Declaration
It intends to assure the university that what you have
submitted is your work and that you have not plagiarized the
material.
• Certification
• The supervisor approve your research by certifying that
he/she has read the report and recommends it for acceptance
by the relevant authority.
• Acknowledgement
Give thanks to individuals and organizations which in one
way or the other contributed to the success of your
research work.
• Dedication

24. • Table of contents
• List of tables
• List of figures
• List of abbreviations
• Abstract
• Definition of key concepts/terms used

25. Main body of the report
Chapter 1: Introduction
 Back ground to the study
 Statement of the problem
 Objectives of the study
 Hypothesis and/ or research questions
 Significance of the study
Chapter 2: Literature Review
 Concepts and theory
 Previous research findings

26.  Chapter 3: Research Methods
 Chapter 4: Presentation and analysis of findings
 Chapter 5:
 Conclusions
 Suggestions for further studies
 Recommendations