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Cri du Chat
Syndrome
Nurfadilah Sari Febriani
Venansi Viktaria
Vina Cornelia
Sindrom Cri du Chat
Terjadi delesi
gen pada
tangan
kromosom
pendek (P arm)
nomor 5
Sifat Sindrom
● Penyakit ini tidak diturunkan.
● Tidak bersifat dominan ataupun resesif.
● Delesi kromosom 5p terjadi secara acak selama pembentukan sel reproduksi
(telur dan sperma) atau pada awal perkembangan janin.
● 10% pasien dengan CdCS mewarisi kelainan kromosom dari unaffected parent.
● Dalam kasus ini, parent yang membawa kromosom yang diatur-ulang disebut
translokasi seimbang (balance translocation), yang mana tidak ada materi
genetik yang bertambah atau hilang.
● Generasi selanjutnya  unbalance translocation
Seberapa Umum Penderita Cri du Chat
Syndrome?
• Sangat jarang terjadi (1 : 20.000-50.000)
• Semua etnis dapat berpotensi terkena CdCS
• Umumnya perempuan yang terkena, dengan rasio 4:3
(criduchat.org, 2013)
Gejala
• Wajah dan suara tangisan yang berciri khas
• Sulit makan
• Ketidakmampuan intelektual
• Perkembangan mental dan fisik lambat
• Ukuran kepala kecil (mikrosefali)
• Berat badan saat baru lahir di bawah normal
• Lemah otot saat masa bayi
• Sistem motorik tidak berjalan dengan baik
• Jari saling menyatu
• Abnormalitas yang terjadi pada jantung, otak, dan ginjal.
Diagnosis
● Prenatal
○ Cairan amniotik atau sampel chorionic villi dengan teknologi BACs-on-Beads.
○ Analisis kariotipe bayi menggunakan sampel dari cairan amnion → metode amniocentesis.
○ Ultrasonographic untuk melihat anatomi bayi yang tidak normal.
● Postnatal
○ Genetic testing → dilakukan terhadap orangtua dan bayi.
○ Skull X-Ray dan MRI Scan → melihat adanya kejanggalan pada kepala dan wajah.
○ Echocardiogram → melihat adanya kerusakan fungsi pada jantung.
Penanganan
• Sensory testing
• Suckling therapy
• Establishment of home support
• Stable living and learning environment
• Early educational
• Speech therapy
• Swallowing therapy
• Hand and physical therapy
• Occupational therapy
• Surgery
Tingkat Keberlangsungan Hidup
• Tingkat keberlangsungan hidup bergantung pada jumlah gen yang terdelesi.
• Rata-rata survival rate di atas 50 tahun.
• 75% kasus kematian terjadi pada bulan pertama setelah kelahiran, sedangkan
90% kasus kematian terjadi saat tahun pertama kehidupan.
Contoh Penderita
Evie Bowden-Ayres
Determination of the 'Critical Region' for Cat-Like Cry of Cri-du-
Chat Syndrome and Analysis of Candidate Genes by Quantitative
PCR
Qingfa Wu1,2, Erik Niebuhr1, Huanming Yang2 and Lars Hansen1,3
1Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, Panum Institute, University of
Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
2Beijing Genomics Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
3Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research, Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, Panum
Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
European Journal of Human Genetics (2005) 13, 475–485. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201345 Published
online 19 January 2005
http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v13/n4/full/5201345a.html
Background
CDC Critical Region (CdCCR):
1. Chromosome 5p15.2
a. Distal : Cat like-cry phenotype
b. Proximal : Facial features & severe mental retardation
2. Chromosome 5p15.3
a. Distal : Speech delay
b. Proximal : Cat like-cry phenotype
➔Precise map in between the breakpoints spanning 5p15.3-5p15.2
Materials &
Methods
1. 2 CDC patients:
a. Cat like-cry, severe mental
retardation (IQ<20), typical facial
CDC features
b. Normal cry, facial features, and
moderate mental retardation (IQ=50)
2. Biological materials
3. Molecular analysis by PCR
4. In silico DNA analysis
5. Quantitative analysis and rtPCR
Result
1. Mapping of the candidate
regions by PCR
a. 13 STS markers
b. 2 distal breakpoints were
detected
c. Plus signs : markers detected
Result
2. Localization of the distal breakpoint of the
interstitial deletion in case 49 chromosome
a. PCR analysis for STS-3 until D5S676
b. Distal breakpoint → 35.072 bp located
in 5p15.32
2. Localization of the distal breakpoint of the
interstitial deletion in case 252 chromosome
a. PCR analysis for STS-2 until D5S676
b. Distal breakpoint → 54.462 bp located
in 5p15.31
Result
4. DNA sequence analysis of the critical cat-like cry
region
a. 638.634 bp between D5S635 and STS-2
markers
b. BLAST analysis of DNA sequence resulted
in 5 known genes: SRD5A1, POLS,
FLJ20303, FLJ25076, and MGC5309
4. Expression profiles
a. MGC5309 and FLJ20303 → household
genes
b. FLJ2506 → highly expressed in thorax and
the probable gene for cat-like cry
Discussion
• Each phenotype of Cri du Chat Syndrome correlated with a specific ‘critical region’.
• Distal border in case 49 determined to D5S365 while the proximal border in case 252 delimited by STS-2.
• The distance between these 2 markers is 640 kbp, and is the critical region for cat-like cry phenotype.
• Protein analysis of the sequence produces 5 known genes.
• FLJ25076 is involved in producing cat-like cry phenotype.
• 3 reasons why case 49 and case 252 patients were chosen:
• Both carry interstitial deletion in 5p chromosome.
• The two distal breakpoints are relatively close located.
• Clinical features of cat-like cry differs (case 49 has the cat-like cry while case 252 doesn’t).
Conclusion
• Critical region for cat-like cry
phenotype is between D5S635
and STS-2 markers.
• The size of the region is 640
kbp.
• FLJ25076 gene located in the
region is involved in producing
cat-like cry phenotype.
Daftar Pustaka
• Cossar, V. M. (2013, September 17). Lisa Bowden: My daughter, Evie, has Cri du Chat syndrome but she still
finds ways to communicate. Retrieved from Metro: http://metro.co.uk/2013/09/17/lisa-bowden-my-daughter-evie-
has-cri-du-chat-syndrome-but-she-still-finds-ways-to-communicate-4027078/
• Criduchat.org. (2013). What is Cri du Chat? Retrieved from Criduchat.org: http://criduchat.org/
• Mainardi, P. C. (2006). Cri du Chat syndrome. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases, 1-9.
• National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences . (2015). Cri du chat syndrome. Retrieved from Genetic and
Rare Disease Information Center : https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6213/cri-du-chat-syndrome
• Sweeney, S., Marion, O., & Illinois. (2012). Cri du Chat Syndrome: Case Presentation and Review. Journal of
Behavioral Optometry, 1-5.
• Trevisan, P., Rosa, R. F., Koshiyama, D. B., Zen, T. D., Paskulin, G. A., & Zen, P. R. (2014). Congenital heart
disease and chromossomopathies detected by the karyotype. Rev Paul Pediatr, 264-271.
• Tyagi, S., Kumar, S., Kumar, A., Singla, M., & Singh, A. (2010). Cri Du Chat Syndrome-A rare genetic disorder: An
overview . Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 604-609.
• Wu, Q., Niebuhr, E., Yang, H., & Hansen , L. (2005). Determination of the 'critical region' for cat-like cry of Cri-du-
chat syndrome and analysis of candidate genes by quantitative PCR. European Journal of Human Genetics, 475-
485.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TYQrzFABQHQ
Cri du chat syndrome

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Cri du chat syndrome

  • 1.
  • 2. Cri du Chat Syndrome Nurfadilah Sari Febriani Venansi Viktaria Vina Cornelia
  • 3.
  • 4. Sindrom Cri du Chat Terjadi delesi gen pada tangan kromosom pendek (P arm) nomor 5
  • 5. Sifat Sindrom ● Penyakit ini tidak diturunkan. ● Tidak bersifat dominan ataupun resesif. ● Delesi kromosom 5p terjadi secara acak selama pembentukan sel reproduksi (telur dan sperma) atau pada awal perkembangan janin. ● 10% pasien dengan CdCS mewarisi kelainan kromosom dari unaffected parent. ● Dalam kasus ini, parent yang membawa kromosom yang diatur-ulang disebut translokasi seimbang (balance translocation), yang mana tidak ada materi genetik yang bertambah atau hilang. ● Generasi selanjutnya  unbalance translocation
  • 6. Seberapa Umum Penderita Cri du Chat Syndrome? • Sangat jarang terjadi (1 : 20.000-50.000) • Semua etnis dapat berpotensi terkena CdCS • Umumnya perempuan yang terkena, dengan rasio 4:3 (criduchat.org, 2013)
  • 7. Gejala • Wajah dan suara tangisan yang berciri khas • Sulit makan • Ketidakmampuan intelektual • Perkembangan mental dan fisik lambat • Ukuran kepala kecil (mikrosefali) • Berat badan saat baru lahir di bawah normal • Lemah otot saat masa bayi • Sistem motorik tidak berjalan dengan baik • Jari saling menyatu • Abnormalitas yang terjadi pada jantung, otak, dan ginjal.
  • 8.
  • 9. Diagnosis ● Prenatal ○ Cairan amniotik atau sampel chorionic villi dengan teknologi BACs-on-Beads. ○ Analisis kariotipe bayi menggunakan sampel dari cairan amnion → metode amniocentesis. ○ Ultrasonographic untuk melihat anatomi bayi yang tidak normal. ● Postnatal ○ Genetic testing → dilakukan terhadap orangtua dan bayi. ○ Skull X-Ray dan MRI Scan → melihat adanya kejanggalan pada kepala dan wajah. ○ Echocardiogram → melihat adanya kerusakan fungsi pada jantung.
  • 10. Penanganan • Sensory testing • Suckling therapy • Establishment of home support • Stable living and learning environment • Early educational • Speech therapy • Swallowing therapy • Hand and physical therapy • Occupational therapy • Surgery
  • 11. Tingkat Keberlangsungan Hidup • Tingkat keberlangsungan hidup bergantung pada jumlah gen yang terdelesi. • Rata-rata survival rate di atas 50 tahun. • 75% kasus kematian terjadi pada bulan pertama setelah kelahiran, sedangkan 90% kasus kematian terjadi saat tahun pertama kehidupan.
  • 13. Determination of the 'Critical Region' for Cat-Like Cry of Cri-du- Chat Syndrome and Analysis of Candidate Genes by Quantitative PCR Qingfa Wu1,2, Erik Niebuhr1, Huanming Yang2 and Lars Hansen1,3 1Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark 2Beijing Genomics Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 3Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research, Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark European Journal of Human Genetics (2005) 13, 475–485. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201345 Published online 19 January 2005 http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v13/n4/full/5201345a.html
  • 14. Background CDC Critical Region (CdCCR): 1. Chromosome 5p15.2 a. Distal : Cat like-cry phenotype b. Proximal : Facial features & severe mental retardation 2. Chromosome 5p15.3 a. Distal : Speech delay b. Proximal : Cat like-cry phenotype ➔Precise map in between the breakpoints spanning 5p15.3-5p15.2
  • 15. Materials & Methods 1. 2 CDC patients: a. Cat like-cry, severe mental retardation (IQ<20), typical facial CDC features b. Normal cry, facial features, and moderate mental retardation (IQ=50) 2. Biological materials 3. Molecular analysis by PCR 4. In silico DNA analysis 5. Quantitative analysis and rtPCR
  • 16. Result 1. Mapping of the candidate regions by PCR a. 13 STS markers b. 2 distal breakpoints were detected c. Plus signs : markers detected
  • 17. Result 2. Localization of the distal breakpoint of the interstitial deletion in case 49 chromosome a. PCR analysis for STS-3 until D5S676 b. Distal breakpoint → 35.072 bp located in 5p15.32 2. Localization of the distal breakpoint of the interstitial deletion in case 252 chromosome a. PCR analysis for STS-2 until D5S676 b. Distal breakpoint → 54.462 bp located in 5p15.31
  • 18. Result 4. DNA sequence analysis of the critical cat-like cry region a. 638.634 bp between D5S635 and STS-2 markers b. BLAST analysis of DNA sequence resulted in 5 known genes: SRD5A1, POLS, FLJ20303, FLJ25076, and MGC5309 4. Expression profiles a. MGC5309 and FLJ20303 → household genes b. FLJ2506 → highly expressed in thorax and the probable gene for cat-like cry
  • 19. Discussion • Each phenotype of Cri du Chat Syndrome correlated with a specific ‘critical region’. • Distal border in case 49 determined to D5S365 while the proximal border in case 252 delimited by STS-2. • The distance between these 2 markers is 640 kbp, and is the critical region for cat-like cry phenotype. • Protein analysis of the sequence produces 5 known genes. • FLJ25076 is involved in producing cat-like cry phenotype. • 3 reasons why case 49 and case 252 patients were chosen: • Both carry interstitial deletion in 5p chromosome. • The two distal breakpoints are relatively close located. • Clinical features of cat-like cry differs (case 49 has the cat-like cry while case 252 doesn’t).
  • 20. Conclusion • Critical region for cat-like cry phenotype is between D5S635 and STS-2 markers. • The size of the region is 640 kbp. • FLJ25076 gene located in the region is involved in producing cat-like cry phenotype.
  • 21. Daftar Pustaka • Cossar, V. M. (2013, September 17). Lisa Bowden: My daughter, Evie, has Cri du Chat syndrome but she still finds ways to communicate. Retrieved from Metro: http://metro.co.uk/2013/09/17/lisa-bowden-my-daughter-evie- has-cri-du-chat-syndrome-but-she-still-finds-ways-to-communicate-4027078/ • Criduchat.org. (2013). What is Cri du Chat? Retrieved from Criduchat.org: http://criduchat.org/ • Mainardi, P. C. (2006). Cri du Chat syndrome. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases, 1-9. • National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences . (2015). Cri du chat syndrome. Retrieved from Genetic and Rare Disease Information Center : https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6213/cri-du-chat-syndrome • Sweeney, S., Marion, O., & Illinois. (2012). Cri du Chat Syndrome: Case Presentation and Review. Journal of Behavioral Optometry, 1-5. • Trevisan, P., Rosa, R. F., Koshiyama, D. B., Zen, T. D., Paskulin, G. A., & Zen, P. R. (2014). Congenital heart disease and chromossomopathies detected by the karyotype. Rev Paul Pediatr, 264-271. • Tyagi, S., Kumar, S., Kumar, A., Singla, M., & Singh, A. (2010). Cri Du Chat Syndrome-A rare genetic disorder: An overview . Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 604-609. • Wu, Q., Niebuhr, E., Yang, H., & Hansen , L. (2005). Determination of the 'critical region' for cat-like cry of Cri-du- chat syndrome and analysis of candidate genes by quantitative PCR. European Journal of Human Genetics, 475- 485. • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TYQrzFABQHQ

Editor's Notes

  1. Tangisan menyerupai suara kucing yang disebabkan oleh bentuk laring dan epiglotis yang abnormal. Laring sempit, kecil, dan berbentuk seperti diamond. Epiglotis lembek dan kecil.
  2. Cri du chat syndrome disebut juga 5p- syndrome, dan ditemukan oleh Jerome Lejeune pada tahun 1963 (sehingga disebut juga Lejeune’s syndrome). Jerome Lejeune adalah seorang ahli genetika dan ahli anak-anak berkebangsaan Perancis. Cri du Chat sendiri berasal dari bahasa Perancis yang berarti tangisan kucing (Cry’s Cat). Delesi yang terjadi bisa panjang maupun pendek → gen yang terdelesi bisa total atau parsial.
  3. https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6213/cri-du-chat-syndrome Penderita CdCS dapat meninggal apabila terjadi kerusakan pada jantung. Persentase penderita CdCS juga mengalami kerusakan jantung adalah sebanyak 10% - 55%. 90% kasus terjadi akibat adanya delesi yang terjadi secara acak, 10% kasus terjadi akibat segregasi abnormal parental dimana monosomi 5p (delesi parsial pada lengan pendek kromosom nomor 5) disertai dengan bagian trisomik dari genom.
  4. Meskipun rasio perempuan yang terkena lebih besar, namun sindrom ini tidak dianggap dominan pada perempuan sebab perbedaan rasio antara perempuan dan laki-laki tidak terlalu besar. Sejauh ini, peneliti belum dapat memastikan alasan rasio wanita lebih besar dibandingkan dengan pria. Namun, kemungkinannya adalah karena fetus wanita lebih mudah bertahan hidup dibandingkan dengan fetal pria.
  5. Berat badan normal : sekitar 2.6 kg Ukuran kepala normal : sekitar 30 cm
  6. Delesi kromosom P-5 dapat dideteksi dengan cara mengidentifikasi menggunakan cairan amniotic atau sampel chorionic villi dengan teknologi BAC-on-Beads BAC-on-Beads techonology : teknologi untuk mendeteksi salinan DNA yang bertambah atau hilang (NCBI) Analisis kariotipe → dilakukan saat usia kandungan menginjak trisemester kedua (4 - 6 bulan) Ultrasonographic → melihat kejanggalan (abnormalitas) fenotipe bayi, biasanya bentuk tulang hidung dan adanya fetal ventriculomegaly (ventrikel lateral mengalami pelebaran→ ventrikel lateral adalah struktur yang berisi cairan otak, dan pelebaran membuat ukuran ventrikel melebihi 10 mm).
  7. Belum ada obat yang dapat menyembuhkan Cri du Chat, namun beberapa terapi dapat dilakukan untuk mengurangi gejalanya. Sensory testing → mengevaluasi kemampuan penglihatan dan pendengaran. Suckling therapy → diberikan pada bulan-bulan pertama setelah lahir, terutama bila mengalami kesulitan dalam menyusu. Establishment of home support → agar anak tetap belajar mandiri, sekaligus melakukan terapi terhadap gerak, komunikasi, dan berbicara. Stable living → mengurangi stress mental dan emosi. Early educational → agar orangtua dan lingkungan dapat membantu memberikan terapi. Occupational therapy → terapi agar anak penderita CdCS dapat melakukan kegiatan sehari-hari dengan baik. Surgery → mengatasi defects organ, seperti jantung dan hernia Gene therapy → possible, setelah seluruh gen yang penyebab CdCS dapat diketahui
  8. http://www.medicinaoral.com/pubmed/medoralv15_i3_p473.pdf
  9. Evie Bowden-Ayres lahir di United Kingdom pada tahun 2004. Diperkirakan, Evie kehilangan kurang lebih 60 gen dalam kromosom nomor 5-nya. Evie terdiagnosa menderita CdCS ketika lahir, dan kelainannya bukan bersifat warisan. Ketika usianya 9 tahun, Evie memiliki perkembangan seperti anak berusia 1 tahun. Ketika itu, Evie memiliki otot yang lemah, skoliosis yang parah, kesulitan memproses rangsangan sensori, autisme, dan belum bisa berbicara satu patah kata pun. Foto diambil pada tanggal 17 September 2013 (kiri) dan 20 Juni 2015 (kanan).
  10. 5p15.2 - 5p15.3 → references from other literatures Breakpoint → the region where 2 chromosome pieces break and rejoin with other chromosome pieces
  11. STS markers (sequence tagged-sites) → sekuens DNA pendek berukuran 200 - 500 bp yang hanya muncul satu kali pada genom dan posisinya sudah diketahui. STS mudah dideteksi oleh PCR menggunakan primer yang spesifik.
  12. Different distal breakpoint in 5p chromosome → different phenotypes of CdCS. Case 49 → 35.072 bp located between D5S635 and STS-3
  13. SRD5A1 → protein integral yang terekspresikan di otak bayi, tempurung, dan kulit. POLS → terlibat dalam proses DNA replikasi dan siklus kromosomal. MGC5309 → mengkode koaktivator transkripsional. FLJ25076 → terkekspresi pada korteks frontal otak manusia dan otot lurik. FLJ20303 → berperan dalam proliferasi sel. 1 - 11 → jaringan-jaringan pada manusia: bahu, toraks, testis, tangan, lengan, hati, leher, tempurung, kelenjar adrenal, kaki, panggul dan paha. Household genes → tidak berperan dalam pemberian fenotipe akibat CdCS.
  14. Distal region → 5p15.2 Proximal region → 5p15.3 5p15.2 - 5p15.3 → between D5S464 and D5S676 markers Distal breakpoints → between 5p15.3 - 5p.15.2 FLJ25076 → spans from 5p15.3 - 5p15.2 (cat-like cry region is in 5p15.3, while other features are in 5p15.2)
  15. FLJ25076 located in breakpoints spanning 5p15.2 - 5p15.3