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INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM.pptx
- 3. I.S. – the barrier - Latin word integumentum - covering - The largest body system - Includes skin and its appendages ( hair, nails and certain glands ) - 15 % body weight - Protects inner body structure - Sensory perception - Regulates body temperature and blood pressure 2 ALLU BHASKARA RAO #5
- 4. S K I N L A Y E R It has 2 distinct layers ○ Epidermis ○ Dermis both lie above subcutaneous fat
- 6. Skin ● Epidermis : - Outermost layer - Avascular - Composed of stratified squamous epithelium Stratum corneum – outermost part of epidermis - has cellular membranes and keratin - Epidermal cells usually shed from surface as epidermal dust 4 Epi –upon Derma - skin
- 7. Stratum Basale - Basal or base layer - Produce new cells to replace superficial keratinized cells - Continuously shed or worn away - has melanocytes that produce and disperse melanin to protect the skin - melanin – brown pigment , filters UV light 5 Melan(o) - black
- 8. ● Dermis : - The second layer of skin - Also called corium - It is an elastic system that contains and supports - Blood vessels - Lymphatic vessels - Nerves - Epidermal appendages 6
- 9. - Made of matrix that contains connective tissue fibres including o collagen o elastin and o reticular fibres - has 2 sublayers ○ Papillary dermis ○ Reticular dermis 7
- 10. The appendages : The hair : - Long , slender shafts - Composed of keratin - Expanded end of each hair is bulb or root - Root intended by - hair papilla - Cluster of connective tissue and - Blood vessels 8 KABILESH KAGARIN #10
- 11. Nails : - They are specialized type of keratin - Nail plate - formed by nail matrix - Surrounded on 3 sides by nail folds - Lies on nail bed - Lunula - A pale crescent-moon shaped area o each hair lies within hair follicles o Arrector pili extends through the dermis and attaches to base of follicle o When arrector pili contracts , hair stands on end (goose bump ) 9
- 12. - Vascular bed - Imparts the characteristic pink appearance under nails Sebaceous glands : - Occurs in all part of skin except palm and soles - Prominent on the scalp , face, upper torso, and genitalia - Produce sebum – to protect hair and skin Sweat glands : - Have eccrine and apocrine glands 10
- 13. Apocrine glands : - Located chiefly in axillary and anogenital areas - They have coiled secretory portion that lies deeper in the dermis than that of eccrine glands - Duct connects the apocrine glands to the upper portion of hair follicles - begin to function at puberty - Involved with sexual olfactory messages - When bacteria decompose fluids , body odour occurs Eccrine glands : - Widely distributed throughout the body - Produce odourless , watery fluid with the sodium concentration equal to that of plasma - A duct from the coiled secretory portion passes through the dermis and epidermis , opening onto the skin surface. - in palms and soles , secrete fluid mainly in response to emotional stress - Other 3 million eccrine glands respond primarily to thermal stress , effectively regulates temperature
- 14. Sweat gland Sebaceous gland 11 12
- 16. Physical examination : Bluish face – indicates cyanosis Reddish purple skin – ecchymosis Redness or inflammation of skin – erythema Purple red / brown red discoloration – purpura Yellowing of skin – jaundice yellow-orange discoloration – excess level of carotene in blood stream Cyan(o)- blue erythr(o) - red Osis - condition SHRUTHI SANJANA TALAMALA #22
- 17. Small discoloured area – petechiae Large discoloured area - ecchymoses Skins elasticity – skin turgor Lesions (wounds, sores, tumours, rashes) – allergens, weather injury 13
- 18. Diagnostic tests : ● Allergy testing : Patch test Scratch test ● Cultures - used to isolate and identify an infectious agent 14 PATCH TEST
- 19. ● Biopsies Removal of tissue for microscopic examination Skin biopsy- test a small piece of lesion suspected of malignancy or other disorder Shave biopsy – lesion is shaved above the skin line, leaving the lower layers of dermis intact Punch biopsy – oval plug removed from the centre of lesion Excision biopsy – remove entire lesion ( if its small enough ) 15
- 20. ● Smear test - less invasive than biopsy - Here cells are spread on a slide and studied under a microscope ● Buccal smear test - Cells are scraped from the inner surface of the cheek to detect hereditary abnormalities
- 21. Disorders : ● Bacterial infection Impetigo – contagious , superficial skin infection Cellulitis – inflammation of subcutaneous or dermal tissue ● viral infections Warts – common , harmless infections of skin and mucous membrane 16 17
- 22. ● Parasitic infection pediculosis - results from the infestation of blood sucking lice Scabies – common, caused by female mite that penetrates and burrows into the skin ● Fungal infection / dermatophytosis ringworm – common type Candidiasis – mild , superficial fungal infection of skin , nails or mucous membranes Often culprit in diaper rash and vaginal infections diagnosed by skin scrapings 18 19 RING WORM
- 23. ● Inflammatory disorders dermatitis – caused by drugs , plants , chemicals and foods many type of dermatitis like contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis , stasis dermatitis etc ., Angioedema - allergic reaction to certain food occurs in subcutaneous tissues of isolated areas such as eyelids , hands , feet , tongue etc ., ● Skin tumour Basal cell carcinoma – arise in basal cell layer of the epidermis commonly found in face and upper trunk Itis – inflammation Carcin(o) – cancer -oma - tumour
- 24. ● Cutaneous ulcers ulcer is an open sore caused by lack of circulation to vulnerable area ● Burns and cold injury injury to tissue caused by contact with dry heat, moist heat etc., 1st degree burn – damage limited to epidermis 2nd degree burn – damage epidermis and part of dermis 3rd degree burn – damage dermis and epidermis Cutane/o - skin
- 25. 4th degree burn – damage extends through deeply charred subcutaneous tissue to muscle and bone Cold injury / frostbite – results from overexposure to cold air or water - deep frost bite causes pain , blisters , tissue death and gangrene ● Other skin disorders Acne – an inflammatory skin eruption caused by plugged sebaceous glands results in papules and pustules 20
- 26. Albinism – inherited condition of defective melanin production causes lack of pigment in skin Alopecia – hair loss Nevus – benign birthmark Alb - white 21
- 27. Treatment : - most medicines applied topically - surgery is typically performed with only a local anaesthetic and monitoring ● Drug therapy local anti-infectives – treats infection topical corticosteroids – reduce inflammation protectants – prevent skin breakdown keratolytic – loosen thickened layers of skin astringents – shrink tissues emollients and demulcents – soothe the skin Kerat(o) – horny tissue , cornea VARSHASRI SHANMUGAM #32
- 28. ● Surgery Laser surgery - treat many types of skin lesions Cryosurgery – causes epidermal-dermal separation above the basement membrane , which prevents scaring Mohs micrograph surgery – helps prevent cancer reoccurrence by removing all malignant tissue Dermabrasion – remove superficial scars on the skin and reduce facial scars caused by acne
- 29. ● Skin grafts - cover defects caused by burns, trauma or surgery o Autologous graft – taken from patients own body and is most successful type of skin graft o Isologous graft – a graft from genetically similar person, such as twin ● Biological dressing ( 4 types ) - functions like skin graft to ease pain , prevent infection and fluid loss - only temporary, eventually the body rejects them Aut(o) - self
- 30. 1. homograft – used to debride wounds protect new tissue growth serve as test graft before skin grafting temporarily cover burns 2. heterograft – used for same purpose as homograft cover exposed tendons and burns only if slightly contaminated 3. amnion - protect burns temporarily covers new tissue while awaiting an autograft Hetero – other, different
- 31. 4. biosynthetic grafts – protect wounds awaiting autografts cover meshed autografts ● Debridement – remove necrotic tissue from wound - prevent infection - promote healing of burns and skin ulcers ● Therapeutic bath ( 4 types ) refers to various types of warm water soak used to speed wound healing
- 32. 1. antibacterial 2. colloidal 3. emollient 4. tar - Promotes relaxation - Permits treatment of large areas ● Phototherapy - reduce growth of cells - tear underlying skin inflammation Anti- against Phot(o)- Light
- 33. I RR BE GOOD TO YOUR SKIN. YOU WILL WEAR IT EVERYDAY FOR THE REST OF YOUR LIFE. 22
- 34. References: 12.https://images.app.goo.gl/79w2E6yNDz347wYw6 13. https://images.app.goo.gl/3c9Avk1PSPb771Nq5 14. https://images.app.goo.gl/aYYSfGGnitB8Suay9 15. https://images.app.goo.gl/LfG1FBSzmSF1mk8e9 16. https://images.app.goo.gl/EypwwvJVLxmusRvT7 17. https://images.app.goo.gl/SDHs8rZEFR6pSFLc9 18.https://images.app.goo.gl/2wQ6HfpHcjFFxJbe9 19. https://images.app.goo.gl/28wE4tUwrbCfzJbq6 20. https://images.app.goo.gl/vQuUoEDJErYskq859 21. https://images.app.goo.gl/voEsbBV9cndoUNhn6 22. https://www.wiseoldsayings.com/skin-care- quotes/ 1. https://www.nextpng.com/en/transparent-png-yhhlc 2. https://www.cherrybiotech.com/wp- content/uploads/2017/04/Fig02-e1530029889198.jpg 3. https://images.app.goo.gl/BYaeTxb6U75tJQNu8 4. https://images.app.goo.gl/dysbAkYpX41qzn2e6 5. https://images.app.goo.gl/HGsfW9WZWNf9LhkE8 6. https://images.app.goo.gl/WveNahXdk6rJFMbs6 7. https://images.app.goo.gl/xWDp5HQcoB84sKdy7 8.https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/1613/3623/articles/Hai rFollicle_905x600.jpg?v=1558352440 9.https://images.app.goo.gl/J2kFvBnwUmPahni56 10.https://images.app.goo.gl/GK5G1KPD6QqXypxH8 11. https://www.mayoclinic.org/- /media/kcms/gbs/patient- consumer/images/2013/08/26/10/41/_bhtestimage.jpg
- 35. T N K
Editor's Notes
- subcutaneous fat is the third layer
- Stratified squamous epithelium – arranged in multiple layer Avascular – without direct blood supply
- Melanocytes – specialized skin cells
- collagen ( a protein that gives strength to the dermis) , elastin ( makes the skin pliable ) and reticular fibres ( binds collagen and elastin fibres together) Reticular fibers are produced by dermal fibroblasts ( spindle shaped connective tissue cells ) ; papillae – finger like projection Basement membrane – collagenous , separates epidermis and dermis and holds them together matrix - extracellular material Papillary dermis – papillae that nourish epidermal cells Reticular dermis – provides energy , absorbs mechanical shock and insulates the body
- Hair shaft – dead part Hair follicle – living part Cuticle- transparent outer layer Cortex – largest part Medulla – center part
- Nail folds – nail cuticle ;Hair follicle – epithelial-lined sheath Arrector pili – bundle of smooth muscle fibre
- Sebum – oily lipid substance ; sebum secreted into hair follicles via sebaceous ducts then exits through the hair follicle openings to reach the skin surface
- Eccrine glands : Widely distributed throughout the body Produce odourless , watery fluid with the sodium concentration equal to that of plasma A duct from the coiled secretory portion passes through the dermis and epidermis , opening onto the skin surface. in palms and soles , secrete fluid mainly in response to emotional stress Other 3 million eccrine glands respond primarily to thermal stress , effectively regulates temperature Apocrine glands : Located chiefly in axillary and anogenital areas They have coiled secretory portion that lies deeper in the dermis than that of eccrine glands Duct connects the apocrine glands to the upper portion of hair follicles begin to function at puberty Involved with sexual olfactory messages When bacteria decompose fluids , body odour occurs
- Langerhans cells – specialized cells in epidermal layer Dermatomes – sensory nerve fibre originate in nerve root along with spine and terminate in segmental areas of skin Epidermis-protects body against traumatic injury, noxious chemicals , bacterial and micro-organismal invasion Langerhans cells Enhance body's immune response Dermatomes Carry impulse from skin to CNS Dermal blood vessel Regulates systemic blood pressure through vasoconstriction Abundant nerves , blood vessel and eccrine gland aid thermoregulation When skin is too cold, Blood vessels constrict Blood flow decrease To conserve body heat When skin is hot, Small arteries dilate Blood flow increase To reduce body heat When stimulated by UV light, Skin synthesizes vitamin D3 Excretes water , electrolytes , urea and lactic acid through sweat
- As the skin is readily accessible, it is one of best indicators of general health Decreased haemoglobin and oxygen in the blood cause change in skin colour Cyanosis – caused by excess of oxygen–starved hemoglobin molecules in the blood ; pallor – pale skin ; circumoral pallor – cyanotic skin around lips erythema resulting from congestion of superficial capillaries ; purpura – due to haemorrhage;
- Turgor – condition of normal skin in tension
- Patch test – identifies allergy to substance such as dust, mold and foods here, the paper or gauze saturated with a possible allergen is applied to skin Result is positive ,if redness and swelling develops Scratch test - Small amount of possible allergens into scratches inserted on the skin surface Watching for sensitivity reaction Cultures - used to isolate and identify an infectious agent - A sample of tissue is place in a jelly like medium that provides nutrients for microorganisms - If an organism is present , it may multiply rapidly or may take several weeks to grow
- Impetigo caused by staphylococcus aureus Warts caused by papilloma virus – transmitted by direct contact Image 1 – cellulitis Image 2 - wart
- Image 1 – infestation of blood sucking lice Image 2 - ringworm
- Most of the skin tumour are non-cancerous , but can be an start point for cancer
- Ulcer – open sore
- Image - nevus
- topically - to the affected area only
- LASER – light amplification by the stimulated emission of radiation
- Auto – self ; iso – alike ; skin grafts are used when primary closure of the skin isn’t possible or cosmetically acceptable , when defect is on weight bearing surface , when primary closure would interfere with functioning and when skin tumour is excised ; if the underlying wound isn’t healed, biological dressing must be replaced with autologous graft;
- homograft ( allografts )- harvested from cadavers , rejected in 7 – 10 days Hetero or xenografts – harvested from animals , rejected in 7 – 10 days
- Therapeutic bath limited to 30 mins , because they can cause dry skin , itching , scaling and fissures