Drug addiction, also called substance use disorder, is a disease that affects a person's brain and behavior and leads to an inability to control the use of a legal or illegal drug or medicine

1. DR VANDANA GAUR
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY

3. The DSM ,both in its revision of the third
edition(DSM-III-R; American Psychiatric
Association[APA] 1987) and in its most recent
edition(DSM-IV, APA 1994 and DSM- IV-
TR;2000),avoids the term addiction , preferring
instead to use the diagnoses of substance
abuse and dependence , collectively referred to
as substance use disorder.

4. Dependence Syndrome
• It is a cluster of physiological ,behavioral and cognitive
phenomenon in which the use of substance takes on much
higher priority for a given individual than other behaviors that
once had greater values.
• Characterized by
• Strong desire or sense of compulsion to consume substance;
• Impaired capacity to control taking substance
• Withdrawal state when substance is reduced or ceased
• Tolerance
• Preoccupation with substance
• Persistent substance use despite clear evidence of haarmful
consequences

5. MAJOR SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDER
ALCOHLISM
NICOTINE AND CIGARATTE
SMOKING k
STIMULUS RELATED DISORDER
OPIOID-RELATED DISORDER
HALLUCINOGENS RELATED DISORDER
CANNABIS RELATED DISORDER
SEDATIVES-HYPNOTIC AND TRANQUILIZERS RELATED
DISORDER

6. ALCOHAL RELATED DISORDER
Alcoholism refers to the dependence on alcohol
to the extent that it seriously interferes with the
adjustment-Carson&Butcher,1992.
We have grouped the substances into four
categories depending on their effect on behavior.
1-depressants
2-stimulant
3-opiates
4-hallucinogens

7. Why is it difficult to quit substance
Pleasure
Effect
Regular
long term
use leads to
dependence
(addiction)
Tolerance
Stopping
substance
produces
withdrawal
symptoms

8. • Depressants-These substances result in behavioral
sedation, ,and include alcohol (ethyl alcohol) and the
sedatives, hypnotic and anxiolic drugs in the families
of barbiturates(for example,seconal)and
benzodiazepines(for example valium,halcion).
• Stimulant -These substances cause us to be more
active and alert, and can elevate our mood included in
this group are amphetamine,cocaine,nicotine, and
caffeine.

9. • Opiates-The major effect of these substances
is to temporarily produce analgesia(reduce
pain)and euphoria. Heroine, opium, codeine
and morphine are included in this group.
• Hallucinogens-These substances can produce
delusions, paranoia, hallucinations and LSD are
included here.

10. ALCOHOL USE DISORDER
The depressant are substances that decrease C.N.S.
activity. Their principal effect is to reduce our level of
physiological arousal and help us relax. Included in this
group are alcohol and the sedative and hypnotic drug
such as those prescribed for insomnia. These
substances are among those most likely to produce
symptoms of physical dependence, tolerance ,and
withdrawl.

11. DSM-IV CRITERIA FOR ALCOHAL INTOXICATION
A. Recent Ingestion of alcohol
B. Clinically significant maladaptive behavioral or psychological
changes(eg. impaired judgment, impaired social or occupational
functioning that developed during, or shortly after use)
C. One or more of the following signs, developing during or shortly
after, alcohol use:
1.slurred speech
2.incoordination
3.impairment inn attention or memory
4.coma

12. PHASES OF ALCOHOLISM
According to Jellinek (1971)
1-PRE ALCOHOLIC SYMPTOMATIC STAGE-first stage of
alcoholism
2-PRODORMAL PHASE OR EARLY PHASE-deviation in
behavior, loss of memory
3-CRUCIAL PHASE- Loss of control over drinking, such that
when the individual begins to drink , they cannot stop.
4-CHRONIC PHASE-Drinking start from morning

13. PSYCHOSIS ASSOCIAED WITH ALCOHOLISM
1-Alcohal idiosyncratic intoxication-Pathological
intoxication
2-Alcohal withdrawal delirium- delirium, vivid
hallucination, acute fear, extreme suggestibility.
3-chronic alcoholic hallucination-auditory
hallucination
4-alcoholic amnesic disorder-Wernicke -Korsakoff
syndrome

14. proposed sub-types of alcoholism
According to DSM-IV(TR)
1-ALCOHAL ABUSE TYPES-deterioration in behavior without
withdrawl symptom
2-ALCOHAL DEPENDENCE TYPE-compulsive behavior to take
alcohol with withdrawl symptom
According to Robert Cloninger
1-Type I Alcoholism-later stage in life for psychological
dependency without antisocial behavior
2-Type II Alcoholism- It starts early in the life like from
adolescence with antisocial behavior

15. EFFECT OF ALCOHOLISM
• Behavioral effects
• Biological effects
• Alcohol tolerance
• Physical dependence

16. ETIOLOGY OF ALCOHOLISM
• Biological factors- genetics
• Psychosocial factors-
1-personality factors
2-stress,tension reduction and reinforcement
3- marital and other intimate relationship
• Socio-cultural factors -due to culture

17. TREATMENT AND OUTCOMES OF ALCOHOLISM
• Biological treatment- To cure alcoholic withdrawl
symptom, chlordaizepoxide medicine
• Disulfiarm-A type of antabuse to resist enzyme which
is responsible for metabolism of alcohol
• Psychosocial treatment
• 1-Group therapy
• 2- Behavior therapy
• 3-Alcohol Anonymous