The document provides an introduction to embedded systems, describing them as alliances of computer hardware and software designed to perform specific functions within larger systems. It explains that embedded systems have hardware, application software, and an operating system, and discusses common components like microprocessors, microcontrollers, graphics processing units, input/output devices, analog-to-digital converters, digital-to-analog converters, sensors, and actuators. The document is intended to introduce students to the basic concepts, components, and applications of embedded systems.

1. Introduction to Embedded Systems
Prof. Sourabh Bhaskar, Assistant Professor
Information Technology Engineering

2. Introduction to Embedded Systems
CHAPTER-1

3. • An embedded system is an alliance of computer hardware and software
designed for an individual function or function within a huge system.
• The systems can be programmable or with settled functionality.
• An embedded system is a microcontroller or microprocessor-based system
which is configured to perform a specific task.
• For example, a fire alarm is made up using an embedded system;
What Are Embedded Systems?

4. • An embedded system has three components −
– It has hardware.
– It has application software.
– It has Real Time Operating system (RTOS).
What Are Embedded Systems?

5. • Microprocessor is a controlling unit of a micro-computer, fabricated on a small
chip capable of performing ALU (Arithmetic Logical Unit) operations and
communicating with the other devices connected to it.
• Microprocessor consists of an ALU, register array, and a control unit.
Microprocessor

6. Microprocessor

7. • A microcontroller is a small and low-cost microcomputer, which is designed to
perform the specific tasks of embedded systems like displaying microwave’s
information, receiving remote signals, etc.
• The general microcontroller consists of the processor, the memory (RAM, ROM,
EPROM), Serial ports, peripherals (timers, counters), etc.
• Example: Toys, Cameras, Robots, Washing Machine, Microwave Ovens etc.
Microcontroller

8. • A graphics processing unit (GPU) is a specialized electronic circuit designed to
rapidly manipulate and alter memory to accelerate the creation of images in a
frame buffer intended for output to a display device.
• GPUs are used in embedded systems, mobile phones, personal computers,
workstations, and game consoles.
• Modern GPUs are very efficient at manipulating computer graphics and image
processing.
GPU

9. • Input and output devices allow the computer system to interact with the
outside world by moving data into and out of the system.
• An input device is used to bring data into the system. Some input devices are:
– Keyboard
– Mouse
– Microphone
– Bar code reader
– Graphics tablet
I/O devices

10. • An output device is used to send data out of the system. Some output devices
are:
– Monitor
– Printer
– Speaker
I/O devices

11. • We all know that the Microcontrollers work only with digital values but in real
world we have to deal with analog signals. That is why ADC (Analog to Digital
Converters) is there to convert real world Analog values into Digital form so that
microcontrollers can process the signals.
• DAC can be used in many applications such as Motor control, Control Brightness
of the LED Lights, Audio Amplifier, Video Encoders, Data Acquisition Systems
etc.
DAC: Digital to Analog Converter

12. • A simple example for Digital to Analog converter is recording a song in studio
where an artist singer is using microphone and singing a song. These analog
sound waves are converted into digital form and then stored in a digital format
file and when the song is played using the stored digital file those digital values
are converted into analog signals for speaker output. So in this system DAC is
used.
DAC: Digital to Analog Converter

13. • When we interface sensors to the microcontroller, the output of the sensor
many of the times is analog in nature. But microcontroller processes digital
signals.
• Hence, we use ADC in between sensor and microcontroller. It converts an
analog signal into digital and gives it to the microcontroller.
• There are many applications of ADC like in a biometric application, Environment
monitoring, Gas leakage detection etc.
ADC: Analog to Digital Converter

14. Sensor and Actuator
Sensor :
• The sensors are used to take environmental values from surroundings and give
it to device for performing some specific task.
• sensors take some physical parameter and turn it into electrical signals.
• Examples:
– Temperature sensors
– Moisture sensors
– Humidity sensors
– Gas sensors

15. Sensor and Actuator
Actuators :
• Those devices which perform some controlling mechanism thorough motion
are termed as Actuators.
• Actuators in IoT systems take electrical signals and convert them into some
sort of physical output.
• Examples:
– Linear actuators
– Motors
– Relays
– Solenoids

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