The thrust of all development activities has been on industrialization, trade and urbanization as symbols of national growth and progress. There is significant relationship between environment and technology and society.

1. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
ENVIRONMENT,
TECHNOLOGY AND
SOCIETY
Dr. Veena Shahi
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Vaishali

2. Introduction:
 The thrust of all development activities has been on
industrialization, trade and urbanization as symbols
of national growth and progress. There is significant
relationship between environment and technology
and society.
 Environment degradation is a form of environmental
change and it is problems that have risen due to the
impacts of recent industrial developments. This
environmental change leads to lower level of
production, degradation of agricultural lands,
shortage of fuel-wood and fodder, threats to flora-
fauna and biological diversity, change in micro
environment, etc.

3.  As in India but also in other countries the root cause of
population explosion is due to some of the environmental
factor.
 The main environmental issues which helps us to study
the relationship between Environment, Technology and
Society are:
1. Global Warming it’s causes and effects
2. Ozone depletion and its effects
3. Biological diversity loss, it’s causes and effects.

4. 4. Biotechnology and its effects.
5. Deforestation, it causes and effects
6. Desertification, it’s causes and effects.
7. Pollution- causes and its effects
8. Population and the environment.
9. Urbanization and it’s environmental effects

5. What is global warming
• Global warming refers to an average increase in the
Earth's temperature, which in turn causes changes in
climate. A warmer Earth may lead to changes in
rainfall patterns, a rise in sea level, and a wide range
of impacts on plants, wildlife, and humans. When
scientists talk about the issue of climate change, their
concern is about global warming caused by human
activities.

6. Increasing global temperature will cause
sea levels to rise and will change the amount and
pattern of precipitation, likely including expansion
of subtropical deserts.
The continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and
sea ice is expected, with the Arctic region being
particularly affected.

7. WHAT IS OZONE DEPLETION
Ozone is present in the stratosphere. The
stratosphere reaches 30 miles above the
Earth, and at the very top it contains
ozone. The suns rays are absorbed by the
ozone in the stratosphere and thus do not
reach the Earth.
Ozone is a bluish gas that is formed by
three atoms of oxygen. The form of
oxygen that humans breathe in consists of
two oxygen atoms, O2. When found on
the surface of the planet, ozone
considered a dangerous pollutant and is
one substance responsible for producing
the greenhouse effect.

8. • According to a group of world scientist 2004-
Of the world fauna, 12% of birds, 24% of
mammals and 30% of the fish are either
vulnerable or in immediate danger of
extension.
• According to James D. Wolfensohn, former
president of World Bank (2004) “our world is
not only unbalanced, but also endangered.”

9. Developing countries to suffer worst global
warming impacts
• In a recent chilling assessment, the World Health
Organization (WHO) reported that human-
induced changes in the Earth's climate now lead
to at least 5 million cases of illness and more
than 150,000 deaths every year.
• Temperature fluctuations may sway human
health in a surprising number of ways, scientists
have learned, from influencing the spread of
infectious diseases to boosting the likelihood of
illness-inducing heat waves and floods.

10. What Causes Global Warming?
• Scientists have determined that a number of
human activities are contributing to global
warming by adding excessive amounts of
greenhouse gases to the atmosphere.
Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide
accummulate in the atmosphere and trap
heat that normally would exit into outer
space.

11. WHAT IS GREEN
HOUSE EFFECT
The greenhouse effect
was discovered by
Joseph Fourier in 1824
and first investigated
quantitatively by Svante
Arrhenius in 1896.It is
the process by which
absorption and emission
of infrared radiation by
atmospheric gases warm
a planet's lower
atmosphere and surface.

12. • During the 150 years of the industrial age, the
atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide
has increased by 31 percent. Over the same
period, the level of atmospheric methane has
risen by 151 percent, mostly from agricultural
activities such as raising cattle and growing
rice.

13. DEFORESTATION
Deforestation increases the
severity of global warming as
well. Carbon dioxide is released
from the human conversion of
forests and grasslands into
farmland and cities. All living
plants store carbon. When those
plants die and decay, carbon
dioxide is released back into the
atmosphere. As forests and
grasslands are cleared for your
use, enormous amounts of
stored carbon enter the
atmosphere.
CAUSES OF GLOBAL WARMING

14. • EXCESSIVE AMOUNT OF GREEN HOUSE GASES
[CO2METHANE, SO2CCl4,NITROGEN OXIDE]
Excessive creation of Green house
gasses ( CO2 , Methane , Nitrous
Oxide etc ) in industries or vehicles
has made a gas - layer under the
atmosphere that's why sun rays
with small wavelength can come in
through it and makes the earth
surface warm.... The earth surface
then radiates the infrared
radiation which is higher in wave
length , it can't go out through the
green house gas-layer.... So the
heat remains nearer the earth
surface & thus Global Warming is
being created.

15. • BURNING OF FUSSELS FUELS
The buildup of carbon dioxide in
the atmosphere, mainly from fossil
fuel emissions, is the most
significant human cause of global
warming. Carbon dioxide is
released every you burn something,
be it a car, airplane or coal plant.
This means you must burn less
fossil fuel if you want the Earth's
climate to remain stable! And
unfortunately, we are currently
destroying some of the best known
mechanisms for storing that
carbon-- plants.

16. INDUSTRIALISATION
Due to industrial growth
large amount of green
house gases are released in
the atmosphere which
leads to global warming.
POLLUTION
Pollution of water air and
soil is also main factor
responsible for global
warming as it leads to
emission of gases.

17. • USE OF Automobiles Refrigerators Fire
Extinguishers
Use air conditioning, refrigerators and fire
extinguishers which is a chlorofluorocarbon
which releases thousands of chlorine molecules
breaking down the ozone becoming active in
the stratosphere. This also happens with
aerosols
and cars which destroys the natural ozone
layer. The ozone layer was a natural barrier
which used to prevent the harmful ultra violet
rays of the

18. Use of pesticides and fertilizers
The "green revolution" of
the twentieth century has
allowed the farmers of the
world to use chemical fertilizers
and machines to produce far
more food than they ever did
before. One of the primary
components of the green
revolution has been the
development of nitrogen
fertilizers that dramatically
accelerate the growth and
productivity of plants in the
field.

19. • Effects of GLOBAL WARMING
ENVIRONMENT
Global warming may be
responsible in part for some
trends in natural disasters such
as
Extreme weather
Increase in rate of evaporation
Rising sea levels
Glaciers shrinkage

20. • Contrary findings on climate change:
• Factors other than increased carbon dioxide
concentration can initiate warming or cooling.
• In the past temperature increases take place
without appreciable increases is CO2
concentration.
• Temperature increases also increase CO2 level
due to out gassing from the oceans.(Hasan and
Agarwal 2007)

21. Effect on Agriculture
It will adversely affect
agriculture as yield of
crops will decrease because
of
Draught
Flood
Lack of irrigation
Increase in temperature
Sudden climatic change

22. Effect on health
Doctors and scientists around the world are
becoming increasingly alarmed over global
warming’s impact on human health
• Infectious diseases
• Cardiac disorders
• Lung disorders
• Asthma
• Allergy

23. How Do Humans Contribute to the Greenhouse Effect?
While the greenhouse effect is an essential environmental
prerequisite for life on Earth, there really can be too much of a
good thing.
 The problems begin when human activities distort and
accelerate the natural process by creating more greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere than are necessary to warm the planet
to an ideal temperature.
 Burning natural gas, coal and oil —including gasoline for
automobile engines—raises the level of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere.
 Some farming practices and land-use changes increase the
levels of methane and nitrous oxide.

24.  Many factories produce long-lasting industrial gases that do
not occur naturally, yet contribute significantly to the enhanced
greenhouse effect and “global warming” that is currently under
way.
 Deforestation also contributes to global warming. Trees use
carbon dioxide and give off oxygen in its place, which helps to
create the optimal balance of gases in the atmosphere. As more
forests are logged for timber or cut down to make way for
farming, however, there are fewer trees to perform this critical
function.
 Population growth is another factor in global warming, because
as more people use fossil fuels for heat, transportation and
manufacturing the level of greenhouse gases continues to increase.
As more farming occurs to feed millions of new people, more
greenhouse gases enter the atmosphere.

25.  Greenhouse gas levels have increased dramatically
since the start of the industrial revolution. Based on
scientific study of the Earth's past, it is believed that
the atmosphere of the Earth contained about 280 parts
per million (ppm) of carbon dioxide before the
industrial revolution began, and about .72 ppm of
methane. Now the Earth's atmosphere has about 385
ppm of carbon dioxide and about 1.8 ppm of
methane.
(Mishra and Paul 2001)

26. • PREVENTION OF GLOBAL WARMING
Minimize Drafts In Your Home
One of the simplest and easiest ways to
prevent global warming is to make sure all
your windows and doors are draft free.
Small gaps in your windows and doors can
cause you to consume a lot more energy
than you really need to in order to heat and
cool your home.

27. • Reduce Wasted Electricity
• Use of solar energy
• Afforestation
• Less use of cars and automobiles
• Use of nuclear energy in producing
electricity
• Conservation of energy

28. Desertification:
• Desertification is the permanent decrease in biological
productivity of dry land areas . The causes of
desertification are both natural and man-made. Drought,
rain patterns ,increasing global temperatures and climate
change contribute to the drying out of already arid lands,
but these areas are also extremely sensitive to human
activity.

29. • 10-20% of drylands are already severely degraded
and some reports trace 70% of soil degradation to
human-induced reasons, particularly population
growth, agricultural technologies, and unsustainable
policies. These factors degrade the land and
createfeed back effects that result in the loss of
biodiversity as well as other negative outcomes that
affect us all.

30. • As a result of human activities the relationship between
seven key ecological factors – vegetation, albedo,
temperature, precipitation, soil moisture, wind erosion,
and water erosion– becomes unbalanced.
• Human activity affects not only soil quality and water
supply, but also biodiversity. By decreasing the amount
of vegetation and forest area, the habitable area for
insects, animals, and other life forms also diminish.
Consequently, desertification can cause permanent
species loss, an outcome that will reverberate
throughout the world and cause further destabilization.

31. Who is affected by desertification?
• Desertification has environmental impacts that go
beyond the areas directly affected; it devastates
people regionally and at the global scale.
• loss of vegetation can increase the formation of large
dust clouds that can cause ill health problems in more
densely populated areas during the dry season,
thousands of miles away.
• Women and men are affected differently by
desertification and land degradation according to
different productive roles that each group carries out.
Women and children are especially vulnerable to
droughts.

32. • World Ecology Report
World Information Transfer Spring 2009
• The health impacts of desertification can be divided
into malnutrition and famine, water borne diseases,
other infectious diseases, respiratory diseases and
burning injuries.
• Effects of malnutrition related to desertification and
drought include growth and development retardation,
major susceptibility to infections, blindness and
anemia.
• In particular desertification can increase fecal- oral
diseases and water-wash diseases, which spread from
one person to another due to the lack of water for
personal hygiene.

33. • DESERTIFICATION AS A GLOBAL PROBLEM
• Over 250 million people are directly affected by
desertification and one billion people in over
100 countries are at risk. Fighting against
desertification is essential to ensuring the long-
term productivity of inhabited drylands.
Unfortunately, past efforts to combat to the
ever-increasing problem have often failed, as a
result of which the land degradation problem
continues to worsen.
• One quarter of the earth’s surface isthreatened
by desertification-an area ofover 3.6 billion
hectares.

34. • Since 1990, 6 million hectares of productive
land are lost every year due to land
degradation.
• The world’s drinking water supplies have fallen
by almost two thirds since 1950.
• Every year, 12 million people die as a result of
water shortages or contaminated drinking
water.
• Desertification threatens the livelihoods of
one billion people and has already made 135
million people homeless.

35. CAUSES OF DESERT FORMATION
The causes of desert formation include frequent
droughts, deforestation, extensive cultivation,
overgrazing and also industrialization/urbanization
without environment considerations.
 Drought
Drought affected semi-arid regions are considered
one of the main causes of desertification
encroachment. Drought can be attributed to
inadequate seasonal precipitation, a prolonged dry
season or a series of sub-average rainy seasons.

36.  EXTENSIVE CULTIVATION
A rapid increase in human and animal populations
necessitates a corresponding expansion of cultivated
areas; leading to land over-utilization and thus
causing land degradation.

37. DEFORESTATION
The disappearance of many trees from rain-fed areas has
contributed significantly to land degradation and the
deterioration of soil fertility. Forests are constantly being cut
down for fuel and negligible replanting is carried out. This
absence of forests results in extensive wind erosion, and the
microclimate becomes increasingly arid. The dry season
becomes more accentuated and precipitation decreases.

38. Deforestation, its causes and effects:
 Trees are vitally important to the environment, animals,
and of course for us humans. They are important for the
climate of the Earth, they act as filters of carbon dioxide,
they are habitats and shelters to millions of species, and
they are also important for their aesthetic appeal.
 According to some estimates, more than 50 percent of
the tree cover has disappeared due to human activity.

39.  One of the most worrying factors today is the
massive destruction of the rainforests of the
world, which is affecting the biodiversity
adversely, as well as being one of the major
contributory factors of the Holocene mass
extinction that is ongoing.

40. What are the Causes of Deforestation?
The common causes of deforestation:
Used for Urban and Construction Purposes: The
cutting down of trees for lumber that is used for building
materials, furniture, and paper products. Forests are also
cleared in order to accommodate expanding urban areas.
To Grow Crops: Forests are also cut down in order to
clear land for growing crops.
To Create Grazing Land: Forests are cut down in
order create land for grazing cattle.

41. • Used for Fuel: Trees are cut down in
developing countries to be used as firewood
or turned into charcoal, which are used for
cooking and heating purposes.
Some of the other causes of deforestation are:
clearing forests for oil and mining
exploitation; to make highways and roads;
slash and burn farming techniques; wildfires;
and acid rain.

42. The Effects of Deforestation?
There are a number of adverse effects deforestation, such as:
Erosion of Soil: When forest areas are cleared, it results in
exposing the soil to the sun, making it very dry and eventually,
infertile, due to volatile nutrients such as nitrogen being lost. In
addition, when there is rainfall, it washes away the rest of the
nutrients, which flow with the rainwater into waterways.
Disruption of the Water Cycle: Trees contribute in a large way in
maintaining the water cycle. They draw up water via their roots,
which is then released into the atmosphere. A large part of the
water that circulates in the ecosystem of rainforests, for
instance, remains inside the plants. When these trees are cut
down it results in the climate getting drier in that area.

43. • Loss of Biodiversity: Due to massive deforestation, about 50
to 100 species of animals are being lost each day. The
outcome of which is the extinction of animals and plants on a
massive scale.
• Flooding and Drought: One of the vital functions of forests is
to absorb and store great amounts of water quickly when
there are heavy rains. When forests are cut down, this
regulation of the flow of water is disrupted, which leads to
alternating periods of flood and then drought in the affected
area.
• Climate Change: It is well known that global warming is being
caused largely due to emissions of greenhouse gases like
carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. deforestation has a
direction association with carbon dioxide emissions into the
atmosphere
(Rita Putatunda Published: 3/1/2008)

44. Loss of Biological Diversity
• Current trends
Human activities are directly responsible for creating
agro ecosystems and cultural landscapes at the expense
of impoverishment of many natural communities and the
reduction in ecosystem services.
• Since I 600, 484 animals and 654 plant species are
recorded as having gone extinct, although this is almost
certainly an underestimate. Assuming animals and
plants have an average lifespan of 5 to l 0 million years,
the current extinction rate for these species has been
conservatively estimated to be 50 to I 00 times the
average expected natural rate.

45. Technologies, policies, and measures to reduce the loss of
biodiversity
• The conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity needs to
become an integral component of sect oral economic
development (e.g., agriculture, forestry, coastal zone
management) which would require correcting policy and
market failures.
• A wide variety of in-situ (e.g., legal protection of endangered
species and the establishment of protected areas and safe
corridors), and ex-situ (arboreta, aquaria, botanical gardens,
seed banks, gene banks, zoological gardens) techniques can
be employed to conserve biodiversity.
• The equitable sharing of benefits from the use of biodiversity
requires that the local, regional, and global benefits of
biodiversity are appropriated at the local level through the
creation of functioning markets.

46. Biotechnology and its effects:
• Genetic engineering is the technique of removing,
modifying or adding genes to a DNA molecule in
order to change the information it contains.
• Genetic engineering is used in the production of
drugs, human gene therapy, and the development of
improved plants.
• major genetic improvements have been made in
crops, progress in conventional breeding programs
has been slow. In fact, most crops grown in the US
produce less than their full genetic potential. These
shortfalls in yield are due to the inability of crops to
tolerate or adapt to environmental stresses, pests, and
diseases.

47. modern biotechnology
• Modern biotechnology offers opportunities to
improve product quality, nutritional content, and
economic benefits.
• Biotechnology is changing the way plants and
animals are grown, boosting their value to growers,
processors, and consumers .
Industrial BiotechnologyIndustrial biotechnology
applies the techniques of modern molecular biology
to improve the efficiency and reduce the
environmental impacts of industrial processes like
textile, paper and pulp, and chemical manufacturing.

48. • Environmental Biotechnology
Environmental biotechnology is the used in waste
treatment and pollution prevention. Environmental
biotechnology can more efficiently clean up many
wastes than conventional methods and greatly reduce
our dependence on methods for land-based disposal.

49. • Technology and environment:
• Most modern technological processes produce
unwanted byproducts in addition to the desired
products, which is known as industrial waste and
pollution. While most material waste is re-used in the
industrial process, many forms are released into the
environment, with negative environmental side
effects, such as pollution and lack of sustainability.
Some technologies are designed specifically with the
environment in mind, but most are designed first for
economic or ergonomic effects.

50. • The effects of technology on the environment
are both obvious and subtle. The more obvious
effects include the depletion of nonrenewable
natural resources (such as petroleum, coal,
ores), and the added pollution of air, water,
and land. The more subtle effects include
debates over long-term effects (e.g., global
warming, deforestation, natural habitat
destruction, coastal wetland loss.)

51. • Pollution-causes and effect:
• Pollution is a big issue and it must be tackled
by the joined effort of many nations. Pollution
can be tackled by many means , the majority
of the pollution comes from some of the
Developed and Developing countries.
• Pollution is broadly classified into four types,
Land pollution, Water pollution, Noise
pollution and Air pollution. All these pollutions
contribute to the global climatic change.

52. • It has been estimated by a survey that the
food we eat , water that we drink and the air
that we breathe are polluted. There are about
20% of people are dying of pollution. Pollution
is caused by pollutants , they are the agents
that cause pollution. Pollutants are released
by many means, such as industries, houses,
ship wreck , automobiles, burning of
petroleum products and dumping of wastes in
the open space.

53. Environmental Pollution Effects on Humans
• pollution causes not only physical disabilities
but also psychological and behavioral
disorders in people. The following pollution
effects on humans have been reported:
I. Effects of Air Pollution
• Reduced lung functioning
• Irritation of eyes, nose, mouth and throat
• Asthma attacks
• Respiratory symptoms such as coughing and wheezing
• Increased respiratory disease such as bronchitis
• Reduced energy levels
• Headaches and dizziness

54. • Disruption of endocrine, reproductive and immune systems
• Neurobehavioural disorders
• Cardiovascular problems
• Cancer
• Premature death
II.Effects of Water Pollution
a. Waterborne diseases caused by polluted drinking water:
• Typhoid
• Amoebiasis
• Giardiasis
• Ascariasis
• Hookworm

55. III. Effects of Soil Pollution
• Soil pollution may also result from secondary contamination of
water supplies and from
• deposition of air contaminants (for example, via acid rain)
• Contamination of crops grown in polluted soil brings up
problems with food security
• Since it is closely linked to water pollution, many effects of soil
contamination appear to be similar to the ones caused by water
contamination.
IV. Effects of Noise Pollution
• Decreases the efficiency of a man-Regarding the impact of
noise on human efficiency there are number of experiments
which shows that human efficiency increases with noise
reduction. Lack of concentration-For better quality of work
there should be concentration , , Noise causes lack of
concentration.

56. • Fatigue:
• Abortion is caused-There should be cool and calm
atmosphere during the pregnancy. Unpleasant sounds make a
lady of irritative nature. Sudden Noise causes abortion in
females.
• Causes Blood Pressure-Noise Pollution causes certain
diseases in human. It attacks on the person’s peace of mind.
• Temporary of permanent Deafness-The effect of noise on
audition is well recognized.
• Physicians & psychologists are of the view that continued
exposure to noise level above. 80 to 100 db is unsafe, Loud
noise causes temporary or permanent deafness.

57. URBANIZATION IMPACT:
• Urbanization refers to general increase in population and the
amount of industrialization of a settlement.
• It includes increase in the number and extent of cities. It
symbolizes the movement of people from rural to urban areas.
• Urbanization happens because of the increase in the extent and
density of urban areas.
• The density of population in urban areas increases because of
the migration of people from less industrialized regions to more
industrialized areas.

58. CAUSES OF URBANIZATION
• Urbanization usually occurs when people move from villages
to cities to settle, in hope of a higher standard of living. This
usually takes place in developing countries. In rural areas,
people become victims of unpredictable weather conditions
such as drought and floods, which can adversely affect their
livelihood. Consequently many farmers move to cities in
search of a better life.
• Most industries and educational institutions are located in
cities whereas there are limited opportunities within rural
areas. This further contributes to migration to cities.

59. Indicates the shift of population from rural areas to urban areas.

60. EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION
Urbanization brings with it several consequences – both adverse
and beneficial.
• Environmental impacts of urbanization
Temperature - Due to factors such as paving over formerly
vegetated land, increasing number of residences and high-rise
apartments and industries, temperature increases drastically.
Air pollution - Factories and automobiles are symbols of
urbanization. Due to harmful emissions of gases and smoke from
factories and vehicles, air pollution occurs. Current research
shows high amount of suspended particulate matter in air,
particularly in cities, which contributes to allergies and
respiratory problems thereby becoming a huge health hazard.

61. Water issues - When urbanization takes place, water cycle
changes as cities have more precipitation than surrounding
areas. Due to dumping of sewage from factories in water
bodies, water pollution occurs which can lead to outbreaks of
epidemics.
Destruction of Habitats - To make an area urbanized, a lot of
forested areas are destroyed. Usually these areas would have
been habitats to many birds and animals.
• Benefits of urbanization
Though urbanization has drawbacks, it has its benefits.
Efficiency
Convenience
Concentration of resources
Educational facilities
Social integration
Improvements in economy

62. FUTURE OF URBANIZATION
Urbanization is set to stay for a long time. It may slow but
surely does not show any signs of stopping. In 1985, 45% of
the world population stayed in cities. Scientists estimate that
60% of the world population will be city-dwellers by 2025.

63. POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENT (The Global
Challenge)
• As the world's population grows, improving living standards
without destroying the Environment is a Global challenge.
• Most developing countries with rapid population growth face
the urgent need to improve living standards.
• As we exploit the nature to meet the present needs, we are
destroying the resources needed for the future.
Environment Getting Worse
• In the past decade in every environmental sector, conditions
have either failed to improve, or they are worsening.

64. Public Health
• Unclean water along with poor sanitation, kills over 12
million people each year. Water pollution is a serious problem
everywhere.
• Air pollution kills nearly 3 million people. Air pollution,
already a serious problem in cities, is becoming worse as
urban population grow and the number of motor vehicles rises.
• Heavy metals and other contaminants also causes health
problems
Food Supply
• In most developing countries, the population has been
growing faster than food supplies.
• Population pressures have degraded some 2 billion hectares
of cultivable land- an area the size of USA and Canada put
together.

65. Freshwater
• Supply of fresh water is limiting, since the demand is soaring
as population grows and per-capita use rises.
By 2025, when world population is projected to be 8 billion,
nearly 48 countries containing 3 billion people will face
freshwater shortages
Coastlines and Oceans
• Half of all coastal ecosystems are pressured by high
population densities and urban development
• A tide of pollution is rising in the world's seas
• Ocean fisheries are being overexploited and fish catches
are down

66. • Forests
Nearly half of the world's original forest cover has been lost.
• Each year millions of hectares of forests are cut, bulldozed or
burned
• Forests provide over 400 billion US$ to the world economy
annually and are vital to maintaining healthy ecosystems
• Current demand for forest products may exceed the limit of
sustainable consumption by 25%
Bio-diversity
• Earth's biological diversity is crucial to the continued vitality of
Agriculture and Medicine, and perhaps even to life on Earth itself.
• Human activities are pushing many thousands of plant and
animal
• Species into extinction
• Two of every three species is estimated to be in decline

67. STABILIZING POPULATION
• The last four decades have witnessed a profound change in
Fertility rates and world population growth.
• Demographic Transition: The transition from high fertility and
high mortality to low fertility and low mortality has been
substantially completed in the developed world and is
underway in most of the developing world.
• But in many countries of Africa and Asia, population continues
to growing at 2% a year or faster and the average women,
bears 4-6 children.
• Even small increases in the fertility rates- which could occur if
commitment to providing family planning services, information,
supplies, etc were to diminish- would mean faster population
growth.

68. • Worries about a "population bomb" may have lessened as
fertility rates have fallen, but the world's population is
projected to continue expanding until the middle of the
century.
• While population growth has slowed, the absolute number
of people continues to increase-by about 1 billion every 13
years.
• Slowing population growth would help improve living
standards and would buy time to protect natural resources.
• In the long run, to sustain higher living standards, world
population size must stabilize.

69. POPULATION STATUS
• India’s Population[2000 A.D] ; 1 Billion {100 Crore}
• India’s Population[2004] ; 102.8 Crore
• India’s Population is expected to exceed China’s population in
2035.
• Expected Population in 2035 ; 146 Crores
• Current Annual Growth Rate ; 1.94
Most populous States in India
• U.P 166 million
• Maharashtra 97 million
• Bihar 83 million
• West Bengal 80 million
• Tamil Nadu 63 million
Source: www.google. com