2. Environmental governance
โฆ Government is a political system by which a body of people is administered
and regulated.
โฆ National government nominally controlled all the territory within internationally
recognised borders and responsibility not shared by sub national counterparts.
โฆ Most governance is: executive, legislative and judiciary.
โฆ What is Governance?
โฆ It is the way government govern. It is a process of decision making and by
which decisions are implemented or not implemented.
โฆ Governance comprises all of the processes of governing - whether undertaken
by the government of a state, by a market or by a network - over a
social system (family, tribe, formal or informal organization, a
territory or across territories) and whether through the laws, norms, power or
language of an organized society.
3. What is Good Governance?
โฆ PRACTEES R
โฆ Participation
โฆ Rule of law
โฆ Accountability
โฆ Consensus orientation
โฆ Transparency
โฆ Efficiency and effectiveness
โฆ Equally and equity
โฆ Strategic vision
โฆ Responsibility
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4. What is Global Governance?
โฆ Global governance or world governance is a movement towards political cooperation among
transnational actors, aimed at negotiating responses to problems that affect more than one state or region. Institutions of global
governanceโthe United Nations, the International Criminal Court, the
World Bank, etc.โtend to have limited or demarcated power to enforce compliance.
โฆ The term world governance is broadly used to designate all regulations intended for organization and centralization of
human societies on a global scale. The Forum for a new World Governance defines world governance simply as "collective
management of the planet".
โฆ Traditionally,
government has been associated with "governing," or with political authority, institutions, and, ultimately, control.
Governance denotes a process through which institutions coordinate and control independent social relations, and that have the ability
โฆ Adil Najam
has defined global governance simply as "the management of global processes in the absence of global government.โ
โฆ Global governance'โwhich can be good, bad, or indifferentโrefers to concrete cooperative problem-solving
arrangements, many of which increasingly involve not only the United Nations of states but also 'other UNs,' namely
international secretariats and other non-state actors."[6] In other words, global governance refers to the way in which global
affairs are managed.
โฆ global governance may be defined as "the complex of formal and informal institutions, mechanisms, relationships, and
processes between and among states, markets, citizens and organizations, both inter- and non-governmental, through which
collective interests on the global plane are articulated, Duties, obligations and privileges are established, and differences are
mediated through educated professionals."
5. What is Environmental
Governance ?
โฆ Environmental governance is a concept in political ecology and
environmental policy that advocates sustainability (
sustainable development) as the supreme consideration for
managing all human activitiesโpolitical, social and
economic.[1] Governance includes government, business and civil society, and emphasizes wh
system management.
โฆ It views natural resources and the environment as global
public goods, belonging to the category of
goods that are not diminished when they are shared.[3] This means that everyone benefits from
atmosphere, stable climate and stable biodiversity.
โฆ
6.
7. Realist or Realism VS Liberalist or Liberalism
โฆ Realistโs View:
โฆ End will justify means Machiavellians.
โฆ To achieve goals any means can be used.
โฆ Give emphasis on state.
โฆ Motivated by national Interest and use of power to retain national
Interest.
โฆ Power politics.
โฆ Divide domestic and international interests and give emphasis on
domestic or national Interest.
โฆ Realism, set of related theories of international relations that emphasizes the role of the
state, national interest, and military power in world politics.
8. โฆ Liberalism or Liberalistโs View:
โฆ Power and legitimacy are different
โฆ Max Weber: Power + Legitimacy = Authority
โฆ Legitimacy is the recognition of people
โฆ The concept of liberalism came from individualism
โฆ Liberalism, political doctrine that takes protecting and enhancing the freedom of the individual to be the central problem of politics. Liberals typically believe that
government is necessary to protect individuals from being harmed by others, but they also recognize that government itself can pose a threat to liberty.
โฆ Source of power is people
โฆ The concept of democracy developed from liberalism
โฆ Adam Smith is the founder of liberalism. The Wealth of Nations.
โฆ Market economy and free market economy
โฆ No government intervention in the market
โฆ Rules and regulations will be controlled by the government but do not interfere in the personal and social life and in the market.
โฆ Minimal state: Minimal state refers to a state with the least possible amount of powers. It is a term used in political philosophy where the state's duties are so minimal
that they cannot be reduced much further without becoming a form of anarchy.
โฆ There should not be any interference in personal freedom
โฆ Each individualsโ interest, rule of law, and collective interest will be addressed in liberalism.
โฆ It is a humanitarian and expanded concept.
Realist or Realism VS Liberalist or Liberalism
9. โฆ Realist View:
โฆ Environmental curative and preventive measures within the
nation
โฆ Problem identification and solution within the nation
โฆ International cooperation is unlikely as international laws, rules,
regulations and authority does not have sufficient capacity
โฆ There is no other actual authority other than state or nation
โฆ There is no effective international authority
โฆ Priority is given on state institutions
Realist or Realism VS Liberalist or Liberalism
10. โฆ Liberalist View :
โฆ Association of the states is the International Organization
โฆ There are some international arrangements
International laws, conventions, protocols, treaties etc. For example:
Paris Agreement 2015 โ A global agreement within the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change dealing with greenhouse gas
emissions mitigation, adaptation and finance starting from 2020. Kyoto
Protocol 1997 โ Signed in 1997 and came into effect from 2005 commits
state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions based on the premise
that global warming exists and human-made CO2 have caused it.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Non state actors are given priority in addition to state actors
Realist or Realism VS Liberalist or Liberalism
11. โฆ Soil degradation
โฆ Climate change
โฆ Bio diversity
โฆ Water
โฆ Ozone layer
โฆ Nuclear risk and Nuclear waste, nuclear boiler radiation, nuclear weapons of mass
destruction
โฆ Social environmental conflicts
โฆ Transgenic organism-genetically modified food-poultry, fruits.
Issues of Environmental Governance
12. Environmental Actors
โฆ International institutions
โฆ State
โฆ Business
โฆ NGOs, INGOs, civil society
โฆ International initiatives: rules, regulations, agreements and protocols etc.
โฆ
14. International Environmental
Politics
โฆ Politics among nations
โฆ State is the most important actors but there are some international environment
related actors.
โฆ Water sharing, carbon taxation, carbon emissions.
15. Global Environmental Movement
โฆ The environmental movement (sometimes referred to as the
ecology movement), also including conservation and
green politics, is a diverse scientific, social, and
political movement for addressing environmental issues.
Environmentalists advocate the sustainable management of resources and
stewardship of the
environment through changes in public policy and individual behavior. In its recognition of
ecology, health, and
human rights.The environmental movement is an international movement, represented by
grassroots and varies from country to country. Due to its large membership, varying and s
climate movement. At its broadest, the movement includes private citizens, professionals,
nonprofit organizations and individual advocates.