The document discusses students with physical or health disabilities. It defines disability and describes the nature and prevalence of disabilities worldwide. Over a billion people live with some form of disability. Physical disabilities can affect mobility, coordination, and other abilities. Diagnostic procedures to identify disabilities include ultrasounds, CT scans, EEGs, and others. Students with disabilities may require adjustments to instructional environments, materials, and technologies to support their needs. Teachers should address each student's specific needs and develop life and social skills.

1. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Students with
Physical or Health Disabilities
By
Dr. Mohibullah Khan Marwat
SUIT Peshawar
dsmarwat@yahoo.com
Cell. 03333161616
Cell. 03113161616

2. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
The Nature of Disability
 Disability is the Umbrella Term that covers
Impairments, Activity Limitations, and
Participation Restrictions (WHO, 2009a).
 World Health Organization. 2009a. Milestones in Health Promotion.
Statements from Global Conferences. Geneva: World Health Organization
Press.

3. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
 Disability means Substantial Restriction in the
Capacity of a person to promptly carry on a
Profession, Business or any Mental or
Physical Activity
 Or
 Disability Limits active participation in Social or
Cultural life because of long-term Physical,
Sensory, Mental or Intellectual Impairment.
The Nature of Disability

4. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
 Over a Billion people are estimated to live in One or
the other form of Disability.
 It corresponds to about 15% of the world's population.
 Between 110 Million (2.2%) and 190 Million (3.8%)
people 15 years and older have significant
difficulties in functioning (WHO Report 2015).
 The U.S. Census 2000 counted 49.7 Million people
with Some Type of Disability.1
 1 Waldrop J, Stern SM. Disability status: 2000 [Census 2000 brief]. Washington: U.S. Department of
Commerce, Census Bureau; 2003 Mar.
The Nature of Disability

5. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
 In 1993 the Australian Bureau of Statistics
estimated that 3.2 Million Australians (18%
of the total population) had some form of
Physical Disability (Stuifbergen et al., 1990).
 Stuifbergen, A. K., Becker, H. and Sands, D. (1990) Barriers to health
promotion for individuals with disabilities. Family and Community
Health, 13, 11–22.
The Nature of Disability

6. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
 There are many types of Physical Disabilities,
including Mobility-related Disabilities, Health
Disabilities, and Disabilities Associated with
Brain Injuries.
 In some cases, Physical Disability is Visible; but
in some other, it is Hidden and the person looks
fit but in fact s/he suffers from a Physical
Disability or Health related Disability.
The Nature of Disability

7. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
 Physical Disabilities may affect someone’s
ability to Stand, Sit, Walk, or Move Around.
 Some Physical Disabilities are Episodic; they
Appear, Disappear and Re-appear.

 Some persons with Physical Disabilities may
be accompanied by a Personal Support Person.
The Nature of Disability

8. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Physical and Health Disabilities
 Both Physical and Health Impairments are
considered Disabilities when they Interfere
with Education and other activities of daily
living.
 With reference to Special Education, Physical
Disability or Orthopedic Impairment includes
Severe Disabilities that Adversely Affect
Educational Performance. (Contd)

9. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
 The term Health Impairment refers to a variety of
Health problems that create the Need for Special
Medical or Educational Services.
 Health Impairments include Mental Disorders,
Heart Disorders, Cell disease, Asthma,
Rheumatic Fever, Cancer, AIDS, Hemophilia (a
medical condition in which the ability of the blood
to clot is severely reduced, causing the victim to
bleed severely from even a slight injury).
Physical and Health Disabilities

10. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
 Any other Chronic or Acute Health Problem
that limits:-
 Strength of any Organ, Part or System,
 Vitality, and Capacity or
 Alertness and
 Adversely affects the student's Educational
Development.
Physical and Health Disabilities

11. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
PHYSICAL DISABILITIES
 Some of the Disabilities included in this
Broad Category are Cerebral Palsy, Limb
Deficiencies, Muscular Dystrophy, (which
is a group of muscle diseases that weaken
the Musculoskeletal System and hamper
Locomotion like walking or moving in some
way), and
 (Contd)

12. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
 Spinal Cord Injuries; (the damage to the Spinal
Cord that causes changes in its Function, either
Temporary or Permanent.
 These changes reflect in the form of loss of
Muscles Function, Sensation, or Autonomic
Function in parts of the body served by
the Spinal Cord below the level of the injury.
PHYSICAL DISABILITIES

13. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Characteristics of Student with
Physical Disabilities
 Exhausts more quickly than others
 Have Excessive Absences due to Medical
Problems
 Experience Difficulty in performing Gross Motor
Tasks
 Are unable to or have difficulty in completing
Controlling Activities, such as Holding a
Pencil, Cutting, Drawing, and stringing Beads.
(Contd)

14. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
 Have difficulty in Distinguishing
differences in Size, Depth, and Spatial
relationships (common among children
with Cerebral Palsy)
 Are socially Delayed due to lack of
Interaction with other children.
 (Continued)
Characteristics of Students with
Physical Disabilities

15. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
 A Physical Problem can hamper a student's
Mobility, Coordination, Working Capacity,
Communication, or Learning Abilities to such
an extent that
 Educational Objectives are difficult to
Accomplish and
 Special Education Intervention is required.
 (Contd)
Characteristics of Students with
Physical Disabilities

16. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
 For example, children with Cerebral Palsy
typically have Deficits in Gross and Fine Motor
Development as well as Speech and
Communication Problems.
 Some children may have extremely Incapacitating
Physical Conditions that result in Low
Intellectual Functioning, Serious Limitations in
activities, and Multiple Primary Handicaps.
Characteristics of Students with
Physical Disabilities

17. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
POSSIBLE CAUSES:
 The nature of Causes of Physical and Health
Impairments is Diverse.
 In some cases Smoking causes Cardiac Arrest,
 Some other disorders are caused Genetically,
 Some problems occur as a result of an Injury,
 Some problems are associated with Bad Housing,
 Some problems are linked with Unhygienic Food,
 while some are still unknown.

18. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Historical Perspectives of
Physical and Health Disabilities
 In 350 B.C., we have the first known
Description of Epilepsy (a Neurological
Disorder marked by Sudden Recurrent
Episodes of Sensory Disturbance, Loss of
Consciousness).

 Cerebral Palsy first described in 1800s
 (Continued)

19. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
 AIDS is one of the most recent health
Disabilities. In 1959, the first known case of
HIV in a human occurs in a man who died
in Congo, (from his preserved blood samples)
confirmed as having HIV Infection.[2][3]
2. Jump up^Pence, G. E. (2008). Preventing the Global Spread of AIDS. In Medical Ethics Accounts of the
Cases That Shaped and Define Medical Ethics (p. 330). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
3. ^ Jump up to:aZhu T, Korber BT, Nahmias AJ, Hooper E, Sharp PM, Ho DD (February 1998). "An African HIV-1
sequence from 1959 and implications for the origin of the epidemic". Nature391 (6667): 594–
7. doi:10.1038/35400. PMID 9468138
 (Continued)
Historical Perspectives of
Physical and Health Disabilities

20. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
 Typhoid
 In 430 BC, Typhoid Fever, killed one-third of
the population of Athens (Greece).[40]
A physician in Paris First described Typhoid
Fever in 1829. The First Vaccine to prevent
Typhoid Fever was introduced in 1896.
40. Papagrigorakis MJ, Yapijakis C, Synodinos PN, Baziotopoulou-Valavani E
(2006). "DNA examination of ancient dental pulp incriminates typhoid fever as a
probable cause of the Plague of Athens". Int J Infect Dis 10 (3): 206–214.
doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2005.09.001. PMID16412683
(Continued)
Historical Perspectives of
Health Disabilities

21. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
TUBERCULOSIS
In 2014, results of a new DNA study of a
Tuberculosis Genome reconstructed from
remains in Southern Peru suggest that human
Tuberculosis is less than 6,000 years old.
Researchers theorize that Humans first
acquired it in Africa about 5,000 years ago.[1]
1. Carl Zimmer, "Tuberculosis Is Newer Than Thought, Study Says", New York Times, 21 August 2014
(Continued)
Historical Perspectives of
Health Disabilities

22. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Malaria
The first historical report of Malaria dates back to
the Ancient Egyptians (Around 1550 B.C.) and
the Ancient Greeks (around 413 B.C.).
Discovery of the Malaria Parasite (6th November
1880) by Charles Louis, a French Army Surgeon
stationed in Algeria. He was the First to notice
its Parasites in the blood of a Malarial patient.
(Continued)
Historical Perspectives of
Health Disabilities

23. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
 Cholera
 The First documented case of Cholera was in
1563 in the Indian Medical Report but in more
modern terms, the story of the Disease begins in
1817 when it spreaded from the Ganges Delta
in India to the rest of the world.
 Every year 3-5 Million People around the world
are infected with Cholera and 100,000-
120,000 people die from it, (World Health
Organization).
Historical Perspectives of
Health Disabilities

24. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Categories of Physical and Health
Disabilities
There are Three Categories
1. Other Health Impairment (OHI)
 Disorder resulting in Limited Strength,
Vitality or Alertness with respect to the
Educational Environment
 It includes Asthma, Diabetes, Epilepsy,
Heart Disorders, Hemophilia (a medical
condition in which the ability of the blood to
Clot is Extremely Reduced), (Continued)

25. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
 Leukemia (the Bone Marrow and other blood-
forming organs produce increased numbers of
immature or abnormal leucocytes), Nephritis,
rheumatic fever, Tourette’s Syndrome,
sickle cell anemia, etc.
 (Continued)
Categories of Physical and Health
Disabilities

26. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2. Orthopedic Impairment (OI)
 Disease such as Polio, Clubfoot, Bone Tuberculosis,
Cerebral Palsy, Spina Bifida (a Congenital defect of
the spine), Muscular Dystrophy (Hereditary condition
marked by Progressive Weakening and Wasting of the
muscles), Amputations (is the Removal of a Limb by
Medical grounds, or Surgery), Fractures, or Burns
that adversely affect Educational Performance
 (Continued)
Categories of Physical and Health
Disabilities

27. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
3. Brain Injury (TBI)
 An Acquired Injury to the Brain caused by
External Physical Force, resulting in
Total or Partial Functional Disability
that adversely affects Educational
Performance, includes Open or Closed
Head Injuries
Categories of Physical and Health
Disabilities

28. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Prevalence of Physical and Health
Disabilities
 Among Students Aged 6-21
◦ About . 10% - Orthopedic Impairments
◦ About . 85% - Other Health Impairments
◦ About 04% - Brain Injury

29. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Diagnostic Procedures for
Physical/Health Disabilities
 Identification is usually completed through Medical
Diagnostic Procedures including
1. Ultrasound, also referred to as a Sonogram,
Diagnostic Sonography, and Ultrasonography, is
a device that uses High Frequency Sound Waves
to Create an Image of some part of the Inside of
the body, such as the Stomach, Liver, Heart,
Tendons, Muscles, Joints and Blood Vessels etc.
 (Continued)

30. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2. CT Scans, A Computed Tomography
(CT) Scan uses X-rays to make detailed
Pictures of Structures inside of the body.
3. EEGs, Electrocardiogram, also called
an EKG or ECG, is a Simple Painless Test that
records the Heart's Electrical Activity.
 (Continued)
Diagnostic Procedures for Physical or
Health Disabilities

31. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. PET Scans, A Positron Emission Tomography
(PET) Scan is a type of imaging test. It uses a
Radioactive Substance called a Tracer to look for
disease in the body. A PET Scan shows how organs
and tissues are working.
5. CAT Scans, or Computerized Axial
Tomography, more commonly known as CT or CAT
Scan, is a Diagnostic Medical Test that, produces
Multiple Images of the Inside of the Body.
Diagnostic Procedures for Physical or
Health Disabilities

32. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Coping with the Students with Physical or
Health Disabilities
◦ Always address their Specific Needs
◦ Teach Life Skills, Social skills, Self-determination
Skills Development, and Transition to Adult living
◦ Use of Assistive Technology such as Teleconferences
and Distance Education, if the child is
Hospitalized, can support access to the General
Education Curriculum.
◦ Adjust the curriculum to Meet the student’s Needs.
◦ Teach Special Healthcare Skills.

33. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
 Individualized Health Plans (IHP)
◦ Communication, Medications, Lifting, Mobility,
Eating and Feeding, Toileting, Respiratory
Management, Ventilator Management
 Proper Positioning of the Person
 Behavioral/Social Skill Support
 Support for Parents/Siblings
Caring the Person with
Physical/Health Disabilities

34. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Interaction with a Student
with a Physical Disability
 Arrange Easy Furniture
 Ensure Friendly Environment
 Most Power Wheelchairs are controlled by a hand-held
device and should be left for the Individual to control.
 If the interaction session is expected to last longer, use
the space that is comfortable for all parties to be
seated.
 Speak Directly to the Person, not to the accompanying
Support Person.
 If you are not Sure what to do, ask, “Can I help You?”

35. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Considerations for the
Instructional Environment
 Adjust the Environment based on Specific Needs
of individual students.
 Education may take place at Schools, Hospitals,
Rehabilitation Centers, and at Homes.
 Provide Related Services and Trained Staff to
properly deliver the required Special Services.
 Adjust placement as Child’s Needs Change.
 Make Materials Portable and Accessible.
 Make Environments Accessible.

36. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Common Instructional Technology
 Decisions must be based on Individual Needs and
Assistive Technology Assessment.
 Assistive Technology include:-
◦ Wheelchairs, Specialized Keyboards, Adaptive
Devices such as Self-help Skills Equipment,
Communication Devices, Specialized
Computer Programmes and Monitors,
Switches, etc.

37. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Considerations for
General Education Teacher
 Work Closely with Medical and Other Services
Personnel to provide Appropriate Services.
 Make the Physical Environment Friendly & Safe.
 Adjust Assistive Technology.
 Schedule Instructional Times which Suit All.
 Ensure students take part in Recreational Activities.
 Help Students Develop Friendships.

38. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
General Principles for Dealing
 Always talk Directly to the Student, Not
about the student to the Caretaker.
 Monitor small group work to make sure the
student is included.
 Make a real effort to Include the student in
Class Discussion.
 Accommodate the student’s Needs without
Embarrassing him/her.

39. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
 Teacher Motivation is Key
 Parental Involvement Makes the Difference
 Addressing Classmates Concerns
General Principles for Dealing

40. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
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