The document provides a timeline and history of the Tlaxcalteca people from the 12th century to present day. It discusses how seven tribes emerged from caves in 1193 and migrated south, establishing four regions in Tlaxcala. In 1519, the Tlaxcalteca formed an alliance with the Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes against the Aztecs. Over subsequent centuries, Tlaxcalteca settlers helped establish Mexican states and cities while spreading their culture and agriculture. Today their descendants continue traditions as a distinct indigenous group across Texas.

1. Tlaxcalteca and Affiliated
Tribes of Texas
TIMELINE SUMMARY
12th Century to 21st Century

2. Pyramids to Missions to
Present

3. Chicomostoc Place of Origin

4. Seven Tribes
In approximately 1193 A.D seven tribes emerged from
Chicomostoc, the seven caves - the bowels of earth - and
settled in Aztlan, from where they subsequently undertook a
migration southward in search of a sign that would tell them
where to settle once more.
1. Acolhua
2. Chalca
3. Tepaneca
4. Tlalhuica
5. Tlaxcalteca
6. Xochimilca
7. Mexica

5. The Four Tlaxcaltecan Regions

6. Symbols: Tlaxcalan Regions

7. Symbols: Tlaxcala Regions

8. Four Tlaxcala Rulers in 1519
Xicotencatl of Tizatla, Maxixcatzin of Ocotelulco
Tlehuexolotzin of Tepeticpac , Citalpopocatzin of Quiahuiztlan

9. Tlaxcalteca Warriors:
Traditional Weapons / Armor

10. The Flower War was fought by smaller armies
with one of their motives being to take sacrificial
captives.
Agreed upon battle by the different tribe leaders
to engage in ritual battles that would provide the
different tribes with enough sacrificial victims to
appease the gods.

11. TLAHUICOLE: Otomi Warrior
 Tlahuicole was an Otomi born in
1497 in a northern Tlaxcala village.
 He distinguished himself by his
courage during the flowery wars.
 In one of those wars, he killed a son
of the Aztec ruler Moctezuma .
 He was taken prisoner during a
battle.
 Moctezuma , impressed by his
courage , made him a Leader in his
Army.

12. TLAHUICOLE Cont.
 Tlahuicole fought for Moctezuma against the Tarasco’s, in the state of
Michoacán, and upon his return he was offered his freedom. Tlahuicole
refused to return to his homeland or stay as a general of the Mexica armies.
 He believed that he had disgraced his people and instead the brave warrior
asked to die in combat.
 He was taken to the wheel of gladiatorial sacrifice , tied at the waist to a
circular stone , delivered a short truncheon and a shield to defend himself .
 He killed eight soldiers, wounding another twenty , they finally overcame
him . He was later sacrificed to Huitzilopochtli, God of the Mexica.

13. First European Encounter
22 April 1519
Captain-General Herman Cortés dropped anchor
in the Gulf Coast of Mexico
31 August 1519
Cortés‘ army and his Indian allies encounter a
hostile force of at least 30,000 Tlaxcaltecans
Tlaxcalteca warriors led by Xicotencatl, the
younger, attack the Spaniards three times

14. Xicotencatl - The Younger

15. Conquistador: Armor / Weapons
Tlaxcalteca Leaders were very impressed with the weapons and armor,
horses and dogs and decided to form an alliance with the Spaniards.

16. Cortez Meets the Four Rulers

17. Alliance is Formed
1519
Four Tlaxcala Rulers and Cortez agree to an Alliance
1520
Allied Forces March on Tenochtitlan, the Aztec Capitol
1521
Aztecs surrender

18. Conquest of Tenochtitlan
Must factor in the European Diseases.

19. Tlaxcaltecas Accept New Culture
 The four Tlaxcala Rulers accept Christianity
 July 1520 - Four Rulers are baptized
 Accept Spanish names

20. Tlaxcala Rulers Christianized
Indigenous Name Christian Name
 Xicotencatl of Tizatla - Don Vicente
 Maxixcatzin of Ocotelulco - Don Lorenzo
 Tlehuexolotzin of Tepeticpac - Don Gonzalo
 Citalpopocatzin of Quiahuiztlan - Don Bartolomé

21. 1521 - 1540
 After 1521 - Spaniards and Allies spread Westward
 Exploration/Conquest Michoacán, Colima, Jalisco etc.
 Remained there until 1540
 Could not move Northward for another 50 years
 Could not penetrate the Gran Chichimeca

22.  Mexico's $150 Billion Gold State
 Long-term investors have seen much higher gains,
however, with two recent discoveries in Zacatecas.
These discoveries have uncovered approximately
$150 billion worth of precious and base metals. It
was all found in...
 Mexico's Golden State
 Zacatecas is a landlocked state in Central Mexico,
best known for its historic gold and silver mines.
 The state's incredibly rich silver deposits were first
discovered by colonial Spanish explorers during the
16th century. One hundred years later, the mines of
Zacatecas were producing nearly a third of Spain's
silver and a fifth of the world's supply.
 But despite having already produced the equivalent
of about $2.5 trillion worth of precious metals for
the Spanish, geologists are using modern
exploration techniques to find new gold and silver
deposits in Zacatecas today.
 Recent discoveries at the Peñasquito and Camino
Rojo projects — both located in northeastern
Zacatecas — have revealed a total resource of 40
million ounces of gold and the equivalent of 5.6
billion ounces of silver.

23. 1560 - 1590
 1560 - Viceroy Don Juan De Valasco makes request for
1000 Tlaxcaltecan Indians to relocate to the Gran
Chichimeca
 Plan fails - not enough volunteers
 During that period, Silver is discovered to the north
 1591 - Viceroy Don Luis De Valasco (son of Don Juan De
Valasco) succeeds with request for 400 families from the
Tlaxcaltecas

24. 1591 Agreement Reached
 1591 - Miguel Caldera (Mestizo) proposes plan
 Convinces Tlaxcala leaders to negotiate a contract
 Four Tlaxcalteca leaders agree to sending 100 families
from each of their regions
 In return for sending 400 families to the Gran
Chichimeca region, they will receive certain rights

25. RIGHTS AND PRIVILEGES
 Tlaxcaltecan settlers in the Gran Chichimeca shall be Hidalgos (Noblemen)
free from tributes, taxes, and personal service for all time.
 Will be allowed to settle apart from Spaniards; Spaniards cannot take their
property.
 Tlaxcalans will at all times be apart from the Chichimecas, including lots,
pastures, wooded lands, rivers, salt beds, mills and fishing rights.
 Lands given to Tlaxcaltecans and the community as a whole will never be
taken back due to non occupation.
 Markets in the new settlements shall be free from sales tax, excise tax and any
other form of taxes

26. Rights and Privileges
 Tlaxcaltecan colonists and their descendents besides being Hidalgos
and free of all taxes shall enjoy all exemptions and privileges already
granted or to be granted in the future to the province and city of
Tlaxcala.
 The principles of Tlaxcala who go to the new settlements and their
descendents, shall be permitted to carry arms and saddled horses
without penalty.

27. The 400 Tlaxcaltecan Families
 June 6th 1591
____Tlaxcaltecans from Ocotelulco led by Captains Lucas de Monte
Alegre and Miguel de Las Casas.
 June 7th 1591
____Tlaxcaltecans left from Tizatlan led by Captain Buenaventura Paz.
 June 9th 1591
_____Tlaxcaltecans left from Quiahuiztlan led by Captain Lucas Tellez.
 June 9th 1591
_____Tlaxcaltecans left from Tepeticpac led by Captain Francisco
Vasquez and Joaquin Paredes.

28. Names of Pioneers

29. The Great Migration Begins

30. Founded States and Cities
 Mexican States Founded by Tlaxcalteca settlers.
 Aguascalientes, Coahuila, Durango, Jalisco, Nuevo
Leon, Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosi and Zacatecas
 Founded over 100 towns and cities including:
Albuquerque , Santa Fe and Las Cruces New
Mexico
Mission de San Antonio and Villa de San Andres
de Nava in Texas,

31. Northern Expansion 1750

32. Pre–Texas Settlement 1750
 1750 - Jose Escandón invites New Spain families to
settle along the Rio Bravo.
 Brings Tlaxcalteca Families from Nuevo Leon,
Tamaulipas, and San Luis Potosi.
 New Settlement of Nuevo Santander De Revilla -
straddles the Rio Bravo

33. Tlaxcaltecan Technology Spreads
 Agriculture activity brought labor instruments such as plows drawn
by load animals. Crops would be mainly corn, ayocote, pumpkin,
chayote, chilacayote, beans, tomato, variety of chili peppers and
agave for water extraction honey, among many others, depending on
the regional soil and climate.

34. Tlaxcaltecan Agriculture
 Tlaxcaltecans were already using different farm animal in teams for
agricultural work . And they also used sheep, pigs and cattle for meat,
dairy, wool and leather.

36. Baskets
 Basket making was another activity brought by the Tlaxcaltecans for
storing and transporting foods, such as the chiquipextles,
chiquihuites and tenates. Baskets of various sizes, and other objects
such as backpacks, mats to sleep on, mats for wrapping the dead,
made from reeds, estate, tulles and rods.

37. Grindstones
Production of grains required grinding for flour. So
grindstones become indispensable, including
traditional hand grinders and wheeled European
millstones.

38. Ceramics
 The Tlaxcalans brought their ceramics that were used for
brewing and depositing of grains and seeds. They continued their
ceramic tradition of decorating objects such as pots, cajetes,
comales, spoons, dishes, tecomates, among others, as well as
build cuexcomates to store the grains.

39. Textiles
 Tlaxcalans brought their waist loom textile tradition which were very
important to make small clothing, such as ayates, quexquemetls, tilmas,
huipiles, petticoats and loincloth, but also brought with them the traditional
European foot loom that produced the internationally famous sarapes and
jorongos with the technique known as "saltillo", which are already so
characteristic and part of the current traditional charro, known as "sarape
veined" costume. This required the cultivation of cotton and certain species of
agave for extraction and production of fibers to natural.

40. Tlaxcaltecan Culture
 To make converts of the indigenous peoples, the
friars would use dances, music, singing and theatre,
activities performed in the liturgical calendar, forming
part of religious ceremonies, dances of Moors and
Christians.
 The Carnival, the Advent, Posadas, etc., are even
today in some populations of this area an important
part of its devotional festivals showing the use of
traditional Tlaxcalteca instruments of pre-Hispanic
time such as the tepanhuehuetl and teponaztle.

42. Tlaxcaltecan Culture
The newly converted Tlaxcaltecans traveled with the
recently adopted Catholic devotions and traditional
holidays bringing along images of St. Stephen, St.
Michael the Archangel, San Francisco, St James, and
the Virgin of the Assumption among many others.
They would also name the new settlements with the
names of their patron saints.

45. • As the 2nd Governor of Texas his first actions were
against the Indian tribes.
• In 1839 his troops drove the Cherokee tribes from
Texas.
• A similar campaign was fought against the Comanche.
• Lamar believed that it was necessary to bring about
the “total extinction" of the Indian tribes.

46. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
1847 - 1848
 People living along the Rio Grande are given a year to
decide:
Stay in place and become an American citizen or move
to Mexico.
 Our ancestors lived on both sides of the Rio Grande.
 The ones who decided to stay on the Texas side
became “White;” the others remained Mexican
citizens

47. Abuelos

48. MANY WORDS HAVE EVOLVED INTO TEX-MEX

49. coyotl coyote coyote
atolli atole corn gruel,
porridge
comalli comal griddle
huexolotl guajolote turkey

50. aguacate chichimeco elote
ajolote chichipico empacho
alicantre chicle epazote
ameyal chicon espanto
apaxtle chile esquite
arriate chilocoayote ezcuintle
atlatl chilpayate guajolote
atole chinamite huaxteco
atoyac chipil huazontle
ayocote chipocludo huehue
ayotl chipote huitlacoche
cacahuate chipotle huizache
cacles chiquihuite huizti
cacomixtle chocolate itacate
cajete cihuatl ixtac
calli citlalli ixtle
capulin coco jicama
chachalaca comal jicara
chanate coyote jicote
chapopote cozcacuahtli jitomate
chayote cuate jojoque
chicalote cuauhtli maguey
chichi cuithache malacate
chichigua ejote mapache

51. matlapilli quentonitl tlaconetla
mayate quetzal tlacos
mazatl quexquemetl tlacuache
mecate quiote tlacuilo
metate sincuate tlapale
mezquite tamal tlasli
meztli tata tlatoani
mitote tatema tochtle
molcajete tatemarse toloaqhe
mole tecajete tololoche
moyote tecalli tomate
nana tecolote tonatiuh
nixtamal tecomate totonaco
nopal tecomcuate tule
ocelote tejocote tuna
ocote tejon tzonteco
papalote temazcal tzontzontle
petate temolote xochitl
pichicato teocalli yolotl
pichicuate tepatl zacate
pinacate tetl zapote
pinole texcal zopilote
pulque tezontle zoquete
quelite tiza

52. Legacy Plans

53. Survival Strategy
Tlaxcalteca Nation and Affiliated Tribes
of Texas
Our Tribal members are descendents of those
Tlaxcalteca, Chichimeca, Guachichle, Huichol, and
Coahuilteco Indians.

54. Tlaxcalteca Nation & Affiliated Tribes of
Texas
Form of Self Governance
 Our form of governance is evolved from our
traditional Atlipetl type of government.
 The Principle speaker Tlatoani (Governor) presides
over the Cabildo (Council).
 Each Family has one Representative called a Regidor
(Council person) that will communicate those issues
that could affect the whole TNATT population to the
Cabildo (Council).
 The Cabildo convenes as required to address any
issues that could affect the TNATT population.

55. Present Clan Leaders
Teodosio, Yolanda, Edwardo

56. Maintain Traditions
Honor our Sacred Peyote Medicine

57. Maintain Traditional Arts & Crafts
Gathering of Nations Pow Wow

59. Huichol Art